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THE  GETTY  CENTER  LIBRARY 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
Getty  Research  Institute 


https://archive.org/details/handbookoftreesoOOhoug_O 


HANDBOOK  OF 

THE  TREES 

OF  THE 

NORTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA 
EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS 


PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE 

BY 

ROMEYN  BECK  HOUGH,  B.A. 

AUTHOR  OK  “AMERICAN  WOODS” 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS 

NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 
MCMVI1  I 


P  HoT06>. 


THIS  VOLUME  HAS  BEEN  MANUFACTURED  UNDER 
THE  DIRECT  PERSONAL  SUPERVISION  OF  THE 
AUTHOR.  THE  PLATES  HAVE  CALLED  FOR  THE 
EXERCISE  OF  EXTRAORDINARY  CARE  AND  TECH¬ 
NICAL  KNOWLEDGE  IN  ORDER  THAT  THEY  SHOULD 
PRESENT  WITH  ABSOLUTE  FIDELITY  THE  APPEAR¬ 
ANCE  AND  DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  TREES,  THEIR 
LEAVES,  THEIR  BRANCHLETS,  THEIR  FRUITS,  ETC. 
THIS  WORK,  AS  A  WHOLE,  REPRESENTS  MANY  YEARS 
OF  STUDIOUS  APPLICATION,  WIDE  TRAVEL,  AND 
SCHOLAR LY  INVESTIGATION. 


Copyright,  1907,  by  Romeyn  B.  Hough. 


All  rights  reserved. 


THEJ  PAUL  GETTY  CENTER 
LIBRARY 


TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  MY  FATHER, 

DR.  FRANKLIN  B.  HOUGH,  WHO,  AS  THE  PIONEER  COMMISSIONER  OF 
FORESTRY,  FIRST  STROVE  TO  AROUSE  THE  PUBLIC  TO  CHECK  THE 
COURSE  OF  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  FORESTS,  AND 
ESTABLISH  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  FORESTRY, 

AND  TO  MY  MOTHER, 

WHOSE  INTEREST  IN  THE  PLAN  OF  THIS  HANDBOOK  AND  ENJOYMENT  IN  ITS 
PROGRESS  HAVE  BEEN  AMONG  THE  PLEASURES  OF  ITS 
PREPARATION,  IT  IS 


MOST  AFFECTIONATELY  DEDICATED 


PREFACE. 


It  has  been  thought  by  the  writer,  and  has  frequently  been  remarked  by 
others,  that  a  series  of  carefully  made  photographic  illustrations  of  the  fresh 
leaves,  fruits,  leafless  branchlets  and  typical  barks  of  our  various  trees  would 
be  appreciated  alike  by  the  professional  botanist,  the  less  technical  nature 
student,  the  forester  and  the  lumberman.  My  natural  interest  in  the  subject 
and  peculiar  vocation  made  the  task  of  the  preparation  of  such  a  work  peculiarly 
inviting  to  me.  I  am  required  to  be  much  in  the  field  observing  the  trees, 
making  it  my  personal  duty  to  gather  the  woods  used  in  the  publishing  of  my 
AMERICAN  WOODS  —  in  order  that  I  may  he  able  to  vouch  for  authen¬ 
ticity —  and  this  gives  me  unusual  opportunities.  I  accordingly  entered  upon 
the  task  with  enthusiasm,  providing  myself  with  an  excellent  camera,  and  adapt¬ 
ing  it  to  the  peculiar  requirements  of  the  work. 

It  was  not  until  after  much  experimenting,  as  to  proper  lighting,  the  elimina¬ 
tion  of  slip  do  w,  etc.,  that  satisfactory  results  were  obtained.  The  thought  of  a 
measured  background  —  one  ruled  into  square  inches  for  convenience  — - 
occurred  as  a  most  satisfactory  way  of  indicating  size,  which  I  deemed  of 
greatest  importance,  owing  to  the  great  range  of  sizes  of  the  objects  which  I 
must  .show  on  plates  of  uniform  size.  It  is  hoped  that  this  feature  of  the  work 
will  meet  with  the  approval  bespoken  for  it. 

When  once  entered  upon  the  work  it  was  found  that  many  and  various  vicissi¬ 
tudes  must  be  encountered,  which  would  unexpectedly  prolong  the  work.  Chief 
among  these  were  the  “  off  ”  -years,  during  which  a  species  does  not  bear  fruit. 
For  example:  One  season  I  could  not  find  a  single  tree  of  the  common  Sugar 
Maple  bearing  fruit,  though  I  examined  many  from  northern  New  York  to 
North  Carolina  and  westward  to  Missouri.  One  winter  not  a  solitary  twig 
could  I  find  of  the  Yellow  Birch  bearing  its  dormant  catkins,  and,  naturally, 
not  a  tree  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  the  next  summer.  I  searched  in  vain  two 
successive  seasons  for  the  pistillate  flowers  of  the  common  Butternut,  so  regu¬ 
larly  did  the  late  frosts  of  spring  destroy  them,  though  the  staminate  flowers 
appeared  annually. 

The  shortness  of  the  period,  too,  during  which  the  flowers  or  fruits  of  certain 
trees  are  in  their  prime,  or  even  exist  on  the  trees,  has  necessitated  close  watch. 
The  exact  time  must  be  ascertained  by  observation,  and  if,  perchance,  I  miss  it 
I  must  wait  until  another  year  for  another  opportunity.  Then  I  may  find  it  an 
off  year  (imagine  mv  disappointment!),  and  still  another  year  must  be  waited. 
Procuring  specimens  from  lofty  tree-tops  are  trivial  ordeals  compared  with 
instances  like  these.  Add  to  these  vicissitudes  the  distribution  of  our  trees, 

[v] 


Preface. 


vi 

and  the  consequent  necessity  of  being  in  many  places  at  about  the  same  time, 
and  it  can  be  readily  understood  that  the  field  work  could  not  be  accomplished 
in  one  or  even  two  seasons.  Indeed,  it  has  required  several  more  than  that. 
Nothing  but  a  love  of  the  subject  would  fortify  one  with  the  required  patience. 

The  necessity  of  visiting  the  trees  in  their  native  haunts  is  evident.  This 
has  brought  me  much  in  contact  with  the  country  folk  in  remote  regions  and 
has  been  associated  with  many  novel  and  generally  pleasant  experiences.  The 
visit  of  an  “  outsider  ”  ofttimes  seemed  as  welcome  an  occasion  to  them  as  the 
opportunities  of  their  respective  localities,  and  often  contact  with  them,  were 
enjoyed  by  me,  and  I  gratefully  remember  many  acts  of  kindness  in  these 
hospitable  people. 

Occasionally  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  have  the  company  of  fellow  botanists 
in  the  field  and  enjoy  the  benefits  of  their  familiarity  with  the  trees  of  their 
respective  regions.  Such  was  my  experience  in  studying  the  interesting  trees 
of  Staten  Island  with  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis,  for  whose  assistance  I  am  very 
grateful. 

A  rare  treat  I  found  in  store  when  I  dropped  in  upon  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle, 
botanist,  at  Biltmore,  H.  C.,  and  enjoyed  a  few  days’  sojourn  with  him  working 
up  certain  species  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  to  Professor  and  Mrs. 
Beadle  I  am  under  lasting  obligation. 

For  able  counsel  and  assistance  in  many  w7ays  I  am  indebted  to  my  good 
friend,  Prof.  Wm.  Trelease,  director  Missouri  Botanical  Garden.  To  Dr.  NT.  M. 
Glatfelter,  whose  familiarity  with  the  Willows  of  Missouri  was  of  material 
assistance  to  me,  I  am  likewise  grateful.  So,  too,  to  Mr.  G.  W.  Letterman,  with 
whom  I  made  several  visits  to  the  valley  of  the  Merrimac  River,  Mo.  I  wish 
to  acknowledge  favors  extended  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Laney  and  Mr.  John  Dunbar,  of 
Rochester,  Prof.  C.  IT.  Peck,  of  Albany,  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack,  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  in  assistance  to  material  illustrative  of  various  species  of  Crataegus 
of  their  respective  regions.  To  Mr.  E.  P.  Clapp,  Rev.  E.  J.  Hill,  Dr.  J. 
Selmeck,  Mr.  II.  NT.  Patterson,  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear,  Prof.  W.  A.  Buckhout, 
Prof.  A.  T.  Erwin,  Mr.  V.  R.  Gardner,  Mr.  E.  S.  Steele,  Mr.  F.  E. 
Boynton,  Mr.  T.  G.  ITarbison,  Dr.  R.  M.  Harper,  Mr.  B.  T.  Gault,  Mr.  F.  K. 
Balthis,  Mr.  A.  J.  Johnson  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Teas,  I  wish  also  to  extend  thanks 
for  assistance.  Last,  but  by  no  means  least,  I  gratefully  acknowledge  counsel 
and  facilities  extended  in  the  use  of  herbarium  material  by  Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot, 
Forester,  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Sudworth,  Dendrologist  of  the  U.  S.  Forestry  Service; 
by  Dr.  J.  FT.  Rose  of  the  Rational  Herbarium,  and  by  Dr.  FT.  S.  Britton, 
Director  of  the  Hew  York  Botanical  Garden. 

Data  as  to  specific  gravities  of  woods  has  been  taken  from  the  Report  of 
Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  and  represent  in  each  case  the  average  of 
two  or  more  determinations  with  absolutely  dry  wood  taken  from  different  trees. 

Lowvieee,  H.  Y.,  June  29,  1907. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLAN  OF  THE  HANDBOOK. 


In  the  illustrated  portion  two  pages  which  face  each  other  are  devoted  to 
a  species,  practically  all  of  the  well-defined  species  within  the  area  indicated 
being  included.  The  few  exceptions  will  be  found  mentioned  after  their 
respective  genera.  (See  pages  118—457.) 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  background  in  the  pictures  of  leaves,  fruits  and 
twigs  are  marked  into  squares.  These  are  lines  in  all  cases  one  inch  apart; 
their  deviation  from  that  measurement,  in  the  picture,  indicating  a  propor¬ 
tional  enlargement  or  reduction  of  the  object,  in  order  to  make  the  plates  of 
uniform  size.  On  viewing  the  picture  with  the  standard  of  measurement  in 
mind  the  actual  size  of  the  object  is  at  once  evident. 

The  trees  selected  as  subjects  for  pictures  of  barks  are  generally  of  medium 
size,  as  showing  the  phase  of  bark  most  commonly  seen,  and  are  such  as  could 
be  called  characteristic  examples.  The  measure  placed  upon  the  trunks  before 
photographing,  to  indicate  size,  is  one  foot  in  length,  excepting  when  otherwise 
stated. 

On  the  outline  maps  the  shaded  areas  indicate  the  regions  over  which  the 
trees  are  distributed,  as  indicated  by  outlying  representatives,  as  nearly  as  is 
generally  understood.  Within  the  limits  of  such  areas  there  are  often  tracts, 
of  greater  or  less  extent,  where  the  tree  in  question  is  not  found,  on  account 
of  unfavorable  conditions  of  altitude,  perhaps,  or  of  soil,  moisture,  etc.,  or  of 
other  less  evident  reasons.  Such  limited  tracts  could  not  be  easily  indicated 
on  our  much  reduced  maps.  It  cannot  be  claimed  of  these  maps  that  they  are 
always  absolutely  perfect,  as  trees  may  sometimes  be  found  outside  the  areas 
generally  accredited  to  them.  In  view  of  further  perfecting  the  maps,  for 
future  use,  the  author  would  be  obliged  for  whatever  data  the  observers  of  trees 
may  have  and  find  it  convenient  to  send  that  would  be  important  to  have  in 
this  connection. 

The  wood-structure  pictures  represent  transverse  sections  (the  end  view  of 
the  grain)  magnified  uniformly  about  fifteen  diameters.  That  is  approxi¬ 
mately  the  magnification  secured  by  a  good  simple  magnifier.  Such  a  glass  is 
quit0  essential  in  identifying  woods,  by  comparison,  having  first  exposed  the 
end  of  the  grain  with  a  sharp  knife  to  reveal  its  structure. 

In  the  foot-notes,  following  the  letter-press  on  the  right-hand  page,  will  be 
found  such  synonyms  only  as  are  used  in  recent  works,  where  the  names  there 
adopted  differ  from  the  names  used  in  this  work.  “  A.  W.”  indicates 
AMERICAN  WOODS,  in  which  work  the  species  is  further  considered, 
especially  with  reference  to  its  woods,  and  in  which  actual  specimens  of  same 
may  be  seen.  The  Roman  numeral  indicates  the  part  or  volume  in  which  a 
species  is  found  and  the  Arabic  numeral  its  serial  number.  (See  pages  follow¬ 
ing  the  index  at  close  of  this  volume.) 


[vii] 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  BASED  MAINLY  UPON  FLOWERS 


a  Flowers  unisexual,  with  ovules  naked  on  the  face  of  a  scale :  leaves  parallel-veined 
(Gymnos-pcrmce) ,  monoecious:  ovules  2  or  more  with  each  scale:  stamens  numerous;  fruit  a 
cone  with  imbricated  scales  or  so  modified  as  to  resemble  a  berry. 

Conifer®  ( p.  418). 

a2  Flowers  with  ovules  inclosed  in  a  cavity  —  ovary —  ( Angiospermce )  and  the  parts  of  the 
flower  in  4s  or  5s;  cotyledons  2  ( Dicotyledons )  ;  flowers 
b  Without  a  corolla  (Apetalce) , 
c  Unisexual  and 

d  Calyx  absent  or  irregular  if  present ;  flowers  appearing 
e  After  the  leaves,  the  staminate 

f  From  axillary  buds  on  growth  of  the  previous  season,  in  drooping  aments; 
pistillate  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  spikes  terminating  new  shoots  on  the  same  tree;  fruit  a 

nut;  leaves  compound,  deciduous .  Juglandace®  (p.  423). 

f-  From  the  axils  of  evergreen  simple  leaves,  in  erect  aments ;  fruit  a  wax-coated 

berry .  Myricace®  (p.  424). 

f3  Mostly  from  the  axils  of  bud-scales  at  the  base  of  new  shoots  and  in 
g  Drooping 

h  Long-peduncled  heads  ;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  in  pairs  terminating  shoots 

on  the  same  tree .  Fagus,  in  Fagace®  (p.  429). 

h2  Slender  drooping  aments;  pistillate  flowers  from  axils  of  leaves  on  the 

same  shoots  .  Quercus,  in  Fagace®  (p.  430). 

g2  Erect  axillary  aments  ;  the  pistillate  at  the  bases  of  the  same  aments. 

Castanea,  in  Fagace®  (p.  430). 
f1  In  heads  arranged  in  terminal  racemes. 

Liiquidambar,  in  Hamamelidace®  (p.  437) . 


e2  Before  or  with  the  leaves 

f  From  axillary  buds  which  are 

g  Covered  with  one  or  more  bud-scales 

h  Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  aments  and  on  different  trees. 

Salicace®  (p.  425). 

h2  Staminate  only  in  aments ;  the  pistillate  in  slender  terminal  spikes  on 

same  tree  .  Carpinns,  in  Betulace®. 

li3  In  panicles,  dioecious,  without  petals;  leaves  compound;  fruit  a  samara. 

Fraxinus,  in  Oleace®. 

g2  Naked  —  not  covered  with  true  bud-scales  ;  ovary  superior ;  fruit  an  elongated 

compressed  drupe  .  Leitneriace®  (p.425). 

f2  Terminating  shoots  of  the  previous  season  and 

g  The  staminate  (only)  remaining  naked  during  the  previous  winter;  the 
pistillate  in  spikes  from  lateral  buds;  staminate  aments 

li  Simple:  fruit  a  strobile..  Betula,  in  Betulace®  (p.  428). 
h2  Compound,  2-5  (usually  3)  united  at  base;  fruit  resembling  a  hop. 

Ostrya,  in  Betulace®  (p.  428). 

g2  Both  staminate  and  pistillate  remaining  naked  during  previous  winter,  on 

same  branchlets  .  Alnus,  in  Betulace®  (p.  429). 

d2  Calyx  present  and  regular:  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  dioecious;  calyx 
becoming  enlarged  and  succulent  in  the  compound  fruit. 

Morace®  (p.  433). 

c2  Perfect ;  calyx  present,  regular ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled  and  usually  1-seeded  ;  flowers 
in  fascicles  or  racemes  before  or  with  the  leaves:  fruit  a 
d  Samara,  winged 

e  Nearly  or  quite  all  around .  Ulmus,  in  Ulmace®  (p.  432). 

e2  Obliquely  from  one  end  and  arranged  in  pairs. 

Acer,  in  Acerace®  (p.  446). 

d2  Drupe .  Laurace®  (p.  435). 

b2  With  a  corolla  and  that  consisting  of 
c  Separate  petals  ( Polypetalw ) 
d  Ovary  superior 

e  Flowers  perfect  and 
f  Regular 

g  Calyx  consisting  of  three  sepals;  stamens  numerous;  pistils 
h  Numerous,  from  an  elongated  receptacle;  ovary  2-ovuled. 

Magnoliace®  (p.  434). 

h2  Few,  from  a  globose  receptacle;  ovary  many-ovuled. 

Asiniina,  in  Anonace®  (p.  435). 


X 


Key  to  the  Families  Eased  Mainly  Upon  Flowers. 


g-  Calyx  consisting  of  five  sepals:  stamens 

h  Eight  but  four  imperfect;  flowers  in  autumn. 

Hamamelis,  in  Hainelidaceae  (p.  436). 
h-  Numerous:  pistil  solitary  and 
i  Single-celled  :  fruit  a  drupe. 

Prunus,  in  Rosaceae  ( p.  440). 
i-  Five-celled  :  leaves  deciduous  ;  fruit 

j  Indehiscent,  a  dry  nut-like  drupe  attached  to  a  seed-leaf  which  serves 

as  a  parachute  .  Tiliaceae  (p.  448). 

j-  Dehiscent,  5-valved  capsule;  leaves  persistent. 

Gordonia,  in  Theaceae  (p.  449). 
g3  Calyx  4-5-lobed ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 

Alternate  with  the  petals  which  are  widely  spreading. 

Euonymous,  in  Celastraceae  ( p.  446). 
Opposite  the  petals  which  are  hood-like  and  envelope  them. 

Rhamnus,  in  Rhamnacese  (p.  448). 

fJ  Irregular 

g  1  weaves  piunately  compound  or  bicompound  ;  fruit  a  legume. 

Leguininosae  (p.  441). 

g2  Leaves  palmately  compound;  capsule  with  large  nut-like  seeds;  some  flowers 

unisexual  by  abortion  .  Hippocastanaceae  (p.  447). 

e2  Flowers  polygamous :  fruit  a 
f  Samara 

g  Winged  all  around .  Ptelea,  in  Rutaceae  (p.  444). 

g2  With  long  oblique  wing  and  borne  in  pairs. 

Aceraceae  (p.  446). 

£-’  Capsule  containing  a  solitary  seed  ;  leaves  pinnate. 

Xantlioxylum,  in  Rutaceae  (p.  443). 

f3  Ltrupe  in  terminal  open  thyrses. 

Sapindus,  in  Sapindaceae  (p.  447). 

e*  Unisexual 

f  Mostly  dioecious  and  occasionally  perfect :  fruit  a 

g  Samara;  leaves  pinnate....  Ailanthus,  in  Simarubaceae  (p.444). 
g2  Small  dryish  drupes  in  terminal  thyrses  or  axillary  panicles. 

Anacardiaceae  (p.  444). 

g3  Larger  berry-like  drupes  in  small  axillary  clusters  or  solitary. 

Ilicaceae  ( p.  445). 

f2  Monoecious,  in  dense  globose  heads;  leaves  alternate,  simple  and  palmately 

veined;  fruit  an  akene .  Platanaceae  (p.  437). 

d2  Ovary  inferior;  fruit 
e  Drupaceous  ;  leaves 

Twice  pinnate  ;  styles  and  cells  of  ovary  4-5. 

Araliaceae  (p.  450). 

Simple:  styles  solitary  .  Cornaceae  (p.  450). 

e2  A  pome.  Pyrus,  Sorbus,  Crataegus  and  Amelanchier,  in  Rosaceae  (p.  438). 

c2  United  petals 

d  Ovary  superior;  flowers  perfect;  fruit  a 
e  Capsule  with 

f  Five  cells  and  five  valves. 

Rhododendron,  Kalmia  and  Oxydendrum,  in  Ericaceae  (p.  451). 

f2  Two  cells  septicidally  dehiscent ;  flowers  blue. 

Paulownia,  in  Scrophulariaceae  (p.  457). 

e2  Berry  subtended  by  accrescent  calyx. 

Diosperus,  in  Ebenaceae  (p..  453). 

e*  Fleshy  drupes  in 

f  Axillary  fascicles  .  Bnmelia,  in  Sapotaceae  (p.  452). 

f2  Loose  terminal  panicles .  Chionantlius,  in  Oleaceae  (p..  455). 

e4  Dryish  drupe  ;  leaves  simple  and 

£  Alternate;  flowers  in  crowded  axillary  clusters. 

Symplocaceae  ( p.  453). 

f2  Opposite:  drupe  4-winged .  Styraceae  (p.  454). 

e5  Pod-like  capsule;  flowers  bilabiate  in  conspicuous  terminal  panicles. 

Catalpa,  in  Bignoniaceae  (p.  456). 

d2  Ovary  inferior  ;  flowers  perfect ;  corolla 

e  Campanulate  ;  stamens  10  ;  anther  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  ;  fruit  a  berry. 

Vaccinium,  in  Ericaceae  (p.  452). 

c2  P.otate;  flowers  in  compound  corymbs  ;  fruit  a  blue  drupe  with  flattened  pit. 

Viburnum,  in  Caprif oliaceae  (p.  451). 
e5  Tubular-funnelform  ;  flowers  in  globose  heads;  leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 

Cephalanthus,  in  Rubiaceue  (p.  456). 


THE  NATIVE  AND  NATURALIZED  TREES  OF  THE 
REGION  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  LYING  NORTH  OF  THE 
NORTHERN  BOUNDARIES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  TEN¬ 
NESSEE,  ARKANSAS  AND  OKLAHOMA  AND  EAST  OF 
THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  AND  EXTENDING  SOUTH¬ 
WARD  IN  THE  APPALACHIAN  REGION  TO  NORTHERN 
ALABAMA  AND  GEORGIA. 


WHITE  PINE. 

Finns  Strobus  L. 


Fig.  i.  Branch  with  mature  cones  bearing  beads  of  pitch,  i;  detached  clusters  of  leaves,  2; 
seeds,  some  detached  from  their  wings,  3  ;  young  cones  in  autumn  of  first  year,  4. 

2.  Trunks  of  two  trees  in  Adirondack  region,  N.  Y. 

3.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


3 


The  White  Pine  is  one  of  the  tallest  trees 
of  the  forests  of  northeastern  America,  some¬ 
times  attaining  the  height  of  200  ft.  with  a 
long  columnar  trunk  3-5  ft.  in  diameter. 
When  growing  in  the  open  it  develops  a  wide 
pyramidal  head  easily  distinguished  from  all 
other  Pines  by  its  bluish  green  fine-needled 
foliage  and  the  dark  deeply  furrowed  bark 
with  which  the  large  trunks  are  vested.  It 
once  constituted  the  bulk  of  large  tracts  of 
forest,  but  being  by  far  the  most  valuable 
timber  tree  of  its  range  these  tracts  have  been 
largely  cleared  away  to  meet  the  needs  and 
wastes  of  a  growing  population,  and  now  only 
occasional  monarchs,  towering  head  and 
shoulders  above  the  surrounding  forests  of 
other  growth,  suggest  the  magnifieance  of  the 
primeval  Pine  forests.  Fortunately  it  is  quick 
to  reproduce  itself  and  many  tracts  of  land, 
where  cultivation  has  been  neglected,  become 
quickly  covered  with  its  new  second  growth. 

The  wood  of  the  White  Pine  is  the  most 
valuable  of  the  Pines  for  bouse  finishing, 
window-sash,  blinds,  etc.  It  is  light,  soft,  very 
easily  worked,  durable  and  of  a  light  pinkish 
brown  color  with  thin  lighter  sap-wood.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  24.02 
lbs.i 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  5.  with  loose-scaled  de¬ 
ciduous  sheaths,  very  slender,  3-5  in.  long,  pale 
bluish  green  with  3-5  rows  of  ventral  stomata, 
peripheral  resin-ducts  and  a  single  fibro-vascular 
bundle  ;  branchlets  smooth,  reddish  green.  Flowers: 
staminafe  yellow,  about  %  in.  long  ;  pistillate 
pinkish  purple,  erect.  terminal,  pedunculate. 
Fruit:  cones  become  drooping  and  about  half 
grown  at  the  close  of  the  first  season.  4-10  in. 
long  at  maturity,  long-stalked,  cylindrie  and  often 
curved,  with  thin  unarmed  scales  and  liberating 
their  seeds  in  September  :  seeds  about  *4  in.  long, 
mottled  and  witli  large  wings.2 

f.  A.  W.,  II,  49. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  419. 


ROCK  PINE.  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  YELLOW  PINE. 


Pinus  ponderosa  scopulorum  Engelm.1 


Fig.  4.  Branch  with  mature  cones  and  young  cones  at  the  close  of  the  first  season,  1  ;  a 
detached  cone,  2  (Note  it  has  broken  away  from  branch  within  the  base,  leaving  a  few  scales 
attached  to  branchlet)  ;  seeds  and  their  wings,  3  ;  detached  terminal  and  branch  buds,  4. 

5.  Trunk  of  forest  tree  with  cones  at  base. 

For  these  specimen  and  photograph  of  trunk  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Yellow  Pine  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  is  usually  a  medium  size  tree  of  from 
50-70  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  from  1-2  ft. 
in  diameter,  but  where  conditions  are  par¬ 
ticularly  favorable  attains  the  height  of  100 
to  125  ft.,  with  trunk  3-4  ft.  in  diameter.  The 
bark  of  the  younger  trunks  is  dark  and  fis¬ 
sured  into  rather  firm  scaly  ridges  but  these 
flake  off  with  age  and  the  bark  of  old  trunks 
is  more  of  a  cinnamon-red  color  and  broken 
into  large  scaly  plates.  It  develops  a  distinct 
pyramidal  head  at  first  and  by  the  gradual 
lengthening  of  the  lateral  branches  finally  a 
broad  rounded  top.  It  occupies  well-drained 
uplands  and  mountain  slopes,  being  particu¬ 
larly  abundant  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  in 
northwestern  Nebraska  and  on  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  at  altitudes  ranging  from  six  to 
ten  thousand  feet.  On  the  Colorado  plateau 
of  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  it  forms 
vast  and  valuable  forests. 

Its  peculiarity  in  having  leaves  both  in 
clusters  of  two  and  three  is  exceptional  to  the 
usual  habit  of  the  Pines. 

The  wood  is  rather  hard,  heavy  and  strong 
and  useful  for  lumber  for  general  construc¬ 
tion  purposes,  interior  finishing,  etc. 

Leaves  both  in  clusters  of  2  and  3,  .3-6  in.  long, 
rigid,  with  sheaths  at  first  close  and  about  '/>  in. 
long  but  finally  loose  and  shorter,  stomatiferous 
all  sides  and  containing  2  fibro-vaseular  bundles 
and  2-5  resin-ducts  within  the  parenchyma. 
flowers:  staminate  about  1  in.  long.  Fruit: 
cones  2-4  in.  long,  ovoid,  deciduous  above  the 
lowest  basal  scales,  somewhat  oblique  with  scales 
thickened  at  apex  and  covered  with  slender 
strongly  recurved  prickles  ;  seed  %  in.  long  with 
ample  wing  broadest  in  the  center. 

1.  Syn.  P.  Scopulorum  Lem. 


LOBLOLLY  PINE.  OLD-FIELD  PINE.  ROSEMARY  PINE. 

Pinus  Taeda  L. 


Fig.  6.  Branch  with  leaves,  mature  cones  and  young  cones,  i  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  2  ;  cone 
with  escaping  seeds,  3. 

7.  Trunk  of  a  large  tree  in  Eastern  Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  7 


The  Loblolly  Pine  sometimes  attains  the 
height  of  125  ft.  with  straight  trunk  2  ft.  in 
diameter  and,  when  growing  in  the  open,  with 
spreading  branches  which  form  a  rounded 
pyramidal  head.  Like  several  others  of  the 
southern  trees  it  extends  up  into  the  territory 
covered  by  this  handbook  only  in  the  coast 
region,  where  its  somber  tops  of  dark  green 
are  familiar  objects  along  the  borders  of 
swamps  and  lowlands,  in  company  with  the 
Short-leaf  Pine,  Sweet  and  Sour  Gums, 
Spanish,  Tin,  Laurel  and  other  Oaks,  Moker- 
nut  Hickory,  etc. 

The  wood  is  rather  brittle,  weak,  coarse¬ 
grained  and  not  durable,  of  a  yellowish  brown 
color  and  abundant  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  for  interior 
finishing,  general  construction  purposes  and 
for  the  spars  of  vessels.  The  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  when  dry  is  33.90  lbs.i 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  with  close  persistent 
sheaths,  rather  slender  and  stiff,  dark  green.  6-9 
in.  long,  with  large  stomata  on  each  face  and  two 
fibro- vascular  bundles.  Flowers:  staminate  yel¬ 
low,  crowded  ;  pistillate  solitary  or  few  together, 
lateral  (below  the  apex  of  growing  shoot)  yellow, 
short-stalked.  Cones  3-5  in.  long,  lateral  spread¬ 
ing,  subsessile,  reddish  brown  :  scales  thickened 
at  apex  with  prominent  transverse  ridges  and 
spreading  prickle.  The  cones  often  remain  on  the 
branches  for  a  year  after  liberating  the  seeds. 
These  are  mottled,  about  %  in.  long  and  provided 
with  a  large  wing  broadest  above  the  middle. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  274. 


PITCH  PINE. 

Pinus  rigida  Mill. 


Fig.  8.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  1-3  ;  seed-wings,  4 ;  detached  leaf- 
clusters,  5. 

9.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  near  Washington,  D.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


9 


The  Pitch  Pine  does  not  often  attain  a 
greater  height  than  70  or  80  ft.  or  a  greater 
diameter  of  trunk  than  2  or  3  ft.  When  grow¬ 
ing  in  the  open  fields  it  develops  an  irregular 
wide  pyramidal  or  rounded  head,  its  rough 
branches  usually  bristling  with  old  tardily  d3- 
ciduous  cones.  Its  trunk  is  vested  in  thick 
dark  brown  bark  fissured  into  large  plates 
which  exfoliate  in  irregular  friable  scales.  It 
is  an  abundant  tree  in  many  localities  of  the 
northern  states  on  sandy  uplands  which  are 
too  sterile  for  the  support  for  most  other  trees. 

The  wood  of  the  Pitch  Pine  is  of  medium 
weight  and  hardness,  with  coarse  conspicuous 
grain,  resinous  and  of  a  brownish  red  color 
with  abundant  lighter  sap-wood.1  It  is  used 
for  coarse  lumber,  flooring,  sills,  etc.,  and  to 
some  extent  for  fuel  and  charcoal.  A  cubic 
foot,  when  seasoned,  weighs  32.10  lbs.  It  is 
said  that  considerable  tar,  turpentine  and 
lampblack  have  been  derived  from  this  tree, 
though  the  principal  source  of  supply  now  is 
in  other  species. 

Iwaveg  in  clusters  of  3,  with  persistent  sheaths, 
rigid,  3-5  in.  long,  dark  green,  with  stomata  on 
three  faces,  resin-ducts  within  the  parenchyma, 
and  2  fibro- vascular  bundles.  Flowers:  staminate 
numerous,  yellow  (rarely  purple);  pistillate 
lateral,  usually  in  whorls  of  2  or  more,  reddish 
green,  with  short  stout  stems.  Cones  1-3  in.  Iona, 
lateral,  often  in  whorls  of  several,  ovoid,  nearly 
sessile,  with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  pro¬ 
vided  with  curved  rigid  prickle  ;  seeds  about  % 
in.  long,  triangular  with  rounded  sides  and  ample 
wing  broadest  below  the  middle. 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  50. 


a#-. 


RED  PINE.  “  NORWAY  ”  PINE. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait. 


Fig-  I0-  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  the  former  bearing  considerable  free 
pitch,  i  ;  seeds,  2  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  3. 

11.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  11 


The  Red  Pine  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  80  or  100  ft.  with  broad  irregular  pyramidal 
head  and  dark  green  foliage  tufted  in  thick 
needles  at  the  ends  of  its  rough  branchlets. 
It  is  an  upland  tree,  being  found  on  dry  sandy 
soil  and  is  distinctly  northern  in  its  distribu¬ 
tion.  Never  forming  exclusive  tracts  of  forest 
of  any  size,  it  is  scattered  in  open  groves 
where  conditions  favor  its  development,  and 
many  of  the  slopes  and  ridges  which  overlook 
the  lakes  of  the  Adirondacks  and  New  England 
are  beautified  by  the  presence  of  this  tree. 
Its  straight  columnar  trunks,  rarely  over  2 
or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  are  vested  in  a  reddish 
brown  bark  (hence  the  name)  fissured  into 
broad  irregular  plates  and  ridges  which  flake 
off  in  irregular  scales. 

The  wood  is  moderately  heavy  and  hard  and 
is  valued  for  the  spars  of  vessels,  piles,  sills, 
and  lumber  for  general  construction  purposes. 
A  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighs  30.25  lbs.1 
The  bark  is  occasionally  used  for  tanning  pur¬ 
poses. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  with  persistent  sheaths, 
rather  slender.  4-6  in.  long,  hearing  stomata  on 
the  ventral  faces  containing  peripheral  resin- 
ducts  and  2  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Flowers: 
staininate  about  V-  in.  long,  in  ample  clusters, 
dark  purple  ;  pistillate  subterminal,  scarlet  and 
with  short  stalks.  Cones  subterminal,  ovoid- 
conical,  about  2  in.  long,  subsessile,  thickened  at 
the  rounded  apex  and  unarmed  :  seeds  about  % 
in.  long,  compressed,  triangular-ovoid,  mottled  and 
with  ample  wing  broadest  below  the  middle  and 
oblique  at  apex. 

1  A.  W.,  I,  19. 


JACK  PINE.  GRAY  PINE.  NORTHERN  SCRUB  PINE, 


Pinus  divaricate  (Ait.)  Gorcl.1 


Fig,  12.  Branch  with  leaves  and  closed  mature  and  young  cones,  1-3  ;  section  of  branch  bearing 
opening  cones  with  escaping  seeds,  4  ;  scattered  seeds,  5  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  6. 

13.  Trunk  of  tree  as  found  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  13 


The  Jack  Pine  attains  its  greatest  size  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  its  range,  where  it  is 
often  70  or  80  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  2  or  3 
ft.  in  diameter,  and  forms  forests  of  con¬ 
siderable  extent.  Throughout  the  eastern  part 
of  its  range,  however,  it  is  much  less  abundant 
and  more  reduced  in  stature,  commonly  throw¬ 
ing  out  its  branches  immediately  above  the 
ground  as  shown  in  our  bark  picture.  Its 
short  needles  and  small  cones  incurved  upon 
the  branchlets  quickly  distinguish  it  from  all 
of  its  neighbors.  It  develops  a  rather  sym¬ 
metrical  open  top  of  straightish  branches  and 
tough  flexible  branchlets  and  its  trunk  is 
vested  in  a  dark  reddish  brown  bark  rough 
with  irregular  scaly  plates  and  ridges. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  29.67  lbs.,  is  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with 
thick  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is  used  for  fuel  and 
occasionally  for  railway  ties,  posts  and  lumber. 2 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters  of  2,  %  to  1%  in. 
long,  stout,  spreading,  more  or  less  curved  and  dis¬ 
tributed  along  the  branchlet,  with  2  fibro-vascular 
bundles  and  resin-ducts  within  the  parenchyma. 
Flowers:  staminate  yellow,  in  crowded  clusters  ; 
pistillate  dark  purple,  singly  or  few  together  and 
occasionally  clusters  on  same  shoot.  Cones  small, 
]  R>-2  in.  long,  pointed  and  strongly  incurved, 
narrow  conical-ovoid,  oblique  at  base,  sessile  and 
scales  thickened  at  apex  and  furnished  witli  a 
weak  incurved  or  deciduous  prickle  :  seed  rounded, 
triangular,  nearly  black  and  with  full  wing  about 
Vj  in.  long  and  widest  near  the  middle. 

1.  Syn.  P.  Banksiana  Lamb. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  99. 


YELLOW  PINE.  SHORT-LEAF  PINE.  NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 

Pinus  echinata  Mill.1 


Fig.  14.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  3  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  4. 
15.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  15 


This  valuable  timber-tree  occasionally  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  100  ft.,  or  somewhat  more, 
with  irregular  wide  pyramidal  or  rounded 
head  and  straight  columnar  trunk  3-4  ft.  in 
thickness.  Its  bark  is  of  a  reddish  brown 
color  with  wide  irregular  scaly  plates  and 
ridges.  It  is  particularly  abundant  and  well 
developed  in  the  lower  Mississippi  basin  and 
probably  no  other  Pine  produces  as  much 
lumber  for  use  in  the  central-western  states  as 
this. 

The  wood,  as  a  hard  Pine,  is  considered  only 
second  to  that  of  the  Long-leaf  Pine  in  value, 
and  in  being  somewhat  softer  and  less  resin¬ 
ous  than  that  is  preferred  to  it  for  many 
uses.  It  is  rather  heavy  and  hard,  a  cu.  ft 
weighing  38.04  lbs.,  and  of  a  reddish  yellow 
color  with  thick  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  for  interior 
finishing  and  general  construction  purposes. 2 

Leaves  3-5  in.  long  in  clusters  of  2  (occasion¬ 
ally  3)  with  persistent  sheaths,  rather  slender, 
flexible,  dark  green  ;  branchlets  rough.  Flowers: 
stamlnate  yellowish  purple,  about  %  in.  long,  in 
crowded  clusters  :  pistillate  pale  rose-color,  single 
or  in  whorls  of  2  or  3  with  stout  stems.  Cones 
oblong-ovoid,  lt^-2  in.  long,  single  or  few  to¬ 
gether,  subsessile,  lateral  and  with  scales  thickened 
at  apex  and  having  a  prominent  transverse  ridge 
and  weak  prickle ;  seeds  round-triangular,  about 
three-sixteenths  in.  long,  mottled  and  with  ample 
oblique  wing  broadest  near  the  center. 

1.  Syn.  Pinas  mitis  Michx. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  75. 


JERSEY  PINE.  SCRUB  PINE. 

Pinas  Virginian  a  Mill.1 


Fig.  16.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young,  cones,  1-3,  seeds,  4  :  detached  leaf-clusters,  5. 
17.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Washington,  D.  C. 


17 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Jersey  Pine  is  usually  a  tree  of  medium 
stature,  rarely  more  than  40  or  50  ft.  in 
height,  or  of  greater  thickness  of  trunk  than 
18  in.  In  the  western  part  of  its  range,  how¬ 
ever,  particularly  in  southern  Indiana,  it 
sometimes  attains  twice  the  above  dimensions. 
It  develops  a  rather  irregular  wide  rounded 
top  of  long  and  somewhat  pendulous  branches, 
though  when  young  the  trees  are  more  of  a 
pyramidal  habit  of  growth.  It  is  readily  dis¬ 
tinguished  by  its  short  twisted  leaves  dis¬ 
tributed  in  pairs  along  its  purple  branchlets. 
The  bark  of  trunk  is  dark  reddish  brown,  rough 
with  scaly  irregular  plates  and  ridges.  The 
tree  has  little  to  recommend  it  from  an  orna- 
mentat  or  economic  standpoint,  its  chief  point 
of  merit  being  the  facility  with  which  it 
propagates  itself  and  covers  neglected  worn 
out  agricultural  land  with  new  forest  growth. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle  and  of  a  light  reddish  brown  color  with 
abundant  lighter  sap-wood.  A  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighs  33.09  lbs.  It  is  used  for 
fuel  and  occasionally  for  lumber  for  general 
construction  purposes. 2 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters  of  2,  with  small  per¬ 
sistent  sheaths,  1  Mi  to  2 14  in.  long,  (lark  green, 
stout,  spreading,  more  or  less  curved  and  twisted, 
with  many  rows  of  stomata,  2  fibro-vaseular 
bundles  and  resin-ducts  in  parenchyma  :  branch- 
lets  flexible  and  distinctly  purple  in  color. 
Flowers:  staminate  orange-brown,  in  crowded 
clusters ;  pistillate  pale  and  rose  color,  single  or 
few  together,  with  long  stalks  lateral  upon  the 
branchlets.  Cones  few,  narrow  ovoid.  2-3  in.  long 
with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  provided  with 
a  prickle  ;  seeds  compressed  ovoid,  nearly  14  in. 
long  and  with  ample  wing  broadest  at  about  the 
center, 

1.  Syn.  Pinus  inops  Ait. 

2.  A.  W„  IV,  98. 


TABLE-MOUNTAIN  PINE 

Pinus  pungens  Michx. 


Fig.  18.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  i  ;  seeds  and  detached  scales  of 
cone,  2  ;  detached  ieaf-ciusters,  3. 

19.  Trunk  of  tree  with  cones  at  base.  Near  Washington,  D.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  19 


The  Table-Mountain  Pine  deserves  its  name 
from  being  confined  in  its  natural  distribution 
mainly  to  the  dry  gravelly  table-lands  and 
slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mts.,  though  it  is 
found  to  be  hardy  and  thrives  well  when 
planted  outside  of  this  limited  range  —  over 
the  middle  and  eastern  states  generally.  To 
the  northward  it  is  local  in  its  distribution 
and  generally  scattered  among  other  trees 
such  as  the  Yellow,  Pitch  and  Jersey  Pines, 
Oaks,  Hickories,  etc.,  but  in  the  southern 
Alleghenies  it  forms  nearly  exclusive  forests 
of  considerable  extent.  It  rarely  exceeds  60 
or  70  ft.  in  height  or  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter  of 
trunk,  and  develops  a  wide  rounded  or  often 
irregular  top.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  a  dark 
reddish  brown  color  rough  with  irregular  scaly 
plates  and  ridges.  A  character  by  which  it  is 
readily  distinguished  from  all  other  eastern 
Pines  is  its  massive  cones  armed  with  very 
thick  curved  spines,  more  suggestive  of 
various  species  of  the  Pacific  slope  than  are 
those  of  any  other  eastern  species. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  brittle,  coarse-grained 
and  of  a  pale  reddish  brown  color  with  thick 
lighter  sap-wood.  A  cubic  foot,  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighs  30.75  lbs.  It  is  little  used 
excepting  for  fuel  and  charcoal. f 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters  of  2,  2-4  in.  Ion  : 
with  short  persistent  sheaths,  stout,  stiff,  more  or 
less  twisted,  with  2  fibro-vaseular  bundles  and 
resin-ducts  in  parenchyma  ;  branchlets  short,  dark 
brown  and  rough.  Flowers:  staminate  yellow,  in 
loose  clusters  ;  the  pistillate  long-stalked,  lateral 
and  generally  in  whorls  of  2  to  5  or  more.  Cones 
short-ovoid,  3-4  in.  long,  lateral  and  in  whorls 
upon  the  branchlet,  oblique  at  base,  sessile  and 
with  scales,  especially  those  of  the  outer  side  near 
base,  much  thickened,  with  prominent  transverse 
ridge  and  armed  with  a  strong  fiat  curved  prickle  ; 
seeds  rounded  triangular,  nearly  Vi  in.  long,  and 
with  wings  broadest  near  the  center. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  298. 


TAMARACK.  EASTERN  LARCH. 

Larix  Americana  Michx.1 


Fig.  20.  Branchlets  with  fascicles  of  leaves  and  cones,  i  :  detached  scale  with  its  two  seeds,  2  ; 
scattered  seeds,  3  ;  tip  of  branchlet  showing  solitary  leaves  on  first  season’s  growth,  4  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  5. 

2  t  .  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

22.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  21 


The  Tamarack  is  a  beautiful  tree  not  often 
over  00  ft.  in  heigh t  nor  with  trunk  more  than 
2  ft.  in  thickness.  Its  trunk  is  usually 
straight  and  columnar  or  slightly  tapering, 
with  scaly  bark  showing  little  tendency  to 
become  ridged  and  its  top  is  usually  of  narrow 
pyramidal  form  with  short  horizontal  branches 
and  open  airy  foliage.  It  is  distinctively  a 
tree  of  swampy  lands,  venturing  farther  out 
on  low  lake  shores  and  quaking  sphagnum 
bogs  than  any  other  tree  excepting  sometimes 
the  Swamp  Spruce  and  these  regions  it  char¬ 
acterizes  in  summer  with  its  pale  green  foliage 
or  lights  up  in  autumn  with  its  covering  of 
bright  yellow.  To  the  northward  in  its  range 
where  it  is  very  abundant,  it  is  found  also  on 
well  drained  uplands  forming  in  places  ex¬ 
tensive  tracts  of  open  forest.  With  the  Black 
Spruce  it  forms  the  vanguard  of  the  forests 
in  the  subarctic  regions  and  there  maintains 
tree-form  battling  with  the  elements  while  its 
companion  is  prone  upon  the  ground  but  still 
engaged  in  the  struggle. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  dry 
weighs  38.86  lbs.,  is  rather  hard,  heavy,  strong 
and  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.  It 
is  of  a  light  orange-brown  color  with  thin 
lighter  sap-wood  and  is  valued  for  railway 
ties,  posts,  planks  and  lumber  for  interior 
finishing.2 

Leaves  very  slender,  numerous.  In  fascicles  on 
short  lateral  spurs,  or  singly  on  new  shoots.  %- 
1 14  in.  long,  linear,  triangular,  pale  green,  turning 
yellow  and  falling  in  autumn.  Flowers  appear 
with  the  leaves  :  staminate  yellow,  subglobose 
from  leafless  scaly  buds ;  pistillate  oblong  with 
rose-red  rounded  scales,  on  lateral  mostly  leafy 
spurs.  Cones  oblong,  about  V2  in.  long  on  short 
peduncles  and  composed  of  about  12  thin  concave 
suborbicular  persistent  scales  about  twice  as  long 
as  their  bracts  ;  seeds  about  Vh  in.  long,  with  light 
brown  wing  broadest  at  about  the  middle.3 

1.  Syn.  L.  laracina  (DuRoi)  Koch. 

2.  A.  W„  I,  23. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  420. 


BLUE  SPRUCE.  SILVER  SPRUCE. 

Picea  Parryana  (Andre)  Sarg.1 


Fig.  23.  Branchlets  with  leaves  and  mature  cones,  1  ;  detached  scales,  upper  side  (towards  apex) 
showing  seeds,  2;  do,  under  side  (towards  stem),  showing  bract,  3;  sterile  branchlets,  4;  branchlet 
from  which  leaves  have  been  removed,  magnified  to  show  glabrous  nature,  persistent  bases  of 
leaves,  etc.,  5. 

24.  Trunk  with  foliage  at  base  and  2-ft.  rule.  Rocky  Mountains,  Colo. 

25.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  23 


This  beautiful  Spruce  is  restricted  in  its 
natural  home  to  the  banks  and  vicinity  of 
mountain  streams  of  Colorado,  Wyoming  and 
Washington,  between  the  altitudes  of  G500  and 
10000  ft.  In  these  localities  it  sometimes 
attains  in  the  forests  a  height  of  100  or  ex¬ 
ceptionally  150  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  thick¬ 
ness  and  narrow  often  irregular  open  top. 
The  isolated  tree,  however,  especially  in  its 
youth,  possesses  a  rare  and  unique  type  of 
beauty.  Its  branches  grow  out  in  symmetrical 
whorls  of  flattened  sprays  longest  near  the 
ground  and  successively  shorter  towards  the 
top,  forming  a  perfect  and  beautiful  pyramid. 
This  is  farther  enhanced  by  the  massed  foliage 
of  silvery  blue  or  tints  ranging  from  that  to  a 
purplish  blue  or  green,  a  single  bed  of  seedlings 
presenting  perhaps  the  entire  range.  Its 
beautiful  form  and  color  together  with  its 
hardiness  make  it  one  of  the  most  valuable 
acquisitions  for  ornamental  planting  of  recent 
years. 

The  wood  of  the  Blue  Spruce  is  light,  a  cu. 
ft.  weighing  23.31  lbs.,  soft,  with  satiny  sur¬ 
face  and  suitable  for  the  uses  mentioned  of  the 
Red  Spruce.2 

Leaves  rigid,  4-sided,  from  %  in.  on  fertile 
branches  to  1%  in.  long  on  sterile,  curved,  spiny, 
acuminate,  bluish  green  to  silvery  or  dull  green  ; 
branchlets  glabous.  Floivers  reddish  yellow  :  pis¬ 
tillate  with  broad  denticulate  scales  and  acute 
bract.  Fruit:  cones  subsessile.  oblong-cylindrical, 
2% -4  in.  long  with  glossy  rhomboidai  (iexuose 
scales  narrow  and  erose-dentate  at  the  elongated 
apex  ;  seed  %  in.  long  with  short  wide  wing.3 

1.  Syn.  P.  pungens  Engelm. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  275. 


3.  For  genus  see  p.  420. 


WHITE  SPRUCE. 

Picea  Canadensis  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P.1 


Fig.  26.  Portion  of  branch  bearing  cones,  1  ;  seeds,  2  ;  end  of  a  sterile  lower  branchlet,  3  ;  end 
of  an  upper  sterile  branchlet,  4  ;  branchlet  with  leaves  removed  and  magnified  to  show  glabrous 
nature,  persistent  leaf-bases,  etc.,  5. 

27.  Trunk  near  Lake  Placid,  Adirondacks,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  25 


This  handsome  Spruce  considerably  re¬ 
sembles  the  Balsam  Fir  in  habit  of  developing 
when  isolated  a  symmetrical  narrow  pyramidal 
head  of  dense  foliage,  and  then  usually  does 
attain  a  greater  height  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  than  50  or  60  ft.  When  crowded 
in  forests  it  attains  a  much  greater  height, 
sometimes  even  150  ft.,  with  straight  trunk 
3-4  ft.  in  diameter.  Its  bark  is  reddish  brown, 
rough  with  irregular  scales  and  its  foliage  has 
a  marked  and  characteristic  rank  odor.  In 
company  with  the  Aspen,  Canoe  Birch,  Balsam, 
Black  Spruce,  etc.,  it  beautifies  the  banks  of 
streams  and  lake  shores  of  the  far  north, 
scarcely  finding  even  in  the  climate  of  our 
northernmost  states  a  temperature  cold 
enough  for  its  best  development. 

The  physical  properties  and  uses  of  the  wood 
of  the  White  Spruce  are  quite  the  same  as 
those  of  the  Red  Spruce.  A  cubic  foot  when 
thoroughly  seasoned  weighs  25.25  lbs. 2 

Leaves  %-l  in.  Ion?,  incurved  and  crowded  on 
the  top  of  the  branchlets,  4-sided  with  stomata  on 
each  side,  glaucous  green  and  with  sharp  rigid 
tips ;  branchlets  glaucous.  flowers  appear  in 
May,  oblong-cylindrical  ;  staminate  reddish  yel¬ 
low  ;  pistillate  greenish  red  with  broad  rounded 
entire  scales  and  denticulate  bracts.  Cones 
nodding,  slender,  oblong-cylindrical,  nearly  sessile, 
about  2  in.  long,  mostly  falling  in  autumn  :  obtuse 
at  apex  and  with  very  thin  nearly  orbicular  scales 
truncate  or  sometimes  retuse  and  entire  at  apex  ; 
seeds  about  %  in.  long  with  large  wing  oblique  at 
apex. 

1.  Syn.  Pica  aU)a  Link. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  100. 


RED  SPRUCE. 


Fig.  28.  Branchlets  with  mature  cones,  1  ;  sterile  lower  branchlets,  2  ;  detached  scale,  under  side, 
3  ;  do,  upper  side,  showing  seeds,  4  ;  separated  seeds,  5  ;  a  terminal  shoot,  6  ;  branchlet  magnified 
to  show  pubescence,  7. 

29.  Trunk  and  Rhododendron  foliage  in  background.  Alleghany  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  or  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


27 


The  Red  Spruce  occasionally  attains  the 
height  of  100  ft.,  with  trunk  from  2-4  ft.  in 
diameter,  but  usually  is  considerably  smaller. 
When  massed  in  the  forests  it  develops  a 
straight  columnar  trunk  vested  in  a  rather 
thin  irregularly  scaly  reddish  brown  bark  and 
small  horizontal  branches.  Isolated  trees,  ex¬ 
tending  their  lower  branches  farther  out, 
downward  and  then  curving  gracefully  upward, 
form  a  wide  and  rather  open  pyramidal  top. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  forest 
trees  of  northern  New  York  and  New  England, 
where  it  is  associated  with  the  Hemlock, 
Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  Sugar  Maple,  Butternut, 
etc.  and  in  places  forms  quite  exclusive  tracts 
of  forest. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  28.57  lbs.,  and  moderately  soft, 
but  strong  and  elastic  and  is  valued  for  lumber 
for  general  construction  purposes,  flooring, 
etc.  and  particularly  for  sounding  boards  for 
musical  instruments.  It  is  also  extensively 
used  for  paper-pulp  and  its  resinous  exudation 
yields  a  large  part  of  the  Spruce  Gum  of 
commerce.2 

Leaves  from  y2-%  in.  long,  incurved,  witli  acute 
callous  tips,  lustrous  dark  green  with  4  rows  of 
stomata  above  and  2  rows  beneath  on  each  side 
of  midrib  :  branchlets  stout,  pubescent.  Flowers 
open  in  May :  staminate  oblong-cylindrical  :  pis¬ 
tillate  oblong  with  reflexed  and  thin  rounded 
scales  and  small  bracts.  Cones  ovoid-oblong, 
l%-2  in.  long  on  short  straight  or  incurved  stalks, 
acute  at  apex  with  rigid  puberulous  scales  rounded 
and  entire  or  slightly  eroded  at  apex,  green  or 
purplish,  mostly  falling  in  autumn  or  early  winter 
and  becoming  brown  ;  seeds  dark  brown,  about  % 
in.  long  with  wing  broad  and  rounded  above  the 
middle. 

1.  Syn.  P.  rubra  (Poir.)  Diet.  Abies  nigra 
Poir.  (in  part). 

2.  A.  W„  1,  20. 


BLACK  SPRUCE.  SWAMP  SPRUCE 


Picea  Mariana  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P.1 


Fig.  30.  Branchlets  with  cones,  1  ;  scale  of  cone,  under  side  showing  bract,  2  ;  do,  upper  side, 
showing  seeds,  3;  separated  seeds,  4;  end  of  a  terminal  shoot.  5;  leafless  branchlet  enlarged  to. 
show  pubescence,  etc.,  6. 

31.  Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base.  Near  Lake  Placid,  N.  V. 


Handbook  or  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


29 


The  Black  Spruce  in  forest  growth,  where 
■climate  and  conditions  are  most  favorable,  is 
found  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  80- 
100  ft.,  with  a  trunk  ‘2-3  ft.  in  diameter,  but 
such  conditions  are  only  found  in  regions 
north  of  the  United  States  where  the  climate 
is  too  severe  for  the  endurance  of  most  of  our 
trees. 

This  tree  with  the  Tamarack  marks  the 
limit  of  tree  growth  in  the  far  north  and 
■extends  in  range  nearly  across  the  continent, 
growing  alike  on  bottom-lands  and  mountain 
slopes.  Within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  however,  conditions  seem  to  be  less 
favorable.  Here  it  is  confined  to  low  bottom¬ 
lands,  sphagnum  swamps  and  the  margins  of 
ponds,  where  its  dwarfed  and  picturesque 
narrow  forms  with  gracefully  curved  branches 
and  bluish  green  foliage  are  pleasing  and 
■characteristic  features.  It  is  found  even 
growing  to  great  age  in  the  floating  bogs  about 
the  shores  of  small  lakes  in  northern  Minne¬ 
sota  and  producing  cones  in  abundance,  even 
though  no  more  than  2  or  3  ft.  in  height. 

The  wood  of  the  Black  Spruce  is  light,  a  cu. 
ft.  weighing  32.86  lbs.,  soft  and  useful  for 
paper  pulp  and  lumber  when  of  sufficient  siz?.'- 
Considerable  spruce  gum  is  also  derived  from 
this  tree. 

Leaves  usually  %  -  %  in.  long,  crowded  and  more 
■or  less  curved,  stiff  and  with  sharp  callous  tips, 
blue-green  with  numerous  stomata  above  and 
fewer  beneath  :  branchlets  pubescent.  Flowers: 
staminate  oblong  with  reddish  anthers  :  pistillate 
oblong  with  thin  reflexed  scales  and  rounded  erose 
bracts.  Fruit:  cones  ovate,  persisting  often  2  or 
more  seasons,  strongly  reflexed  upon  the  branch- 
lets,  %-l%  in.  long,  narrowing  to  a  strongly  in¬ 
curved  stalk,  with  scales  rounded  and  more  or 
less  erese-dentate  at  aoex  ;  seeds  about  Vs  in. 
Ion-’  with  ample  pale  brown  wing  widest  above  the 
middle. 

1.  Syn.  P.  brevifolia  Peck. 


HEMLOCK. 

Tsuga  Canadensis  (L.)  Carr. 


Fig.  32.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  cones,  1  ;  scale  of  cone,  upper  side  showing  its  seeds,  2; 
scattered  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  with  two  leaves  (upper  and  under  surfaces)  magnified,  4. 

33.  Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

34.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  31 


The  Hemlock  is  a  handsome  tree,  sometimes 
attaining  100  ft.  in  height,  with  trunk  3-4  ft. 
in  diameter  vested  in  a  dark  ridged  bark. 
When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de¬ 
velops  a  rather  open  wide  pyramidal  top  with 
outward  curving  or  drooping  branches,  and  the 
Hat  sprays  of  foliage  are  particularly  light 
and  graceful  in  appearance,  of  dark  green 
color  above  and  showing  in  pretty  contrast 
the  whitish  under  surfaces  when  turned  up  by 
the  winds.  The  beauty  is  enhanced  in  early 
summer  by  each  branchlet  being  tipped  with 
the  delicate  light  green  new  shoots  of  the 
season.  It  was  once  one  of  the  most  abundant 
trees  of  the  northeastern  forest,  but  such  is 
the  value  of  its  bark  for  tanning  purposes  that 
they  have  nearly  all  been  destroyed,  only 
scattering  trees  now  remaining.  It  thrives  on 
well-drained  uplands  and  slopes  of  ravines 
usually  in  company  with  the  White  Pine,  Red 
Spruce,  Maples,  Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  etc., 
though  in  places  forming  quite  exclusive  tracts 
of  forest. 

The  wood  is  soft,  light  (a  cu.  ft.  weighing 
26.42  lbs.)  brittle  and  mainly  used  for  coarse 
lumber  for  general  construction  purposes. 
The  bark  of  the  tree  for  tanning  purposes  lias, 
until  recent  advances  in  prices  of  lumber,  been 
considered  its  chief  point  of  valued 

Leaves  flat,  oblong-linear,  %-%  in.  long, 
rounded  at  apex,  lustrous  and  centrally  grooved 
above  and  whitish  with  5  or  6  rows  of  stomata 
on  each  side  of  midrib  beneath  :  branchlets  rough 
with  their  persistent  bases.  Flowers  appear  in 
May :  staminate  light  yellow ;  pistillate  pinkish 
green  with  broad  laciniate  bracts  shorter  than 
their  scales.  Cones  ovate-oblong,  %-%  in.  long, 
acute  with  short  stalk,  suborbicular  scales  and 
broad  truncate  laciniate  bracts  ;  seeds  about  one- 
sixteenth  in.  long  and  wings  about  twice  as  long, 
broadest  near  the  bases.2 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  21. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  420. 


CAROLINA  HEMLOCK. 

Tsuga  Caroliniana  Engelm. 


Fig.  3 5.  Branch  with  leaves  and  open  cones  liberating  seeds,  1  ;  isolated  seeds,  2. 
36.  Trunk  of  tree,  on  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  33 


This  rare  tree  is  confined  to  the  Blue  Ridge 
of  the  Allegheny  Mts.,  ranging  in  altitude  from 
about  2000  to  3500  ft.,  in  company  with  the 
common  Hemlock,  White  Pine,  various  Oaks, 
Hickories,  Sugar  Maple,  Sour-wood,  Silver- 
bell  Tree,  etc.,  or  occasionally  forming  quite 
exclusive  groves.  It  rarely  exceeds  70  ft.  in 
height  or  2  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  has 
rather  compact  pyramidal  top  and  dark  fur¬ 
rowed  bark  of  trunk.  It  is  so  often  confined  to 
steep  and  almost  inaccessible  crags  with  roots 
intertwined  among  the  rocks  that  we  are  led 
to  infer  that  it  alone  is  capable  of  maintain¬ 
ing  a  foothold  in  such  localities,  and  that  the 
other  trees  of  the  forest  must  have  crowded  it 
out  from  places  of  easier  footing.  It  is  a  tree 
well  worthy  of  ornamental  planting  for  which 
it  is  occasionally  employed. 

Its  wood  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  com¬ 
mon  Hemlock,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing  26.64  lbs., 
and  applicable  to  the  same  uses  though  not 
abundant  enough  to  be  of  commercial  im¬ 
portance.! 

Leaves  flat,  linear,  %-%  in.  long,  petiolate, 
obtuse  and  often  refuse  at  apex,  lustrous  dark 
green  and  with  conspicuous  central  groove  above, 
marked  with  white  bands  of  7  or  8  rows  of 
stomata  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  beneath  and 
forming  a  flatfish  spray  but  not  as  flat  as  that  of 
the  T.  canadensis.  Flowers:  staminate  purplish  : 
pistillate  purple  with  broad  ovate  bracts  about  as 
long  as  the  scales.  Cones  oblong,  1-114  in.  long 
with  short  stalks  and  oblong  obtuse  fine  but 
scarcely  woody  puberulous  scales  widely  spreading 
at  maturity  and  ample  bracts  about  half  as  long 
as  scales ;  seeds  about  one-sixth  in.  long  with 
large  wing  broadest  near  the  base. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  299. 


BALSAM  FIR. 

Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill. 


Fig.  37.  Branchlet  with  mature  closed  cone  bearing  beads  of  pitch,  1  ;  section  of  upper  main 
stem  of  tree,  with  branchlet  bearing  disintegrating  cones,  and  scattered  scales  and  seeds,  2  (Note 
the  very  small  bract)  ;  detached  closed  cones,  3  ;  sterile  branchlets,  4  ;  leafless  branchlet  magnified,  5. 

38.  Trunk  showing  blisters  and  trickling  free  pitch,  above. 

39.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


This  is  a  handsome  tree  of  characteristic 
aspect  and  rarely  attains  more  than  75  ft.  in 
height  or  with  trunk  more  than  2%  ft.  in 
diameter.  Its  branches  are  arranged  in 
whorls  usually  of  from  4-G,  the  longest  at  the 
bottom  and  the  others  successively  shorter  to 
a  narrow  pointed  summit.  The  bark  of  all 
but  the  oldest  trunks  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  resin  blisters  which  yield  the  Canada 
Balsam  of  commerce.  Very  different  from  the 
Fraser  Fir  this  tree  is  a  lover  of  bottom-lands 
and  moist  slopes,  and  is  of  very  wide  distribu¬ 
tion.  Its  abundant  spire-shaped  tops  indicate 
the  location  of  swampy  tracts  in  northern 
regions  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  to  the  Pacific, 
and  its  soft  fragrant  branches  can  be  gen¬ 
erally  depended  upon  to  furnish  the  favorite 
“  balsam  pillows  ”  for  campers  throughout  the 
forests  of  this  vast  range.  Rarely  forming  ex¬ 
clusive  forests  of  any  extent,  it  associates  with 
the  Tamarack,  Black  Ash,  Black  Spruce,  Arbor 
Yit;e,  etc.  or  where  it  is  less  common  on  up¬ 
lands  with  Beeches,  Hemlocks,  etc. 

Its  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  23.80  lbs.,  is  occasionally  sawn 
into  lumber  for  boxes,  etc.,  and  of  late  is  being 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. i 

Leaves  about  %  in.  long  and  acute,  on  cone¬ 
bearing  branches,  and  1  in.  or  more  and  mostly 
rounded  at  apex  on  sterile  branches.  Flowers  in 
May  :  pistillate  with  nearly  orbicular  purple 
scales  smaller  than  the  bracts  which  are  obcor- 
date,  serrulate  with  protected  slender  tip.  Cones 
2-4  in.  long,  oblong-cylindrical,  rounded  at  tip 
generally  bearing  beads  of  free  pitch  with  scales 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  bracts,  or  rarely  with 
bracts  somewhat  longer  than  the  scales.2 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  22. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  421. 


FRASER  FIR. 

Abies  Fraseri  (Pursh.)  Lindl. 


Fig.  40.  Tip  of  main  stem  of  tree  bearing  branchlet  with  mature  cones,  1  ;  branchlet  with  dis¬ 
integrating  cone.  2  ;  detached  scales  and  seed,  3  (Note  the  large  exserted  bract)  ;  sterile  branchlet, 
terminal,  4  ;  do,  from  lower  branch,  under  side,  5  ;  same,  upper  side,  6  ;  do,  from  near  top  of  the 
tree,  7. 

41.  Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base.  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


on 
a  i 


The  Fraser  Fir  is  a  tree  of  medium  size, 
usually  30-50  ft.  in  height,  or  sometimes  70 
ft.,  with  trunk  1-2%  ft.  in  diameter.  When 
sufficiently  isolated  it  develops  a  distinct 
pyramidal  top  with  whorls  of  long  horizontal 
lower  branches,  those  above  successively  shorter 
to  the  pointed  apex.  The  bark  of  the  younger 
trunks  is  copiously  resin-blistered,  that  of 
older  trunks  becoming  covered  with  thin  yel¬ 
lowish  gray  papery  scales,  quite  different  from 
that  of  the  Balsam  Fir.  One  of  the  most  re¬ 
stricted  trees  of  eastern  United  States  in  dis¬ 
tribution  it  is  found  only  at  altitudes  of  from 
4000  to  6000  ft.  on  the  highest  peaks  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains,  clothing  their  dry  sum¬ 
mits  either  with  exclusive  groves  or  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Red  Spruce  (called  locally  by 
the  mountaineers  “  He  Balsam  ”  in  distinction 
from  this  the  “She  Balsam”)  Mountain  Ash, 
Yellow  Birch,  etc.  This  requirement  in  the 
Fraser  Fir  for  dry  localities  is  strangely  dif¬ 
ferent  from  the  love  of  the  Northern  Balsam 
Fir  for  wet  low-lands. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing  22.22 
lbs.  and  seems  to  be  but  little  used,  perhaps 
due  to  inaccessibility  though  applicable  to  the 
uses  mentioned  of  the  other  species.  Its 
branches  are  popular  for  use  in  making  balsam 
pillows.i 

Leaves  flat,  %-l  in.  long,  those  of  the  sterile 
branches  emarginate  and  those  of  the  fertile  acute 
at  apex,  dark  green  and  centrally  grooved  above, 
silvery  white  beneath  with  8-12  rows  of  stomata. 
Flowers  in  May  :  staminate  reddish  yellow  :  pis¬ 
tillate  with  scales  much  broader  than  long  and 
shorter  than  the  exserted  pale  yellow-green  bracts. 
Cones  mature  in  September,  ovoid-oblong,  2-2%  in. 
long,  dark  purple  with  scales  wider  than  long  and 
with  long  exserted  pale  yellow-green  reflexed 
bracts,  aristate  at  apex  :  seeds  about  %  in.  long 
with  very  wide  wing  oblique  at  apex. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  300. 


BALD  CYPRESS. 

Taxodium  distichum  (L. )  Rich. 


Fig.  42.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  closed  cones,  1  ;  cone  disintegrating,  2 ;  scale  and  seed  in 
section,  3  ;  sterile  branchlet  from  lower  branches,  4 ;  branchlet  bearing  clusters  of  staminate 
flower-buds,  5  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  6. 

43.  Trunks  and  “  knees  ”  in  St.  Francis  River  swamp,  Ark. 

44.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  thf,  Northern  States  and  Canada.  39 


This  valuable  and  majestic  tree  occasionally 
attains  the  height  of  150  ft.  with  a  trunk  8  or 
10  ft.  in  diameter.  W  hen  young  in  develops 
a  symmetrical  pyramidal  top  with  upturned 
branches  and  drooping  branchlets,  but  the  old 
forest  monarchs  are  more  like  inverted  pyra¬ 
mids  in  shape,  with  wide  and  flat  or  slightly 
rounded  tops  narowing  down  to  long  naked 
trunks.  Its  trunk  is  very  wide  and  strongly 
buttressed  at  base,  especially  when  growing  in 
water  or  wet  localities,  and  there  it  also  sends 
up  from  its  roots  steeple-shaped  projections 
known  as  “  knees,”  the  functions  of  which 
seem  to  be  mechanical  - — -  to  anchor  the  tree 
more  firmly  in  the  loose  soil  in  which  it  grows. 
In  the  southern  part  of  its  range  it  occupies 
vast  tracts  of  swampy  lands,  either  forming 
nearly  exclusive  forests  or  in  company  with  tiie 
Tupelos,  Sweet  Gum,  WTater  Locust,  Red  Bay, 
etc.  To  the  northward  it  is  less  abundant  and 
is  found  in  company  with  various  swamp- 
loving  trees. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  28.31  lbs.,  is  one  of  the  great 
resources  of  the  southern  states  being  highly 
valued  for  railway  ties,  posts,  shingles,  lumber 
for  general  construction  purposes,  etc.  Its 
great  durability,  immunity  from  the  attacks  of 
parasites  and  non  liability  to  great  shrinking 
or  warping  make  it  one  of  our  most  valuable 
woods  for  all  wood-work  exposed  to  the 
weather,  for  tank  construction,  cooperage,  etc. 
Its  value  for  the  latter  use  is  enhanced  by  its 
comparative  freedom  from  coloring  or  flavor¬ 
ing  ingredients. i 

Leaves  %-%  in-  long.  thin,  apiculated,  rather 
light  yellow  green,  deciduous  and  forming  a  flat 
spray  of  which  the  branchlets  are  also  deciduous  ; 
shorter  scale-like  leaves  on  flowering  branches. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  panicles  4-5  in.  long  ;  fiower- 
buds  nearly  %  in.  long,  purple  at  maturity.  Cones 
subglobose]  about  1  in.  in  diameter,  usually  few 
together  at  the  end  of  the  branch.8 

1.  A.  W.,  V,  119. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  421. 


ARBOR  VIT/E.  WHITE  CEDAR 

Thuja  ocddenialis  L. 


Fig.  45.  Branchlets  with  mature  cones,  1  ;  scattered  seeds,  2. 

46.  Trunk  with  branch  at  base.  Adirondack  region,  N.  Y. 

47.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  41 


The  Arbor-Vitae  is  a  tree  commonly  from 
50-60  ft.  in  height  and  2-3  ft.  in  diameter  of 
trunk,  or  sometimes  larger,  and  develops  a 
wide-based  pyramidal  head  when  growing 
apart  from  other  trees.  It  sometimes  forms 
exclusive  and  dense  forests  in  swampy  locali¬ 
ties  and  along  the  banks  of  streams,  but  is 
oftener  in  company  with  the  Black  Ash,  Swamp 
Spruce,  Canoe  Birch,  Red  and  Silver  Maples, 
Tamarack,  Balsam  Fir,  etc.  It  is  abundant 
and  of  quite  general  distribution  in  sufficiently 
moist  localities  throughout  the  northern  part 
of  its  range,  but  in  the  southern  Alleghenies 
occurs  only  at  high  altitudes. 

The  fragrant  light  wood  of  the  Arbor-Vita;, 
of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  19.72  lbs.,  is  highly  valued  in  the  con¬ 
struction  of  light  boats,  canoes,  etc.,  and  is 
one  of  the  best  woods  within  its  realm  for 
shingles,  and  from  the  slim  forest-grown  trunks 
of  this  tree  more  than  any  other  come  the  fence 
posts  and  telegraph  poles  of  the  northeastern 
states  and  Canada.  It  is  often  planted  for 
ornamental  purposes  and  several  nursery 
forms  are  found.  Medicinal  properties  are 
ascribed  to  its  leaves.1 

Leaves  of  the  ultimate  branehlets  scale-like,  ap- 
pressed.  about  %  in.  long  apieulate  and  glandular, 
the  2  lateral  rows  strongly  keeled  and  the  other 
two  rows  flat,  forming  a  very  flat  branehlet. 
Flowers  in  April  and  May.  inconspicuous  ;  stami- 
nate  yellow  ;  pistillate  purplish  green.  Cones  ma¬ 
ture  in  early  autumn,  in.  long;  seeds  about 

%  in.  long  with  wings  about  as  broad  as  the  body.3 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  24. 


2.  For  genus  see  p.  421. 


COAST  WHITE  CEDAR. 

Chamcecy paris  tliyoides  (L.)  B.  S.  P.1 


Fig.  48.  Sterile  branchlet,  1  ;  fertile  branchlets  with  mature  cones,  2  ;  scattered  seeds,  3. 

49.  Trunk  of  tree,  near  Seaford,  Delaware. 

50.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


43 


This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  as  well  as 
one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  cone-bearing 
trees  of  eastern  America,  lifting  its  spire¬ 
shaped  top  to  a  height  of  70  or  80  ft.  and 
having  a  trunk  commonly  2  ft.  and  occasion¬ 
ally  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter.  This  is  vested  in  a 
reddish  brown  fibrous  bark  which  exfoliates 
lengthwise  in  thin  strips,  giving  to  old  forest 
trunks  a  decidedly  shaggy  appearance.  It 
occupies  quite  exclusively  cold  swamps  in  the 
coast  region,  particularly  of  New  England 
south  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  localities  in  New 
Jersey,  etc.,  where  it  forms  dense  forests. 
Farther  south  it  is  often  found  associating 
with  the  Bald  Cypress,  Swamp  Bay,  Tupelo 
Gum,  Holly,  Sweet  Gum,  Pin  Oak,  Laurel  Oak, 
etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  20.70  lbs.,  is  very  light, 
durable  and  useful  in  the  manufacture  of  pails, 
woodenware  and  boat  building  and  for  rail¬ 
way  ties,  posts,  etc.1 2 

Leaves  on  the  ultimate  branches  dark  glaucous 
green,  about  one-sixteenth  in.  long,  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  closely  appressed,  the  lateral  rows 
keeled  and  the  vertical  convex,  each  having  a  dis¬ 
coid  gland,  making  flat  branchlets,  usually  drying 
and  turning  brown  the  second  season  and  long  per¬ 
sisting  ;  those  on  vigorous  shoots  about  %  in.  long 
and  spreading  at  apex.  Flowers:  staminate  with  5 
or  U  pairs  of  stamens  having  rounded  connectives  ; 
pistillate  subglobose  with  more  acute  and  spread¬ 
ing  scales  and  blackish  ovules.  Cones  globose, 
about  !4  in.  in  diameter,  very  glaucous  at  ma¬ 
turity,  with  acute  or  reflexed  bosses  and  each  scale 
bearing  1  or  2  gray-brown  seeds  about  %  in.  long 
and  dark  brown  wings  as  broad  as  the  body.3 

1.  Syn.  Cupressus  tlnioides  L.  Chamaecylaris 
sphaeroidea  Spach. 

2.  A.  W„  HI.  74. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  422. 


RED  CEDAR. 

Juniperus  Virginiana  L. 


Fig.  si.  Fruiting  branchlets,  a  branchlet  of  staminate  flowers  (to  the  left  above)  and  a  sterile 
branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot  (to  the  right). 

52.  Trunk  of  tree  in  southern  Missouri. 

53.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  45 


The  Red  Cedar  is  usually  not  over  40  or  50 
ft.  in  height,  but  exceptionally  twice  as  tall, 
with  trunk  from  2-3  ft.  or  more  in  diameter. 
This  is  frequently  buttressed  and  is  vested  in  a 
fibrous  bark  which  exfoliates  lengthwise  in 
strips.  While  young  its  top  is  generally  nar¬ 
row  and  spire-shaped,  but  with  age  its  branches 
elongate  and  lop  outwards,  forming  finally  a 
wide  irregular  pyramidal  or  rounded  top.  It 
is  a  tree  of  wide  distribution  and  found  alike 
on  dry  gravelly  slopes,  rocky  ridges  and  less 
■abundantly  on  rich  bottom  lands.  Its  pic¬ 
turesque  form  is  a  feature  of  almost  every 
southern  landscape  from  the  sand-hills  of  the 
coast  to  the  valleys  of  the  interior,  and  on  the 
bluffs  of  the  New  England  coast  sturdy  in¬ 
dividuals  combat  the  winds  close  to  the  ocean’s 
spray. 

Its  light  fragrant  wood  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  30.70  lbs.  is 
of  a  purple-red  color,  very  durable  and  pe¬ 
culiarly  valuable  for  making  moth-p-roof  chests 
for  clothing,  for  wooden  ware,  lead  pencil 
coverings,  fence  posts,  etc.,  and  its  berries  and 
foliage  possess  medicinal  properties.! 

Leaves  of  two  sorts,  scale-like,  opposite,  closely 
appressed.  one-sixteenth  in.  long  and  forming  a 
slender  4-sided  branchlet,  generally  acute  or  obtuse, 
glandular-dotted  and  dark  green,  or  on  young  or 
vigorous  shoots  subulate,  Vn-%  in.  long  and  lighter 
green  :  buds  naked.  Flowers  in  very  early  spring, 
terminal,  dioecious  :  staminate  with  10  or  12 
stamens  with  rounded  entire  connectives  and  gen¬ 
erally  4  pollen  sacs  ;  pistillate  with  violet-colored 
acute  and  spreading  scales.  Fruit  subglobose. 
about.  %  in.  in  diameter,  dark  blue  with  glaucous 
bloom,  at  maturity  sweetish  resinous  flesh  and 
usually  1  or  2  acute  seeds;  cotyledons.2 

1.  A.  W.,  X,  25. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  422. 


JUNIPER. 

Juniperus  communis  L. 


Fig.  54-  Fruiting  branchlets,  i  ;  sterile  branchlets,  2. 

55.  Small  trunk  with  scattered  leaves  and  spray  of  foliage  at  base.  Near  Bonaparte  Lake, 
Adirondacks,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


47 


The  Juniper  though  generally  only  an 
humble  shrub  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 
most  widely  distributed  tree  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  It  is  found  not  only  ranging 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  North  American 
continent  but  also  central  and  northern  Eu¬ 
rope,  and  Asia  as  far  south  as  nearly  to  the 
Mediterranean  and  to  the  Himilavas,  but  only 
in  very  limited  areas  of  this  vast  domain  does 
it  become  a  tree;  in  America  only  on  the  hills 
of  a  few  counties  of  southern  Illinois.  It 
usually  sends  out  a  cluster  of  stems  close  to 
the  ground  and  these  curving  upwards  form  a 
flat  saucer-shaped  bush,  sometimes  20  ft.  across 
and  only  3  or  4  ft.  high.  When  a  tree  it  attains 
the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.  with  an  irregular 
open  head  and  short  trunk  sometimes  10-12  in. 
in  diameter. 

Its  wood  is  hard,  but  rather  light  and  easily 
worked,  very  close-grained,  durable  and  of  a 
light  brown  color  with  lighter  sap-wood.  In 
Europe  it  is  sometimes  used  for  fuel  and  in 
India  burned  as  incense.  In  Europe  its  sweet¬ 
ish  fruit  is  used  as  an  ingredient  of  gin. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  3.  spreading,  V4-V2  in. 
long,  often  curved,  rigid  with  sharp  tips,  articulate 
at  base,  lustrous  dark  green  or  bronze-green  below, 
snowy  white  with  bands  of  stomata  above  ;  buds 
scaly.  Flowers  in  late  spring,  axillary ;  stami- 
nate  composed  of  5  or  6  whorls  each  of  3  stamens 
bearing  broad  connectives  and  3  or  4  anther-cells  ; 
pistillate  consisting  of  3  ovules  open  at  apex, 
alternate,  with  3  minute  fleshy  scales  and  sur¬ 
rounded  with  5  or  6  whorls  of  ternate  scales. 
Fruit  matures  the  third  season,  subglobose,  about 
V*  in.  in  diameter,  dark  blue  with  bloom,  sweet 
flesh  and  1-3  bony  seeds  which  are  about  %  in. 
long,  angled,  and  penetrated  with  resin  glands. 


BLACK  WALNUT, 

Juglans  nigra  L. 


Fig.  56.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  fruit  in  cross-section,  2;  nuts  with  epicarps  re¬ 
moved,  3  ;  a  vigorous  leaf,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

57.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 

58.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  40 


The  Black  Walnut  attains  the  height  of  100 
to  150  ft.  in  the  forests,  with  a  trunk  4-0  ft. 
in  diameter,  vested  in  a  prominently  ridged 
dark  brown  bark.  When  growing  apart  from 
surrounding  objects  it  develops  a  symmetrical 
rounded  top  of  beautiful  foliage.  Once  an 
abundant  tree  and  constituting  a  considerable 
portion  of  large  tracts  of  forest,  particularly 
in  the  great  Mississippi  Basin,  its  valuable 
wood  has  caused  its  almost  complete  destruc¬ 
tion  as  a  commercial  product.  The  value  of 
its  timber  was  early  recognized,  as  history 
tell  us  that  it  was  an  article  of  export  to  Eng¬ 
land  early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Of 
late  years  new  trees  are  being  propagated 
which  eventually  will  in  a  measure  take  the 
place  of  the  natural  forests. 

The  heart-wood  is  of  a  rich  dark  brown 
color,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
and  highly  prized  for  furniture,  gun-stocks, 
interior  finishing,  etc.  A  cubic  foot,  when  ab¬ 
solutely  dry,  weighs  38.11  lbs.  Occasional 
“  figured”  trees  are  of  almost  fabulous  valu'.i 
The  nuts  of  this  tree  were  an  important  article 
of  food  with  the  Indians  and  are  still  gathered 
for  domestic  use  and  the  local  market. 

Leaves  1-2  ft.  Ion"  with  puberulent  petioles  and 
13-23  ovate-lanceolate  inequilateral  leaflets, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  serrate,  acuminate, 
pubescent  beneath  :  petioles  puberulent.  Flowers 
(May-June)  :  staminate  aments  stout,  2-4  in.  long  : 
calyx  with  G  nearly  orbicular  lobes,  pubescent  out¬ 
side  ;  bracts  nearly  triangular,  rusty  tomentose ; 
stamens  20-30  ;  pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes, 
glandular-hairy  bracts  and  pale  reddish  green 
plumose  stigma.  Fruit,  solitary  or  in  clusters  of 
2  or  3,  subglobose.  light  yellow-green,  papillose  ; 
nut  round-oval,  compressed,  sculptured,  4-ceiled  at 
base  ;  seed  oily,  edible.2 


BUTTERNUT.  WHITE  WALNUT.  OIL-NUT 

Juglans  cinerea  L. 


Fig.  59.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  cluster  of  fruit,  1  ;  fruit  in  cross-section,  2 ;  dried  nuts 
with  epicarp  removed,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

60.  Isolated  trunk  in  Black  River  valley,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  51 


The  Butternut  when  growing  in  the  open 
rarely  attains  a  greater  height  than  00  or  70 
ft.,  its  short  trunk  sometimes  3  or  4  ft.  in 
diameter  soon  dividing  into  a  few  large 
branches,  which  spread  far  out  and  make  a 
wide  symmetrical  flat  or  rounded  top.  In 
forests  it  sometimes  attains  the  height  of  100 
ft.  It  prefers  rich  soil  along  the  banks  of 
streams  and  on  low  hill-sides,  commonly  in 
company  with  the  Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  Maples, 
Elms,  Red  Spruce,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  25.46  lbs.,  not  strong,  of  a 
gray-brown  color  and  is  valued  for  interior 
finishing,  cabinet  work,  etc.  Its  sap  is  rich 
in  sugar,  and  a  fairly  good  quality  of  syrup  is 
made  from  it,  though  it  does  not  harden  to 
form  cakes;  its  bark  possesses  cathartic 
properties;  its  nuts  make  a  delicious  food,  and 
the  shucks  are  used  for  dying  purposes.1 

Leaves  11-17  in.  long,  viscid-pubescent,  with 
stout  petioles  and  11-19  oblong-lanceolate  yellow¬ 
ish  green  rugose  leaflets  which  are  rounded  and 
unequal  at  base,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  except 
at  base,  turning  yellow  in  autumn  and  falling 
early.  Flowers  (May-, Tune)  ;  staminate  aments 
IV2-S  in.  at  first  and  elongating  to  3-5  in.:  calyx 
yellow-green  usually  6-lobed  with  rusty  pubescent 
acute  bracts ;  stamens  8-12  with  dark  brown 
anthers  and  slightly  lobed  connectives  :  pistillate 
in  3-8-flowered  spikes  with  sticky  glandular  hairs, 
pointed  calyx-lobes  and  bright  red  plumose  stig¬ 
mas  usually  not  fully  unfolding  until  after  libera¬ 
tion  of  pollen.  Fruit  in  racemose  clusters  of  2-5, 
ovoid-oblong,  IV2--V2  in.  long,  sticky  pubescent 
with  rough  deeply  sculptured  4-ribbed  nut, 
acuminate  at  apex,  2-celIed  at  base,  1-celled  above 
and  containing  a  very  oily  edible  seed. 

l.  A.  'V.,  I,  11 


BITTER-NUT  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  minima  (Marsh.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  61.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  leaf  and  fruit,  i  ;  nuts  with  epicarp  removed,  nuts  in  section 
and  with  shell  partly  removed,  3  ;  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

62.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

63.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Bitter-nut  Hickory  when  growing  in  the 
forests  on  moist  bottom  lands  occasionally  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  100  ft.,  and  when  growing 
apart  from  other  trees  develops  a  well  rounded 
but  often  irregular  top  of  handsome  foliage. 
Its  straight  columnar  trunk  is  sometimes  2 
or  3  ft.  in  diameter  and  vested  in  a  character¬ 
istic  brownish  gray  bark  with  close  scaly  al¬ 
most  reticulate  ridges.  It  thrives  best  in  low 
moist  soil  in  company  with  the  Silver  and  Red 
Maples,  Black  Ash,  Elms,  etc.,  but  is  often 
found  also  on  rolling  uplands.  Being  very  hardy 
and  less  fastidious  than  the  other  Hickories 
in  conditions  of  soil  in  which  it  grows,  it  is 
more  uniform  in  its  distribution  and  probably 
the  most  abundant  representative  of  its  genus. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  47.06  lbs.,  hard  and  strong 
and  is  valued  for  tool  handles,  agricultural 
implements,  hoops,  ox-yokes,  etc.,  and  makes 
an  excellent  fuel.2 

Leaves  6-10  in.  long,  pubescent  when  young, 
with  rather  slender  petioles,  leflets  7-11,  sessile, 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  2-6  in.  long,  thin  and  firm, 
usually  unequal  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  long 
taper-pointed,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath  :  winter  buds  bright  yellow, 
compressed,  with  2  pairs  of  valvate  caducous 
scales.  Flowers  (May-June);  staminate  aments 
2-4  in.  long,  slightly  pubescent  ;  calyx-lobes  about 
equal  but  middle  one  narrower  :  stamens  4  ;  an¬ 
thers  yellow,  deeply  ermarginate.  Fruit  subglo- 
bose  to  obovoid,  %  - 1  Vi  in.  long  with  4  sutures 
prominently  winged  from  apex  to  about  the 
middle  ;  husk  thin,  tardily  dehiscent ;  nut  thin- 
shelled,  compressed,  often  broader  than  long  ;  seed 
reddish  brown,  deeply  rugose  and  very  bitter. 

1.  Syn.  Carya  amara  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W„  II.  37. 


3.  For  genus  see  pp.  423-424. 


WATER  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  aquatica  (Mielix.  f.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  64.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves,  1  ;  fruit  with  closed  epicarp,  2 ;  do,  with  epicarp  partly 
removed,  3  ;  isolated  nuts,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

65.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley.  Ark.  The  bark  is  often  more  shaggy  than  here  shown. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tiie  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


55 


The  Water  Hickory  is  economically  the  least 
important  of  the  Hickories.  It  is  usually  a 
small  or  medium-size  tree  from  50  to  70  ft. 
in  height,  but  in  forests  of  the  bottom-lands 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley  it  attains  the 
height  of  80-100  ft.  with  straight  columnar 
trunk  2-2%  ft.  in  diameter,  and  narrow  ir¬ 
regular  top.  When  isolated  it  develops  an 
oblong  or  obovoid  top  of  long  rigid  branches 
of  which  the  lowermost  are  drooping. 

As  its  name  implies  it  is  distinctly  a  water- 
loving  tree,  being  confined  mostly  to  low 
swamps  in  the  southern  states,  inundated  dur¬ 
ing  a  considerable  portion  of  the  year,  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Planer  tree,  Swamp  Privet, 
Water  Locust,  Water  and  Pumpkin  Ashes, 
Cotton  Gum,  Red  Titi,  Cypress,  Red  Maple, 
etc.  Its  dark-colored  angular  nuts  possess  a 
kernel  usually  too  astringent  and  bitter  to  be 
eaten,  but  I  have  seen  a  tree  of  this  species 
in  southeastern  Arkansas  yielding  nuts  of 
sweet  delicious  flavor. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Hickory  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  46.10  lbs.,  hard  and  brittle, 
suitable  chiefly  for  fuel.  In  sectioning  this 
wood  we  have  found  it  to  be  permeated  with 
numerous  dark-colored  flecks  and  streaks  of 
some  substance  of  such  hardness  as  to  turn 
the  edge  of  the  hardest  steel  2 

Leaves  ft-lfl  in.  long,  with  slender  scurfy-pubes¬ 
cent  petiole  and  rachis  and  0-13  lance-ovate  leaf¬ 
lets  the  lateral  more  or  less  fa'cate,  sessile, 
usually  unequally  wedge-shaped  at  base,  acuminate, 
2-5  in.  long,  thinnish,  glandular-dotted,  glabrous 
dark  green  above.  Flowers:  staminate  aments 
glandular-pubescent :  calyx-lobes  about  equal. 

Fruit  compressed,  obovoid-oblong,  commonly  ob¬ 
lique  with  winged  sutures,  thin  yellowish  pubes¬ 
cent  husk  and  flattened  brown  prominently  ridged 
nut  and  very  rugose  thin  shell  much  convoluted 
and  usually  bitter  kernel. 

1.  Carya  aquatica  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  115. 


PECAN. 

Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  66.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  nuts  with  open  or  removed  epicarp,  2 ;  valves  of 
epicarp,  3  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn,  4. 

67.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Near  Fulton,  Ark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  57 


The  stately  Pecan  tree  is  the  largest  of  tne 
Hickories,  attaining  sometimes  in  the  forest 
a  height  of  160  ft.,  when  crowded  together, 
with  massive  trunk  5  or  6  ft.  in  diameter. 
When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de¬ 
velops  a  very  large  ovoid  or  obovoid  rounded 
top,  oftentimes  seeming  out  of  proportion  to 
the  size  of  its  trunk.  It  prefers  low  rich 
ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams  subject 
to  occasional  inundation. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighing  44.75  lbs.,  rather  hard 
and  very  tough  and  flexible,  though  not  con¬ 
sidered  as  valuable  as  that  of  the  other 
Hickories.  It  is  occasionally  used  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  agricultural  implements  and  is  ex¬ 
cellent  for  fuel. 2  Its  delicious  nuts,  improved 
greatly  by  selection  and  cultivation,  constitute 
its  chief  point  of  value  and  are  an  important 
article  of  commerce.  For  the  production  of 
these  the  tree  is  grown  in  extensive  planta¬ 
tions. 

Lravrs  12-20  in.  long  with  0-15  lanceolate  to 
lanceolate-oblong  falcate  subsessile  leaflets  which 
are  long-pointed,  inequilateral  and  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  base :  bud-scales  few,  valvate. 
Flowers  in  early  June;  staminate  in  subsessile 
aments,  3-5  in.  long ;  calyx  with  middle  lobe 
linear  and  much  longer  than  the  oblong  lateral 
lobes.  Fruit  in  clusters  of  3-11,  oblong-cylindric. 
pointed.  1-2%  in.  long,  with  prominent  sutures 
and  thin  brittle  husk  splitting  to  the  base;  nut 
1-2  in.  long,  pointed,  with  smooth  thin  brown  shell 
with  black  markings,  thin  astringent  dissepiments 
and  delicious  seed. 


1.  Syn.  Carya  olivaeformis  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  267. 


SHAG-BARK  HICKORY. 

Ilicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  68.  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  epicarp  removed  showing  thick  valves  and 
nuts,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

69.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


59 


The  Shag-bark  Hickory  is  an  important 
forest  tree  occasionally  attaining  or  even  sur¬ 
passing  the  height  of  100  ft.,  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  diameter  vested  in  a 
singular  gray  bark.  This  exfoliates  in  long 
hard  plate-like  strips,  which,  hanging  long  at¬ 
tached  at  their  upper  ends,  suggest  an  ap¬ 
pearance  of  shagginess;  hence  its  name.  When 
growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  develops  an 
oblong  or  obovoid  top  with  strong  graceful 
upright  branches,  pendent  lower  branches  and 
clean  handsome  foliage.  It  thrives  best  on  low 
hill-sides  and  along  the  banks  of  streams 
where  it  is  commonly  associated  with  the  Bass¬ 
wood,  Maples,  Cottonwood,  Oaks,  other  Hick¬ 
ories,  etc. 

The  wood  of  this  tree  is  hard,  strong  and 
tough,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh¬ 
ing  52.17  lbs.,  and  is  highly  valued  for  tool- 
handles,  agricultural  implements,  baskets,  for 
fuel,  etc.,  and  it  is  this  tree  which  yields  the 
common  small  hickory  nuts  of  commerce. - 

Leaves  8-20  in.  long,  with  rather  stout  petioles 
anrl  5  (rarely  7)  leaflets  which  are  ovate-lance¬ 
olate  to  obovate,  rather  euneate  and  unequal  at 
base,  acuminate,  serrate,  thick  and  firm,  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath  :  bud-scales  imbricated,  the 
inner  ones  accrescent.  Flowers  in  May ;  stami- 
nate  4-5  in.  long,  in  glandular-hairy  aments  ; 
middle  lobe  of  calyx  narrow  and  much  longer  than 
the  rounded  lateral  lobes  ;  stamens  4  ;  pistillate  in 
2-5-flowered  spikes,  rusty-tomentose.  Fruit  1-3 
together,  1-2%  in.  long,  subglobose,  depressed  at 
apex,  with  thick  husk  splitting  soon  to  the  base  : 
nut  whitish,  comnressed,  more  or  less  4-angled, 
%-l  in.  long;  seed  with  rich  delicious  flavor. 

1.  Syn.  Varya  alba  Null. 

2.  A.  \\\,  II.  30. 


BIG  SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.  KING-NUT. 

Hicoria  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.)  Sarg.1 


Fig.  70.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2  The  superposed 
branchlet  is  natural  size;  the  other  objects  considerably  reduced. 

71.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Genesee  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


This  stately  Hickory  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  120  ft.  and  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter 
of  trunk.  When  growing  apart  from  other 
trees  it  develops  an  oblong  or  subovoid  top 
with  drooping  lower  branches  and  with  large 
handsome  leaves.  Its  trunk  is  vested  in  very 
much  the  same  kind  of  shaggy  gray  bark  that 
is  seen  on  the  Shag-bark  trunks,  though  the 
long  scales  as  a  rule  do  not  curve  outward  as 
much  as  do  those  of  that  species.  It  is  also 
more  distinctly  a  tree  of  the  bottom-lands  ( for 
which  reason  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Bot¬ 
tom  Shell-bark)  associating  there  with  the 
Cottonwood,  blackberry,  Slippery  Elm,  Pep- 
peridge,  Sweet  Gum,  Swamp  White  and  Burr 
Oaks,  Black  and  Red  Maples,  etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  50.53  lbs.,  is  very  similar  to 
that  of  the  Shag-bark  in  properties  and  valued 
for  tool-handles,  agricultural  implements,  etc. 2 
The  nuts  are  not  considered  quite  as  delicate 
as  those  of  the  Shag-bark  in  flavor  and  they 
do  not  generally  command  quite  as  high  a 
price  in  the  trade. 

Leaves  12-24  in.  Ions',  the  stout  petioles  often 
persisting  late  into  the  winter:  leflets  7  (ex¬ 
ceptionally  5  or  !)),  oblong  lanceolate  to  obovate, 
usually  oblique  at  base  (excepting  the  terminal), 
serrate  acuminate  at  apex,  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  May  :  stami- 
nate  with  central  cal.vx-lobe  uarrow  and  twice  as 
long  as  the  lateral  ones.  Fruit  solitary  or  2  or 
3  together,  ob'ong.  lfb-2'4  in.  long  with  thick 
woody  husk  and  compressed  thick-shelled  yellowish 
white  nut  lVi-214  in  lone  with  prominent  stout 
point  at  base  :  sped  bright  brown,  rich  and 
delicious. 

1.  Syn.  Carya  sulcata  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  64. 


MOCKER-NUT  HICKORY 


Ilicoria  alba  (L.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  72.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  winter,  2  The 
outer  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  are  falling  away, 

73.  Trunk  of  a  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  63 


A  tree  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of 
90  or  100  ft.  with  trunk  3  ft.  in  thickness, 
though  usually  considerably  smaller.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  an  oblong 
or  rather  wide-topped  head  with  strong  up¬ 
right  lateral  and  pendent  lower  branches. 
The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  gray  color,  rough 
with  obscure  scaly  ridges.  It  is  more  com¬ 
monly  found  on  hill-sides  and  ridges  than  is 
the  Big  Shell-bark,  which  it  leaves  to  the  in¬ 
undated  river  bottoms  and  rarely  invades  its 
territory.  In  the  northern  part  of  its  range 
it  is  mainly  confined  to  the  coast  region  where 
it  associates  with  the  various  Oaks,  Red 
Cedar,  Sassafras,  Sweet  Birch,  Sweet  Gum, 
Tulip,  etc.  To  the  southward  it  is  more  abun¬ 
dant  and  more  generally  distributed. 

The  wood  of  the  Mocker-nut  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.21 
lbs.,  strong  and  tough,  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  tool-handles,  agricultural  im¬ 
plements,  etc.,  and  is  excellent  for  fuel. 2  The 
nuts  command  about  the  same  price  in  the 
trade  as  those  of  the  Big  Shell-bark. 

Leaves  8-15  in.  long,  fragrant  when  crushed, 
with  stellate  pubescent  petioles  and  7-9  oblong- 
lancoolate  to  obovate  acuminate  serrate  leaflets 
which  are  lustrous  dark  green  above  and  paler  and 
pubescent  beneath;  twigs  tomentose ;  bud-scales 
imbricated,  the  outer  early  deciduous,  the  inner 
tomentose  and  accrescent.  Flowers  in  May  ; 
staminate  in  stellate  pubescent  aments  ;  calyx 
with  central  lobe  linear  and  much  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones ;  stamens  4  with  red  anthers :  pis¬ 
tillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes.  Fruit  globose-oblong, 
1  Vi -2  in.  long,  with  thick  husk  splitting  nearly  to 
the  base  :  nut  brownish  white,  variable  in  shape, 
4-ridged  with  very  thick  shell  and  sweet  seed. 

1.  Syn.  Carya  tomentosa  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  00. 


PIG-NUT  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  74.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit  and  scattered  specimens  of  the  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  2. 

75.  Trunk  of  a  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  65 


The  Pig  nut  Hickory  in  the  forest  attains 
the  heig.it  of  8Q-1UU  ft.  with  trunk  sometimes 
3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter.  When  in  the  open 
lields  it  forks  rather  low  and  develops  an 
oblong  or  o'oovoid  top  with  strong  upright  and 
pendulous  often  contorted  branches.  The  bark 
of  trunk  is  of  a  grayish  color  and  finally  be¬ 
comes  rough  with  close  scaly  ridges.  The 
tree  inhabits  uplands  and  ridges  in  abundance, 
especially  in  the  northern  states,  and  is  said 
to  be  found  at  higher  altitudes  than  any  of 
the  other  Hickories. 

The  wood  of  the  Pig  nut  Hickory  is  heavy,  a 
cubi"  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.21 
lbs.,  strong  and  tough  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  tool-handles,  agricultural  im¬ 
plements,  etc.,  and  for  fuel.2  The  nuts  are  ex¬ 
tremely  variable  in  quality,  some  being  quite 
astringent  and  others  of  pleasant  flavor. 

Leaves  8-12  in.  long,  glabrous  at  maturity  and 
with  5-7  (rarely  9)  leaflets  which  are  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  rounded  and  mostly  un¬ 
equal  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath,  the  upper  much  larger  than  the 
lowest :  winter  buds  with  8-10  imbricated  scales, 
the  outer  falling  early,  the  innermost  accrescent 
and  falling  when  about  1  in.  long.  Flowers  in 
May ;  staminate  aments  3-7  in.  long ;  calyx-lobes 
usually  about  equal  but  middle  one  narrower  ;  pis¬ 
tillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes ;  stigmas  yellow. 
Fruit  obovoid-oblong  or  pyriform,  usually  com¬ 
pressed,  with  thin  husk  tardily  dehiscent  and 
smooth  or  somewhat  angled  brownish  thick-shelled 
nut  having  astringent  or  edible  seed. 

1.  Syn.  Carya  porcina  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  65. 


SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  microcarpa  (Nutt.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  76.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  nut  and  valves  of  epicarp,  2  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

77.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  Richmond,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  67 


A  forest  tree  attaining  the  height  of  SO  or 
100  ft.,  with  shapely  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  diameter, 
vested  in  a  rough  gray  bark  which  exfoliates  in 
narrow  plates.  When  isolated  from  other 
trees  it  develops  a  full  rounded  or  oblong  top 
of  upright  and  spreading  topmost  and  lateral 
branches  and  lowermost  pendulous.  It  in¬ 
habits  mainly  well  drained  slopes  and  hill¬ 
sides  in  company  with  the  Pig-nut  and  Shag- 
bark  Hickories,  various  Oaks,  the  Red  Cedar, 
Dogwood,  Sassafras,  etc. 

The  wood  is  firm,  strong  and  tough  and  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  im¬ 
plements,  tool-handles,  etc.,  and  makes  ex¬ 
cellent  fuel.2  The  nuts  are  sweet  and  of  de¬ 
licious  flavor  but  too  small  to  be  of  commercial 
importance. 

Leaves  8-12  or  15  in.  long,  glabrous,  with  5-7 
sessile  leaflets  mostly  3-5  in.  long,  ovate-lanceolate 
to  oblong,  serrate,  acuminate  at  apex  ;  winter  buds 
with  6-8  scales,  the  innermost  accrescent.  Flowers 
in  May ;  staminate  aments  glabrous,  middel  lobe 
of  calyx  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones.  Fruit  (ripe  in  September)  subglo- 
bose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than  1  in.  in  length, 
with  thin  husk  splitting  to  the  base  ;  nut  subglo- 
bose,  slightly  compressed  with  thin  shell  and 
sweet  seed. 

1.  Syn.  Carya  miorocarpa  Nutt.  Hicoria  glabra 
var.  odvrata  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  91. 


PALE-LEAF  HICKORY. 

Ilicoria  villosa  (Sarg.)  Ashe.1 


Fig.  78.  Fruiting  branchlet  and  mature  nuts.  Branchlet  in  winter. 
79.  Trunk  of  a  tree  in  forest  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


69 


The  Pale-leaf  Hickory  is  a  forest  tree  of 
medium  size,  not  often  more  than  40  or  50  ft. 
in  height  or  18  or  20  in.  in  thickness  of  trunk 
which  is  covered  with  a  grayish  brown  bark, 
very  rough  with  prominent  connected  scaly 
ridges.  When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  rather  narrow  oblong  top  with  up¬ 
right  branches  and  pendulous  lower  branches. 
It,  inhabits  well  drained  slopes,  sandy  plains 
and  rocky  ridges,  sometimes  fruiting  when 
only  a  few  feet  in  height.  It  is  abun¬ 
dant  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range,  par¬ 
ticularly  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern 
Alleghanies. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong  and  tough 
and  excellent  for  tool-handles,  agricultural 
implements  and  for  fuel.2  The  nuts  are  sweet 
and  edible. 

Leaves  6-10  in.  long,  with  slender  pubescent 
petioles  and  usually  7  (sometimes  5  or  0)  leflets 
which  vary  from  lanceolate  to  lance-obovate,  ser¬ 
rate,  acuminate,  and  when  young  pubescent  and 
covered  beneath  with  silvery  peltate  scales  and 
resin-globules,  but  at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green 
above  and  yellowish  beneath  :  winter  buds  small 
with  6-8  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  dotted  with 
resin-globules.  Flowers  staminate  in  scurfy  pubes¬ 
cent  catkins,  5-7  in.  long  ;  central  calyx-lobe  much 
longer  than  the  lateral  ones.  Fruit  subglobose  to 
pyriform.  1-1%  in.  long,  compressed  with  thin 
husk  splitting  nearly  to  the  base :  nut  slightly 
angled,  pale  brown  with  thick  shell  and  small 
sweet  seed. 

1.  Syn.  Hicoria  pallida  Ashe. 


WAX  MYRTLE.  BAYBERRY.  CANDLEBERRY, 

Myrica  cerifera  L. 


Fig.  80.  Fruiting  branchlets  and  detached  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots. 

81.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  coast  of  North  Carolina. 

82.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tiie  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


71 


The  Wax  Myrtle  is  a  slender  tree  occasion¬ 
ally  attaineing  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with 
usually  crooked  or  inclined  trunk  10-12  in.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  rather  narrow  oblor.g  top  of  small 
slender  branches.  It  attains  its  largest  size 
in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  states  where  it  is  a  common  tree. 
It  is  found  in  moist  woods  or  encroaching  upon 
the  sand  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sea  coast 
in  company  with  the  Yaupon,  Wild  Olive,  Red 
Bay,  Live  Oak,  etc.,  or,  farther  inland,  in 
swamps  and  bottom-lands  in  company  with  the 
Sweet  Bay,  Loblolly  Bay,  Sparkleberry,  Red 
Maple,  Sweet-leaf,  etc. 

Its  fine-grained  soft  wood,  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  35.13  lbs.,  is 
little  used,  though  suitable  for  use  in  turnery. 
Its  fruit  is  sometimes  gathered  by  the  country 
folk  and  the  waxy  covering  removed  by  heat¬ 
ing  in  water.  This  is  then  gathered  and  cast 
into  candles  which  when  lighted  burn  with  a 
distinctly  bluish  light.1 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  l%-5 
in.  long,  cuneate  at  base  and  decurrent  on  the 
short  petiole,  acute,  remotely  serrate  chiefly  above 
the  middle  or  entire,  dark  green  above  and  paler 
beneath,  fragrant  with  yellow  resin  glands. 
Flowers  (March-April)  dioecious;  staminate 
aments  %-%  in.  long,  cylindric  ;  stamens  few; 
pistillate  aments  oblong,  shorter  than  the  stami¬ 
nate.  Fruit,  globose  drupes,  %  in.  or  less  in 
diameter,  coated  with  bluish  white  wax  and 
tipped  with  base  of  style,  ripening  in  early 
autumn  and  long  persisting.2 

1.  A.  \\\,  XI,  268. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  424. 


CORK-WOOD. 

Leilneria  Floridana  Chapm 


Fig.  33-  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  fruit  in  section,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  3  ; 
staminate  (to  the  left)  and  pistillate  (to  the  right). 

84.  Trunk  of  tree  in  swamp  bordering  St.  Francis  River,  Mo. 

85.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  73 


This  curious  and  rare  tree  has  the  distinc¬ 
tion  of  producing  wood  which  is  the  lightest 
in  weight  of  all  known  woods,  it  is  a  small 
tree,  only  under  the  most  favorable  con¬ 
ditions  attaining  the  height  of  20  ft.  with  loose 
open  head  of  few  spreading  branches  and  trunk 
5-0  in.  in  diameter.  Few  other  trees  are  so 
strictly  aquatic  in  distribution,  as  it  thrives 
best  in  permanently  inundated  swamps  and 
deep  sloughs,  where  its  roots  are  constantly 
wet,  and  to  visit  it  one  must  go  in  a  boat  or 
wade  through  mud  and  water.  Individuals 
growing  in  less  permanently  inundated  locali¬ 
ties.  where  the  water  supply  is  less  constant, 
plainly  suffer  the  deprivation  and  hardly 
grow  to  the  height  of  a  man’s  shoulder.  It 
attains  its  largest  size  in  the  swamps  which 
border  the  St.  Francis  River  of  Missouri  and 
Arkansas,  growing  in  the  shade  of  other  swamp 
loving  trees  as  the  Bald  Cypress,  Cotton  Gum, 
Planer  Tree,  Pumpkin  Ash,  etc.  Separated 
from  this  locality  by  a  long  interval  it  appears 
again  in  the  saline  marshes  of  the  Gulf  coast 
of  Florida  near  Appalaehicola,  where  it  was 
first  found  and  made  known  to  science.  Far 
to  the  westward  it  is  also  found  in  the  swamps 
along  the  Brazos  River  near  Columbia,  Texas. 
The  trunks  are  vested  in  a  smooth  mottled 
gray  bark  slightly  fissured  at  their  bases, 
which  are  much  swollen  beneath  the  water  line 
and  usually  bearing  a  mass  of  dark  moss  and 
rootlets. 

The  wood  is  of  a  pale  lemon  yellow  color 
with  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is  lighter  than  cork 
in  weight,  having  a  specific  gravity,  as  re¬ 
ported  by  Prof.  Trelease,  of  0.207,  while  that 
of  common  cork  (the  bark  of  Quercus  suber, 
etc.)  is  0.240.  It  is  occasionally  used  by 
fishermen  for  making  floats  for  their  nets. 
For  botanical  characters  see  the  ordinal  and 
generic  descriptions,  this  being  the  only 
speciesA 

1.  For  genus  see  p.  425. 


PEACH  OR  ALMOND-LEAF  WILLOW 


Salix  cimygdaloides  Anders. 


Fig.  86.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  catkins  of  empty  capsules,  2  ;  end 
of  leafy  branchlet,  3  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

87.  Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

88.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Peach-leaf  Willow  is  a  handsome  and 
distinct  Willow,  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  GO  or  70  ft.  with  straight  columnar 
trunk  2  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  from 
other  trees  it  develops  a  rather  narrow  rounded 
top  of  upright  and  spreading  branches,  and 
while  the  bark  of  trunk  is  ridged  it  is  dis¬ 
tinctly  smoother  and  with  more  appressed 
scales  than  is  that  of  the  Black  Willow,  a 
character  especially  noticeable  bn  the  larger 
branches.  Its  large  pendent  leaves  are  quite 
suggestive  of  those  of  the  Peach  and  Almond 
trees  and  from  that  fact  it  receives  its  name. 
In  company  with  the  Black  Willow,  with 
which  it  apparently  freely  hybridizes,  it  grows 
along  the  borders  of  streams  and  low  lake- 
shores  over  a  large  area.  In  distribution  it  is 
an  almost  exact  complement  of  that  of  the 
Black  Willow,  in  that  it  is  rarer  in  the  east 
and  more  abundant  westward  as  far  as  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  at  least,  while  the  reverse  is 
true  of  the  Black  Willow. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  28.10  lbs.,  soft  and  not 
strong,  and  used  mainly  for  charcoal  and  fuel.i 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  2-6  in.  long,  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  from  cuneate  to  rounded 
at  base,  finely  serrate,  narrowing  to  a  long  slender 
point ;  lustrous  light  green  above,  pale  and  glau¬ 
cous  beneath  ;  petioles  slender,  elongated  and  with¬ 
out  elands  ;  stipules  reniform  but  mostly  fugacious. 
Flowers  appear  with  the  leaves  in  terminal  aments 
on  leafy  branehlets  :  scales  yellow,  villous  both 
sides,  caducous  :  stamens  5-!)  with  filaments  hairy 
at  base  :  pistillate  aments  loose  with  long-stalked 
narrow-ovoid  glabrous  ovaries  and  nearly  sessile 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  globose  conical  with 
long  slender  pedicels.2 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  71. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  425-426. 


LONG-STALK  WILLOW.  WARD  WILLOW. 

Salix  longipes  Anders.1 


Fig.  89.  Fruiting  branchlets,  1;  detached  capsules,  2;  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots,  3;  branchlets 
in  winter,  4. 

90.  Trunk  of  small  tree.  Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


A  small  tree,  rarely  over  30  ft.  in  height  or 
S  or  10  in.  in  thickness  of  trunk,  which  is 
vested  in  a  dark  brown  bark  rough  with 
prominent  firm  ridges.  It  is  often  found  fruit¬ 
ing  as  a  shrub.  It  differs  from  the  Black 
Willow  in  distribution  in  that  it  is  found  more 
along  the  rocky  or  gravelly  banks  or  beds  of 
streams,  where  its  dark  colored  bark  and  small 
crooked  trunks  are  found  so  close  to  the  rush¬ 
ing  waters  that  they  are  often  bruised  and 
battered  by  the  passing  flood-wood,  while  the 
Black  Willow  is  found  along  the  banks  of  still 
flowing  streams  of  the  bottom-lands,  where  the 
waters  are  less  turbulent.  Tts  geographic 
range  is  not  yet  well  determined. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  not  strong  and  of  a 
reddish  brown  color  with  thin  nearly  white 
sap-wood.2 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud.  4-7  in.  long,  lance¬ 
olate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  cuneate  or  rounded  and 
the  largest  leaves  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  long- 
pointed,  finely  and  unequally  serrate,  glabrous 
bright  green  above,  somewhat  pubescent  and 
whitish  beneath  :  the  foliaceous  stipules  reniform, 
often  Vi  in.  long :  petioles  short,  without  glands  : 
winter  buds  small,  brown,  lustrous,  branchtets 
hoary  pubescent.  Flowers:  aments  terminal  on 
leafy  branchlets,  3-4  in.  long  ;  scales  ovate,  yellow, 
obtuse,  villous  ;  stamens  3-7  w’ith  filaments  hairy 
at  base  and  yellow  anthers  :  ovary  long-stalked 
with  nearly  sessile  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  capsules 
about  Vi  in.  long,  globose  conical. 

1.  Syn.  Salix  Wardi  Bebb.  Salix  occidentals 
Koch. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII.  296. 


BLACK  WILLOW. 

Salix  nigra  Marsh 


Fig.  91.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots,  showing  stipules, 
and  leafless  branchlets  in  winter. 

92.  Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis.  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


79 


The  Black  Willow  is  the  largest  and  most 
abundant  of  the  American  Willows,  sometimes 
in  the  forest  attaining  a  height  of  120  ft.  with 
trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  but  these  dimen¬ 
sions  are  attained  only  under  most  favorable 
conditions  and  it  is  usually  a  tree  of  less  than 
half  the  dimensions  above  mentioned.  When 
isolated  it  develops  a  rather  irregular  broad 
or  round-topped  head  with  fine  branchlets  and 
drooping  yellow-green  foliage.  It  commonly 
sends  up  clusters  of  crooked  or  inclined  trunks 
from  a  common  base.  It  is  a  tree  of  very  wide 
distribution,  skirting  the  low  banks  of  streams 
and  lake  shores  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  to 
the  Pacific.  It  is  very  abundant  in  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  valley  and  throughout  the  Atlantic 
states,  and  attains  its  largest  dimensions  in 
southern  Illinois  and  in  the  Colorado  River 
valley  in  Texas. 

The  light  soft  wood  is  said  to  check  badly 
in  drying  and  is  little  used  save  for  fuel  and 
for  charcoal.  A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  27.77  lbs.1  The  bark  is  rich  in 
tanning  and  is  used  in  domestic  practice  in 
the  treatment  of  fevers. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate,  some¬ 
times  falcate  (markedly  so  in  var.  falcata)  very 
lone  attenuate  often  with  curved  tip,  3-6  in.  Ion?, 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate, 
glabrous  light  green  above,  somewhat  paler  and 
sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  an  1 
with  the  very  short  glandless  petioles  :  winter  buds 
small,  about  %  in.  long.  Flowers  expanding  with 
the  leaves  :  aments  1-3  in.  long,  terminal  on  short 
leafy  branchlets  :  scales  yellow,  rounded  at  apex, 
hairy  on  inner  surface  :  stamens  3-7  with  filamen*s 
hairy  at  base  ;  ovary  lon?-ovoid.  stalked,  and  with 
thick  nearly  sessile  stigmas.  Fruit  (June-.Tuly )  : 
cansules  ovoid,  gradually  narrowing  above  the 
middle,  about  Vh  in.  long,  short-stalked,  glabrous. 
8.  nigra  falrata  ( Pru«h )  Torr.  is  a  form,  with 
narrower  and  more  falcate  leaves  green  both 
sides,  ranging  from  Massachusetts  to  Ohio  and 
Florida. 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  45. 


SHINING  WILLOW.  GLOSSY-LEAF  WILLOW. 

Silix  lucida  Muelil. 


Fig.  93.  Portion  of  a  branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit.  1  ;  detached  capsules.  2  ;  leaves  of  vigorous 
shoots,  3  :  brarchlet  in  winter,  4. 

94.  Trur.k  of  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  81 


The  Shining  Willow  is  a  small  tree  attain¬ 
ing  the  height  of  25  ft.  with  a  short  trunk 
rarely  10  or  12  in.  in  diameter,  but  it  is  more 
often  shrubby  than  arborescent  in  habit  of 
growth.  Its  branches  grow  upright  and  out¬ 
ward  forming  a  rather  broad  rounded  top.  It 
inhabits  the  banks  of  streams,  lake-shores  and 
swamps  in  company  with  the  Glaucous  and 
other  Willows,  Alders,  etc.  among  which  its 
shining  bright  green  leaves  may  be  quickly  dis¬ 
tinguished.  It  is  a  species  of  quite  wide  dis¬ 
tribution  and  greater  abundance  in  the  north¬ 
ern  part  of  its  range  than  to  the  southward. 
Economically  the  species  is  of  little  import¬ 
ance,  though  its  conspicuous  dowering  aments 
in  early  spring,  and  later  its  clean  glistening 
foliage,  give  it  value  for  planting  in  suitable 
localities  for  ornamental  purposes. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base, 
mostly  long-acuminate,  finely  serrate,  2-6  in.  long, 
coriaceous,  covered  with  scattered  pubescence  when 
they  unfold  but  finally  glabrous,  lustrous  dark 
green  above,  slightly  paler  and  with  broad  yellow¬ 
ish  midribs  beneath  :  petioles  stout,  puberulous. 
glandular  at  apex  :  stipules  small  oblong  or  semi- 
cordate,  glandular-serrate.  Flowers  aments  termi¬ 
nating  stout  lateral  leafy  branchlets,  erect,  with 
thick  tomentose  peduncles ;  scales  pale  yellow, 
rounded  at  apex,  denticulate,  glabrous  above  ;  the 
staminate  short,  stout  and  densely  flowered : 
stamens  usually  5  with  long  free  filaments,  hairy 
at  base;  pistillate  ament  more  slender  with  elon¬ 
gated  long-stalked  glabrous  ovary  and  nearly  ses¬ 
sile  emarginate  stigma.  Fruit  capsule  long  ovoid, 
acute,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel,  lustrous  and 
often  long  persistent  after  liberating  the  seeds. 


BRITTLE  WILLOW 

Salix  frag ilis  L. 


Fig.  95.  Portion  of  branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit,  i  ;  end  of  vigorous  leafy  shoot,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

96.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  83 


The  Brittle  Willow  is  a  native  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  where  it  is  one  of  the  most  useful 
of  the  Willows  in  the  production  of  valuable 
timber.  It  was  early  introduced  into  America 
and  has  become  extensively  naturalized 
throughout  the  eastern  states  and  Canada. 
It  is  a  tree  of  very  rapid  growth,  attaining  a 
large  size,  sometimes  70  or  80  ft.  in  height 
with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  or  more  in  thickness, 
covered  with  a  rough  scaly-ridged  gray  bark. 
Its  full  rounded  top  of  upright  and  spreading 
branches  and  clean  foliage  make  it  a  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  planting  in  moist  locali¬ 
ties,  but  its  special  value  is  for  planting 
along  the  banks  of  streams  to  prevent  erosion. 
This  can  be  very  easily  accomplished  by 
simply  sticking  stakes  made  from  freshly  cut 
branches  into  the  moist  soil  in  early  spring¬ 
time.  Soon  they  become  clothed  with  foliage 
and  in  a  surprisingly  short  time  sturdy  trees. 
The  tree  takes  its  name  from  the  twigs  being 
very  brittle  at  base,  a  strong  wind  usually 
leaving  the  ground  beneath  a  tree  strewn  with 
them. 

The  wood  of  the  Brittle  Willow  is  very  light, 
soft,  tough  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with 
thick  whiter  sap-wood.  Lumber  is  manu¬ 
factured  from  the  tree  in  Europe  and  is  said 
to  be  more  durable  than  that  of  most  of  the 
Willows,  but  the  use  of  the  wood  is  confined 
in  this  country  mainly  to  fuel  and  charcoal,  a 
large  part  of  the  charcoal  used  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  gunpowder  coming  from  this  source. 
The  trees  by  being  pollarded  can  be  depended 
upon  for  successive  crops  of  wood  at  regular 
intervals  of  a  few  years  each. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  commonly  3-fi  in.  long, 
cuneate  at  base,  long  acuminate,  glandular- 
serrate,  glabrous  both  sides  at  maturity,  dark 
green  above,  slightly  paler  beneath  :  petioles 
14*%  in.  long,  glandular  above;  stipules  fugacious; 
branchlets  greenish.  Flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves  on  short  leafy  branchlets  :  scales  deciduous  ; 
stigmas  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  capsules  long-coni¬ 
cal,  glabrous  with  very  short  pedicels. 


SAND-BAR  WILLOW.  LONG-LEAF  WILLOW. 


Salix  fiuviatilis  N  u 1 1 . 1 


Fig.  97.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
98.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  35 


The  Sand-bar  Willow  attains  a  maximum 
height  of  60  or  70  ft.  and  trunk  diameter  of  2 
ft.,  but  only  in  a  very  limited  portion  of  its 
vast  area  does  it  attain  such  dimensions.  It 
is  generally  a  small  tree  and  often  only  a 
shrub  5  or  6  ft.  in  height.  As  a  tree  it  de¬ 
velops  a  narrow  top  with  upright  and  inclined 
branches,  and  its  long  narrow  pendent  leaves 
make  it  easily  distinguishable.  Comparatively 
rare  and  local  in  the  east  it  is  very  abundant 
in  the  northern  and  western  interior  portions 
of  the  continent,  covering  the  river  banks  and 
adjoining  low-lands  with  great  thickets  of  its 
flexible  crowded  stems.  In  these  regions  it  is 
usually  the  first  shrub  or  tree  to  spring  up  on 
the  newly  formed  sand-bars,  holding  them  with 
its  strong  roots  and  catching  new  deposits  of 
silt,  until  the  sturdy  Cottonwoods  can  find  foot¬ 
ing  and  develop  their  towering  trunks. 

The  wood  of  the  Sand-bar  Willow  is  soft 
and  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighing  30.72  lbs.  and  is  little  used  save  for 
light  fuel  and  charcoal. 2 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud.  linear-lanceolate, 
2-6  in.  long,  gradually  tapering  to  both  ends,  re¬ 
motely  dentate  with  small  glandular  spreading 
teeth.  glabrous.  pubescent.  yellowish  green  : 
stipules  small,  deciduous  petioles  short  and  not 
glandular.  Flowers  (April-May)  aments  on 
terminal  short  leafy  branc-hlets,  often  branching, 
with  pubescent  peduncles  or  from  axillary  buds  of 
same  branches ;  scales  light  yellow,  villous ; 
stamens  2  with  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base  ; 
ovary  short-stalked  with  large  sessile  lobed  stig¬ 
mas.  Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid,  glabuate. 

1.  Syn.  Salix  longifolia  Muehl. 


WEEPING  WILLOW.  NAPOLEON’S  WILLOW.  RING  WILLOW 

Salix  Babylonica  L. 


Fig.  99.  Portion  of  branchlet  bearing  fruit,  1  ;  detached  capsules,  2  ;  tip  of  leafy  branchlet,  3  ; 
leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

100.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  87 


The  Weeping  Willow  is  a  familiar  and 
singularly  ornamental  tree,  and  sometimes  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  50  or  60  ft.  with  a  short 
thick  trunk  from  3-4  or  5  ft.  in  diameter. 
This  is  covered  with  a  smoothish  grayish  bark 
divided  into  shallow,  firm  and  more  or  less 
reticulated  ridges.  It  has  been  introduced 
into  this  country  from  eastern  Europe  and 
Asia  and  is  naturalized  in  localities,  ap¬ 
parently  spreading  mainly  if  not  wholly  by 
the  distribution  of  its  twigs.  These  falling 
upon  the  surface  of  a  stream  or  lake  float 
until  they  eventually  find  lodgement  on  the 
shore  and  when  conditions  are  favorable  take 
root  and  grow. 

The  tree  thrives  best  in  moist  soil  and  par¬ 
ticularly  on  the  banks  of  quiet  streams  and 
ponds.  Its  trunk  usually  divides  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  ground  into  a  few  large  branches 
which  ramify  and  the  ultimate  branchlets, 
sometimes  yards  in  length,  droop  and  hang 
like  a  great  natural  portiere  to  the  surface  of 
the  water.  These  great  locks  of  branchlets, 
as  they  wave  in  the  winds  of  a  stormy  day.  give 
the  tree  a  singular  and  striking  appearance. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  usual’y  3-6  in.  long, 
cuneate  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  point, 
finely  serrate,  pubescent  when  young  but  finally 
glabrous  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath  ;  stipules 
small  semicordate ;  petioles  usually  V2  in.  or  less 
In  length,  glandular  above  :  branchlets  olive-green, 
very  long  and  slender.  Flowers  appearing  with 
the  leaves  in  small  slender  aments  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  bracts  on  lateral  leafy  branchlets. 
Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid  glabrous. 

A  number  of  varities  are  recognized  as:  var. 
aurea  Hort.,  with  yellow  branchlets :  var.  an- 
nularis  Forbes,  with  leaves  curling  hack  suggestive 
of  rings  ;  var.  rlolorosa  Rowen,  ( Wisconsin  Weep¬ 
ing  Willow)  a  hardy  northern  form  with  leaves 
very  glaucous  beneath,  etc. 


YELLOW  WILLOW.  GOLDEN  OSIER 


Salix  vitellina  Koch.1 


Fig.  ioi.  Section  of  branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  i;  empty  capsules,  2;  tip  of  vigorous  shoot,  3; 
leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

102.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  S9 


This  large  and  beautiful  Willow,  like  the 
Brittle  Willow,  is  an  immigrant  from  the  Old 
World,  and  so  prolific  is  it  and  so  adapted  to 
our  climatic  conditions  that  it  is  now  growing 
spontaneously  on  the  banks  of  almost  every 
stream  that  Hows  through  the  populated 
regions  of  the  middle  and  eastern  states  and 
Canada.  Its  bright  yellow  branches,  especially 
conspicuous  in  early  spring  before  the  appear¬ 
ance  of  the  leaves,  are  seen  in  greater  abun¬ 
dance  even  than  most  of  our  native  Willows. 
In  size  and  habit  of  growth  it  is  a  noble  tree 
sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  70  or  80  ft. 
with  short  thick  trunk  3-5  ft.  in  diameter 
clothed  in  a  dark  gray  bark  rough  with  promi¬ 
nent  scaly  ridges.  It  divides  near  the  ground 
into  a  few  large  branches,  which  radiate  out 
and  form  a  rather  irregular  broad  or  rounded 
top.  It  is  a  favorite  ornamental  tree  in  moist 
localities  and  particularly  adapted  to  planting 
along  the  banks  of  streams  and  dikes  to  pre¬ 
vent  erosion.  Sections  of  fresh  branches 
merely  stuck  into  the  wet  soil  in  early  spring 
is  all  that  is  required.  Soon  these  put  out 
leaves  and  grow  with  surprising  rapidity,  as 
though  cognizant  of  their  mission  and  the  im¬ 
portance  of  prompt  action.  In  a  few  years 
they  become  large  trees,  sometimes  increasing 
in  trunk  diameter  at  the  rate  of  3  or  4  in. 
in  a  year,  and  their  roots  firmly  bind  the  soil 
together. 

The  wood  of  the  Yellow  Willow  is  very  light, 
soft,  tough  and  of  a  light  brown  color  with 
thick  sap-wood. 2  Its  chief  use  in  this  country 
is  for  charcoal  and  fuel,  though  adapted  to 
other  uses  to  which  it  is  applied  in  its  native 
land. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  2-5  in.  long,  tapering  to  base, 
long  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  silky  hairy  both 
sides  when  young,  glabrous  at  maturity  and  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules 
ovate-lanceo'ate,  deciduous ;  petioles  %  in.  long 
or  less,  slightly  if  at  all  glandular ;  branchlets 
glabrous,  bright  yellow  or  reddish  tinted.  Flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves  aments  terminating 
lateral  leafy  branchlets,  scales  yellowish,  falling 
before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  ;  stigmas  nearly 
sessile.  Fruit:  capsules  narrow-ovoid,  long- 
pointed,  glabrous,  with  very  short  pedicel. 

1.  Syn.  Salix  alba  var.  vitellina  Koch. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  46. 


MISSOURI  WILLOW. 

Salix  Missouriensis  Muelil.1 


Fig.  103.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  with  vigorous  leaves  and  stipules,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

104.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  91 


The  Missouri  Willow  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  50  or  00  ft.  with  trunk  from  10 
to  14  in.  in  diameter.  It  develops  a  rather 
narrow  rounded  top  of  upright  slender  smooth- 
barked  branches,  and  the  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a 
grayish  color,  thin  and  smooth  or  with  low 
firm  ridges.  It  is  a  tree  of  limited  distribution 
and  confined  mainly  to  the  low  rich  bottom¬ 
lands  of  the  lower  Missouri  River,  where  it  is 
found  in  company  with  the  Black  Willow, 
Sand-bar  Willow,  Peach-leaf  Willow,  the  Sweet 
Gum,  Green  Ash,  Red  Maple,  etc. 

The  wood  is  unimportant  though  sometimes 
used  for  charcoal. 2 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud.  lanceolate  to  ob- 
lanceoiate  and  occasionally  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5 
in.  long,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded 
at  base,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  with  small 
gland-tipped  teeth,  pubescent  at  first  but  finally 
nearly  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
often  glaucous  beneath  ;  petioles  pubescent  ;  the 
persistent  stipules  semicordate,  offer  %  in.  long  ; 
winter  buds  large  and  hoary-tomentose  ;  branchlets 
pubescent  the  first  season.  Flowers  unfold  very 
early  ( February-March )  on  short  branchlets 
bearing  small  scale-like  leaves :  staminate  about 
1  %  in-  long ;  scales  light  green,  hairy  outside : 
stamens  2  with  long  glabrous  free  filaments  : 
ovary  glabrous,  beaked,  with  very  short  style  and 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit:  a  narrow  cylindrical 
ovoid  long-pointed  capsule  with  slender  stalk 
about  as  long  as  the  scale. 

1.  Syn.  Salix  cordata  var.  vestita  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  297. 


GLAUCOUS  WILLOW. 

Salix  discolor  Muehl. 


Fif  105.  Branclilet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  1;  empty  capsules,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
106.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  93 


The  Glaucous  Willow  rarely  attains  a 
greater  height  man  20  or  25  ft.  or  greater 
diameter  of  trunk  than  12  or  14  in.,  and  com¬ 
monly  is  no  more  than  a  large  shrub  with 
numerous  crooked  stems  from  a  common  base. 
When  it  attains  the  stature  of  a  tree  it  de¬ 
velops  a  rather  wide  rounded  top  with  numer¬ 
ous  upright  or  arching  branches  and  short 
trunk.  It  is  the  common  Pussy  Willow  in  the 
parlance  of  children,  who  hail  with  delight  its 
enlarging  hairy  catkins  as  the  first  evidence 
of  approaching  spring,  and  gather  bunches  of 
its  branches  for  home  decoration.  The  tree  is 
indeed  at  this  season  a  handsome  object,  and 
when  in  full  flower  the  humming  of  numerous 
bees  among  its  branches  tells  us  that  they  find 
in  its  flowers  their  first  harvests  after  their 
long  winter’s  rest.  It  is  an  abundant  species, 
growing  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  low 
wet  meadows  in  company  with  other  Willows, 
Ashes,  Arbor- Vitse,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  occasionally  used  for  charcoal. 
A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  26.50 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud.  narrow  oblong,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long,  acute  at  both  ends, 
remotely  crenate-serrate,  pubescent  at  first  but 
finally  glabrous  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  above, 
glaucous  white  beneath  with  broad  midribs  : 
stipules  semicordate  and  commonly  caducous  ; 
winter  buds  rather  large,  purple  and  lustrous. 
Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  before  the  leaves,  in 
dense  erect  sessile  aments,  1  in.  or  more  in  length, 
pale  tomentose  with  dark  red  and  finally  blackish 
scales  covered  on  the  back  with  long  silky  white 
hairs ;  stamens  2.  with  long  glabrous  filaments ; 
ovary  villous  with  short  style  and  entire  spread¬ 
ing  stigmas.  Fruit  capsules  narrow  vonical, 
pubescent  and  with  long  point. 


COTTONWOOD.  NECKLACE  POPLAR.  CAROLINA  POPLAR. 

Pop-ulus  deltoides  Marsh.1 


Fig.  107.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  1  ;  leafless  branchlet  bearing  two  flower-buds 
(the  larger  ones)  and  leaf-buds,  2  ;  terminal  of  a  vigorous  shoot,  showing  angular  nature,  3. 

108.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Genesee  River  bank  above  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

109.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


05 


This  stately  tree  is  the  largest  representa¬ 
tive  of  its  genus,  sometimes  surpassing  100  ft. 
in  height,  with  trunk  6-8  ft.  in  diameter.  It 
develops  a  full  wide  or  rounded  top  with  few 
massive  branches,  and  these  often  spreading  far 
out  extend  their  drooping  branches  and  shining 
dark  green  leaves  over  a  very  wide  area.  It 
is  confined  to  the  rich  moist  soil  of  river  bot¬ 
toms  and  the  banks  of  streams  and  along  those 
of  the  mid-continental  regions  it  is  the  largest 
and  most  characteristic  tree.  East  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  it  is  less  abundant  and 
a  smaller  tree;  still  here  and  there  con¬ 
spicuously  large  trees  are  found. 

The  wood  is  light  and  soft,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  24.24  lbs.,  and  is  used 
for  paper  pulp,  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber 
for  packing  cases  and  for  fuel.  Owing  to  ten¬ 
dency  to  warp  and  difficulty  in  seasoning  it  is 
little  valued  for  lumber.  In  early  days,  how¬ 
ever,  before  railroads  crossed  the  western 
plains  the  pioneer  settlers  found  in  the  Cotton¬ 
wood  trunks  material  for  building  purposes 
from  the  rough  stockade  to  the  houses  an  1 
buildings  of  their  first  villages.2 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  3-7  in.  long,  usually 
abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  truncate  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  crenate-serrate,  entire  at  base,  at 
first  gummy  with  fragrant  exudation  but  finally 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles 
long,  slender,  and  laterally  compressed.  Flowers 
(April-May)  :  aments  short-stalked;  staminate 
stout  and  densely  flowered,  3-5  in.  long  ;  stamens 
numerous :  pistillate  at  first  smaller  but  elongat¬ 
ing  as  fruit  ripens ;  scales  glabrous,  laciniate. 
Fruit  with  ovoid  2-4-valved  capsules,  which  liber¬ 
ates  in  May  their  crowded  contents  of  small  light 
brown  seeds  with  cottony  coma. 

P.  deltoides  occidental  is  Rydb.  is  a  western  form 
ranging  from  Sask.  to  New  Mexico  with  leaves 
broader  at  base,  longer-acuminate  and  more 
coarsely  toothed  with  young  branches  shining, 
light  yellow.3 

1.  Syn.  Populus  monilifera  Ait. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  48. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  426-427. 


LOMBARDY  POPLAR. 

Populus  nigra  Italica  DuRoi.1 


Fig.  no.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves.  As  staminate  trees  only  are  found  in  this  country  we 
are  unable  to  illustrate  the  fruit.  Leafless  branchlet  in  winter, 
in.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Lowville,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  97 


The  Lombardy  Poplar  is  the  most  distinct 
of  the  Poplars  in  habit  of  growth,  and  prob¬ 
ably  no  other  introduced  tree  has  been  more 
widely  planted  for  ornamental  purposes.  Its 
tall  spire-shaped  tops  are  land-marks  in  al¬ 
most  every  populated  region  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  and  from  the  Canadian  frontier 
to  the  Mexican  boundary,  and  in  some  Euro¬ 
pean  countries  it  is  much  more  abundant  than 
here.  It  is  a  tree  of  very  rapid  growth  and. 
in  our  northern  states,  short-lived,  but  once 
planted  it  spreads  by  means  of  suckers  and 
persists  in  the  soil  for  generations,  often  be¬ 
coming  a  nuisance  in  its  abundance.  Its  de¬ 
sirability,  however,  in  landscape  architecture, 
as  for  the  relief  of  a  monotonous  sky-line,  is 
undisputed.  It  sometimes  attains  the  heigh t  of 
100  ft.  with  short  ridged  and  buttressed  trunk 
0-8  ft.  in  diameter,  and  this  latter  measure¬ 
ment  is  hardly  more  than  doubled  in  the  width 
of  its  compact  narrow  top.  Botanic-ally  the 
tree  is  a  bone  of  contention.  Its  leaf  and 
floral  characters  are  so  close  to  those  of  the 
European  P.  nigra  L.  that  it  is  held  by  some 
to  be  a  sport  of  that  species,  all  existing  trees 
having  come  from  a  certain  one  or  few  trees 
found  growing  somewhere  naturally  many 
years  ago.  This  theory  would  seem  to  be  sub¬ 
stantiated  by  the  fact  that  in  this  country  at 
least  all  of  the  trees  are  staminate,  repro¬ 
duction  being  effected  by  its  stoloniferou3 
roots  and  fallen  branches.  The  theory  is  mili¬ 
tated  against  by  the  fact  that  its  new  shoots 
are  glabrous,  while  those  of  P.  nigra  are 
pubescent.  For  convenience  we  will  consider 
it  a  sport  of  the  P.  nigra.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  province  of  Lombardy  in  Italy,  but 
its  hardiness  in  far  colder  climates  than  that 
of  Italy  would  indicate  its  origin  in  a  more 
northern  region.  It  is  thought  to  have  origi¬ 
nated  in  Afghanistan  where  it  is  said  to  grow 
naturally  as  a  forest  tree. 

The  botanical  characters,  so  far  as  we  are 
able  to  observe  them  by  a  study  of  the  tree  as 
we  have  it  in  this  country  —  the  staminate 
only, —  are  apparently  identical  with  those  of 
the  P.  nigra,  excepting  its  fastigiate  habit  of 
growth  and  glabrous  new  shoots. 2 

1.  Syn.  Populus  dilatata  Ait. 

2.  For  P.  nigra  L.  see  p.  427. 

3.  A.  W.,  Ill,  73. 


LANCE-LEAF  COTTONWOOD. 

Populus  acuminata  Rydb. 


Fig.  1 12.  Fruiting  branchlet  and  mature  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlets  in  winter,  the  upper  one 
bearing  four  flower-buds,  the  lower  one  two  leaf-buds  and  one  terminal  flower-bud. 

1 13.  Trunk  near  Greeley,  Colo. 

For  this  trunk  picture  and  specimens  the  author  .is  indebted  to  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


99 


The  Lance-leaf  Cottonwood  is  the  least 
abundant  representative  of  the  genus  within  the 
United  States.  It  is  a  tree  of  medium  stature, 
rarely  if  ever  surpassing  50  or  60  ft.  in  height 
or  2  or  3  ft.  in  thickness  of  trunk,  with  rounded 
or  pyramidal  top  of  stout  spreading  branches. 
The  bark  of  branches  and  upper  trunk  is  of  a 
pale  grayish  brown  color  fissured  into  narrow 
flat  ridges.  Like  the  Narrow-leaf  Cottonwood, 
with  which  this  tree  was  confounded  until 
recently  separated  by  Mr.  Rydberg,  the  bark  of 
branches  and  upper  trunk  is  very  smooth  and 
of  a  pale  ash-gray  color,  but  that  of  the  branch- 
lets  differs  in  being  of  a  light  greenish  brown 
color,  rather  than  orange-brown,  and  its  buds 
are  larger,  more  resin-coated  and  more  curved. 
It  is  confined  in  its  distribution,  as  far  as  now 
known,  to  the  banks  of  streams  along  the 
eastern  dry  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
from  Assiniboia  to  New  Mexico.  It  is  occasion¬ 
ally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  cities  and  vil¬ 
lages  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

The  wood  is  light,  soft,  not  strong  and  suit¬ 
able  for  the  uses  to  which  the  common  Cotton¬ 
wood  is  applied. 

Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long,  cuneate 
or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  acuminate,  coarsely 
crenate-serrate  excepting  at  base  and  apex  which 
arc  mostly  entire,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  dull 
green  beneath  ;  petioles  slender,  terete,  1-3  in. 
long.  Flowers  rather  open  loose  aments;  stami- 
nate  1  %-3  in.  long;  disk  of  flower  oblique  saucer- 
shaped  with  numerous  stamens  ;  pistillate  aments 
becoming  3-4  in.  long,  drooping  ;  disk  cup-shaped  ; 
stigma  laciniate-lobed.  Frail  in  rather  loose 
drooping  aments  with  oblong-ovoid  distinctly 
pediceled  and  usually  3-vaived  capsules. 


NARROW-LEAF  COTTONWOOD. 

Populus  angustifolia  James. 


Fig.  114.  Fruiting  branchlet,  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlets  in  winter,  the  lower  one  bearing 
mainly  flower-buds. 

1 15.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

For  this  trunk  picture  and  specimens  the  author  is  indebted  to  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  101 


The  Narrow-leai  Cottonwood  is  a  medium- 
size  tree  rarely  surpassing  60  or  70  ft.  in 
height  or  18  in.  in  thickness  of  trunk.  It 
develops  a  rather  narrow  pyramidal  top  of 
ascending  pale  ashen  gray  branches,  light 
orange-brown  lustrous  branchlets  of  the  season 
and  small  buds.  The  livid  smooth  bark  of  the 
younger  trunks  becomes  fissured  with  age,  as 
the  trunk  enlarges,  and  finally  is  furrowed 
with  dark  firm  ridges.  Its  small  short¬ 
stemmed  narrow  green  leaves  are  more  sug¬ 
gestive  of  some  of  the  broader-leaved  Willows 
than  of  the  other  Poplars,  and  constitute  a 
feature  by  which  this  tree  is  quickly  recog¬ 
nized.  It  is  the  commonest  Cottonwood  over  a 
considerable  part  of  its  range  skirting  the 
banks  of  streams  and  moist  places  between  the 
altitudes  of  5000  and  10000  ft.  above  the  sea. 
It  is  extensively  planted  as  a  shade  tree  in  the 
streets  of  towns  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
24.38  lbs.,  soft,  not  strong,  and  of  a  light 
brown  color  with  lighter  sap-wood. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3*4  in. 
long,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  narrowing  to  an 
acute  or  blunt  apex,  finely  serrate  the  entire  length 
(or  coarsely  serrate  on  vigorous  shoots)  rather 
thin,  glabrous,  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath, 
with  broad  midribs:  petioles  %-%  in.  long  grooved 
above  but  not  laterally  flattened.  Flowers  in 
closely  (lowered  glabrous  short-stalked  aments  ; 
staminate  with  cun-shaped  disk  and  12-20  sta¬ 
mens  ;  pistillate  with  cup-shaped  disk  and  broad- 
lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  in  erect  or  inclined  aments, 
2-3  in.  long  with  broad-ovoid  crowded  short- 
pediceled  capsules. 


BALM  OF  GILEAD. 

Populus  candicans  Ait.1 


Fig.  r  1 6.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
1 17.  Trunk  of  a  tree  near  Lowville,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  103 


The  Balm  of  Gilead  when  in  its  prime  is  a 
beautiful  large  Poplar,  attaining  the  height  of 
70  or  80  ft.  or  more  with  broad  and  irregular 
spreading  top,  and  trunk  attaining  a  thickness 
of  3-6  ft.,  vested  in  a  rather  thick  firmly  ridged 
gray  bark  at  base,  while  the  upper  trunk  and 
branches  are  covered  with  a  smooth  yellowish 
brown  bark.  In  a  wild  state  it  is  a  rare  tree 
and  apparently  quite  local  in  distribution,  but 
from  early  times  it  has  been  a  favorite  tree 
for  shade,  and  being  very  hardy  was  planted 
abundantly  in  the  dooryards  of  country 
homes  throughout  the  northern  states  and 
Canada.  It  is  a  beautiful  object  at  first  with 
its  large  parti-colored  heart-shaped  leaves  con¬ 
stantly  fluttering  from  the  slightest  breezes. 
Unfortunately  it  is  a  short-lived  tree  and  early 
becomes  decrepit.  Then  its  dropping  limbs 
make  it  unsightly  and  undesirable,  but  suckers 
generally  spring  up  in  abundance  about  it  and 
eventually  take  its  place,  if  allowed  to  do  so, 
and;  in  this  way  trees  once  planted  continue  to 
occupy  the,  soil  for  a  long  time.  The  fra¬ 
grance  of  the  sticky  buds  and  new  leaves  of  this 
tree  is  so  marked  as-  to  be  detected  sometimes 
at  some  distance  from  the  tree,  and  attracts 
the  bees  to  it  in  abundance  after  the  sticky 
varnish  on  its  buds.  This  they  gather,  pack 
onto  their  thighs  and  carry  away  to  seal  the 
crevices  of  their  hives  —  the  material  called 
propolis  by  the  bee-keepers.  I  have  observed 
that  goose-berry  and  currant  bushes  planted 
beneath  the  branches  of  this  tree  are  not 
molested  by  the  destructive  currant-worm,  the 
emanations  of  the  tree  seeming  to  be  distaste¬ 
ful  or  disastrous  to  them.  According  to  Prof. 
L.  H.  Bailey,  the  Balm  of  Gilead  was  an  im¬ 
portant  lumber  tree  in  the  forests  of  Michigan 
in  early  days. 

The  wood  is  soft,  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
25.93  lbs.  when  absolutely  dry,  easily  worked 
and  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  boxes, 
pails,  excelsior,  etc. 

Leaves  broad  heart-shaped,  "-6  in.  long,  acuminate, 
rather  coarsely  erenate-serrate  and  ciliate-mav- 
gined,  pubescent  when  young  but  finally  glabrous 
dark  green  above,  whitish,  strongly  reticulated  and 
sometimes  rusty  beneath  :  petioles  nearly  terete 
and  veins  beneath  commonly  pubescent  :  buds  large 
and  covered  with  a  sticky  aromatic  resin.  Flowers 
in  pubescent  aments,  the  scales  falling  early  : 
stamens  l.o-:50  ;  lobes  of  stigma  broad  and  large. 
Fruit  capsules  crowded  on  tlie  stems,  ovoid,  -- 
valved  and  with  short  pedicels. 

1.  Syn.  Populus  balsamifera  var.  eandicans 
Gray. 


BALSAM  POPLAR. 

Populus  balsam-ifera  L. 


Fig.  1 1 8.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
119.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  105 


The  Balsam  Poplar  sometimes  attains  in  the 
forest  a  height  of  100  ft.  and  a  trunk  diameter 
of  5  or  6  ft.  When  isolated  from  other  trees 
it  develops  a  rather  narrow  irregular  pyra¬ 
midal  open  top  of  few  large  branches,  and  its 
parti-colored  leaves,  as  their  dark  green  upper 
surfaces  and  light  under  surfaces  show  suc¬ 
cessively  as  moved  by  the  wind,  make  it  a 
handsome  object.  It  is  distinctly  a  northern 
tree,  thriving  and  attaining  its  largest  size 
along  the  banks  of  the  streams  which  are  tribu¬ 
tary  to  the  Mackenzie  River  in  a  climate  too 
severe  for  the  existence  of  most  other  trees. 
In  those  cold  regions  this  is  the  largest  and 
most  characteristic  tree.  It  is  confined  mainly 
to  alluvial  bottom-lands  and  borders  of 
swamps,  and  in  our  northern  states,  where  it 
finds  its  southernmost  limit  of  distribution, 
is  by  no  means  as  large  a  tree  as  it  is  to  the 
northward. 

Its  wood  is  soft  and  light,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  22.65  lbs.,  and  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  northern  Michi¬ 
gan  is  used  for  paper  pulp,  and  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  boxes,  pails,  etcd 

Leaves  3-6  in.  long,  ovate,  rounded  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  base  with  crenate-serrate  slightly 
thickened  margin,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex, 
dark  glabrous  green  above,  much  paler  and  con¬ 
spicuously  reticulated-veined  and  sometimes  rusty 
beneath  ;  petioles  long,  terete;  winter  buds  large, 
taper-pointed  and  very  resinous.  Flowers  (in 
April  l  ;  scales  of  aments  scarious,  brown,  lacine- 
ate  lobed  :  stamens  20-30 ;  ovary  ovoid,  slightly, 
2-lobed  and  with  2  large  dilated  stigmas.  Fruit 
(ripe  in  May)  with  ovoid  oblong  2-valved  short- 
pediceled  capsules ;  capsules  about  %  in.  long. 

1.  A.  W.,  IT,  47. 


SWAMP  POPLAR. 

Populus  heterophylla  L. 


Fig.  120.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
Trunk  of  tree,  with  leaves  at  base,  near  Kennett,  Mo. 


121. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  107 


The  Swamp  Poplar  where  conditions  are 
favorable  for  best  development,  in  the  lower 
Mississippi  Valley,  attains  a  height  of  80  or 
90  ft.,  with  straight  columnar  trunk  2-3  ft.  in 
diameter  vested  in  a  grayish  brown  bark  with 
prominent  scaly  ridges,  and  develops  an  open 
irregular  top  with  few  large  branches.  In  the 
Atlantic  states  it  rarely  attains  a  greater 
height  than  40  or  50  ft.  Here  it  is  rare  and 
local  and  is  confined  to  the  borders  of  ponds 
and  swamps  more  or  less  permanently  in¬ 
undated.  In  the  Mississippi  basin  it  is  more 
abundant,  and  it  is  found  in  company  with  the 
Honey  and  Water  Locusts,  Mississippi  Hack- 
berrv,  Swamp  White  Oak,  Red  and  Drummond 
Maples,  Sweet  Gums,  Tupelos,  etc. 

The  wood  of  the  Swamp  Poplar  is  of  a 
grayish  brown  color  with  light  sap-wood.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  25.48 
lbs.  It  is  manufactured  into  lumber,  under 
the  name  of  Black  Poplar,  for  interior  finish¬ 
ing,  etc.i 

Leaves  4-8  in.  Ion?,  broad  ovate  with  petioles 
long  and  terete,  varying  from  round  to  cordate  at 
base,  crenate,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  apex,  covered 
with  white  woolly  tomentum  at  first  but  finally 
glabrous  with  brown  buds  acute  or  obtuse,  resin 
ous.  Flowers  (April-May)  glabrous  scarious  fi lu¬ 
bricated  scales,  staminate  aments  stout,  densely- 
flowered,  finally  2-3  in.  long  and  drooping; 
stamens  12-20;  pistillate  aments  small,  raceme¬ 
like.  few-flowered  with  short  style  ;  ovary  ovoid, 
and  thick  2  or  3-lohed  stigmas.  Fruit  (ripe  in 
May)  with  ovoid-oblong  pointed  2-3-valved  cap¬ 
sules.  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  pedicels. 

1.  A.  W„  TV,  97. 


QUAKING  ASP.  TREMBLING  POPLAR.  POPPLE 

Populus  tremuloides  llichx. 


Fig.  122.  Branchlets  with  mature  and  young  leaves,  i  ;  isolated  empty  capsules,  2  ;  a  capsule 
and  its  actual  contents,  procured  by  confining  the  capsule  at  the  time  of  opening,  3  ;  branchlet  in 
winter  with  cluster  of  flower-buds  near  tip,  4. 

123.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Note  the  transition  from  smooth  young  bark  to 
rough  old  bark. 


Handbook  or  Trees  or  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  109 


The  Quaking  Asp  is  usually  a  slender  tree 
developing  in  the  open  a  loose  rounded  top, 
and  the  trunk  seldom  more  than  18  in.  or  2  ft. 
in  diameter,  but  in  forests  where  it  attains 
its  largest  size  it  grows  to  a  height  of  90  or 
100  ft.  with  trunk  sometimes  3  ft.  in  diameter. 
The  bark  of  branches  and  young  trunks  is  of  a 
pale  yellowish  green  color,  or  often  nearly 
white,  and  on  older  trunks  becomes  fissured 
and  divided  into  nearly  black  scaly  ridges.  A 
conspicuous  feature  of  the  tree  is  the  constant 
agitation  of  its  small  rounded  leaves,  occasioned 
even  by  the  slightest  breezes,  on  account  of 
their  long  flattened  stems.  It  is  a  very  useful 
tree  in  the  economy  of  Nature  in  that  its 
seeds,  seeming  possessed  of  an  exceptional 
power  of  germination,  are  easily  scattered  by 
the  winds,  and  it  quickly  covers  forest  lands 
recently  denuded  by  fires  with  a  fresh  growth 
of  little  forest  trees.  In  the  shelter  of  these 
the  tender  seeds  of  more  useful  trees  germinate 
and  thrive,  and  eventually  monopolize  the  soil, 
ungratefully  crowding  to  the  wall  by  their 
overpowering  shade  the  slender  Aspens  which 
assisted  them  into  existence. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  25.13  lbs.,  soft  and  is 
used  mainly  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp 
and  excelsior. i 

Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  114-3  in.  Ion?, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  short  acuminate 
at  apex,  with  finely  crenate  and  ciliate  margin, 
glabrous  ;  petioles  very  slender  and  laterally  com¬ 
pressed  ;  winter  buds  glabrous.  Floicers  1 14-2  in. 
long  ;  scales  deeply  3-5-cleft  into  linear  lobes 
fringed  with  gray  hairs  ;  staminato  aments  with 
disk  entire,  and  fi-12  stamens  ;  stigmas  2  with 
linear  lobes.  Fruit  (May-June)  capsules  oblong 
conical,  2-valved  ;  seeds  about  1-32  in.  long, 
obovate. 

1.  A.  W„  III,  72. 


LARGE-TOOTH  POPLAR.  ASPEN. 

Populus  grandidentata  Mic-hx. 


Fig.  124.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  mature  and  young  leaves,  1-2;  isolated  capsules,  3;  tip  of 
young  shoot,  4  (Note  the  velvety  pubescence  as  compared  with  the  glabrous  young  leaves  of 
P.  tremuloides)  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

125.  Trunk  showing  the  smooth  young  bark  above  and  the  furrowed  older  bark  at  base. 
Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tile.  Northern  •  States  and  Canada.  Ill 


The  Large-tooth  Poplar  rarely  if  ever  at¬ 
tains  a  greater  height  than  70  or  80  ft.  or  2 
ft.  in  thickness  of  trunk.  When  sufficiently 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  loose 
oval  or  rounded  top  of  handsome  clean  foliage, 
always  rustling  with  the  slightest  breeze,  on 
account  of  the  peculiar  formation  of  petioles. 
The  bark  of  branches  and  younger  trunks  is 
smooth  and  of  a  grayish  green  color.  Later  it 
becomes  fissured  into  rough  firm  ridges.  It  is 
found  mostly  on  sandy  slopes  and  the  banks  of 
streams  in  company  with  the  Hemlock,  Pines, 
Oaks,  Maples,  Shad-bush,  Butternut,  Red 
Spruce,  etc.  As  with  the  Quaking  Asp,  its 
hardy  seeds  scattered  widely  by  the  wind 
quickly  clothe  with  new  verdure  tracts  of 
forest  lands  recently  denuded  by  fires.  Then 
protected  by  the  shade  of  these  seedlings  the 
more  tender  seeds  of  more  useful  trees  are  able 
to  germinate  and  grow. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
28.87  lbs.,  soft  and  not  strong  and  is  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  excelsior,  paper,  wooden- 
ware  and  occasionally  for  lumber. i 

Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  3-6  in.  lone;,  coarsely 
and  irregularly  dentate,  from  obtuse  to  rounded 
at  base,  short  acuminate,  densely  white  tomentose 
at  first  hut  finally  glabrous,  thin  and  firm  :  petioles 
long,  slender  and  laterally  compressed ;  winter 
buds  puherulous.  Flowers:  aments  1-3  in  long; 
scales  with  silky  nale  hairs  and  irregularly  5-7- 
cleft  ;  stamens  6-12  ;  stigmas  2  with  long  filiform 
lohes.  Frail  (May-.Iune)  :  capsules  long-conic,  2- 
valved.  about  %  in.  long  ;  seeds  dark  brown, 
minute. 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  18. 


WHITE  POPLAR.  ABELE.  SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR 

Populus  alba  L. 


Fig.  126.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  empty  capsules,  2  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

127.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  !N 

The  White  Poplar  is  a  native  of  central  and. 
southern  Europe,  the  corresponding  latitudes 
of  Asia,  as  far  east  as  the  Himalaya  Moun¬ 
tains,  and  of  northern  Africa.  It  was  early 
introduced  into  this  country  for  ornamental 
purposes  and  has  become  naturalized  in  many 
localities  throughout  northeastern  United 
States  and  Canada.  It  is  a  large  tree  some¬ 
times  attaining  the  height  of  100  ft.  with 
trunk  3  or  4  ft.  or  more  in  diameter,  vested 
in  a  characteristic  greenish  gray  and  whitish 
bark  of  branches  and  upper  trunk,  while  that 
at  the  base  of  old  trunks  becomes  deeply  cleft 
into  firm  dark  ridges.  It  commonly  develops 
a  large  irregular  open  broad  or  rounded  top. 
The  contrast  between  the  dark  green  upper 
surfaces  of  its  leaves  and  the  velvety  white 
under  surfaces  causes  a  pleasing  scintillating 
effect  as  they  are  agitated  by  the  wind,  and 
this  gives  to  the  White  Poplar  a  peculiar 
ornamental  value.  The  abundance  of  the  trees 
about  the  sites  of  old  country  homes  attests 
its  long  popularity  as  an  ornamental  tree  and 
its  hardiness,  but  the  rapidity  and  persistence 
with  which  it  spreads,  by  means  of  its  long 
stoloniferous  roots,  makes  it  in  some  places  a 
nuisance. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  tough  and  of  a  red¬ 
dish  yellow  color  with  nearly  white  sap-wood.1 

Leaves  quite  variable  but  commonly  suborbicu- 
lar  or  broad  ovate,  2-4  in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  apex,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  irregularly 
dentate,  sinuate-dentate  or  (especially  on  vigor¬ 
ous  shoots)  palmately  3-5-lobed  and  with  petioles 
and  branchlets  white  velvety  tomentose  at  first, 
but  many  of  the  leaves  becoming  glabrate  late  in 
the  season  dark  green  above  or  by  late  summer 
often  scurfy  or  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  while 
those  on  vigorous  shoots  retain  their  white  to- 
mentum  beneath  ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade  ; 
branchlets  and  bud  in  winter  white  scurfy  to¬ 
mentose.  Flowers  staminate  aments  ]  y2-2  in. 
long  (becoming  3-4  in.  long)  stout ;  pistillate 
aments  more  slender;  stigmas  digitately  lobed. 
Fruit:  capsules  ovoid-oblong,  about  3-16  in.  long, 
2-valved. 

Populus  alba  var.  Bolleana  (P.olle's  Poplar) 
was  found  in  Turkestan  in  1875.  They  are  trees 
with  narrow  pyramidal  tops  of  fastigiafe  branches 
and  are  now  extensively  planted  for  ornamental 
purposes  in  the  Atlantic  states.  They  are  con¬ 
sidered  as  of  greater  ornamental  value  than  is 
the  typical  form. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  96. 


orthern  States  and  Canada.  113 


HORNBEAM.  BLUE  OR  WATER  BEECH.  IRON-WOOD. 

C'arpinus  Caroliniana  Walt. 


Fig.  128.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  nutlets  with  their  involucres,  2  ;  leafy 
branchlet,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

129.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

130.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  115 


The  Hornbeam  in  the  forest  sometimes  at¬ 
tains  the  height  Of  30  or  40  ft.  and  a  diameter 
of  trunk  of  18  in.  or  2  ft.  vested  in  a  thin  very 
close  and  smooth  bluish  gray  bark  often  mot¬ 
tled  with  lighter  or  darker  tints.  When  iso¬ 
lated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  broad  open 
head  with  numerous  tough  branches,  the  larger 
of  which  and  the  trunk  are  much  furrowed  and 
ridged,  suggestive  of  knotted  sinews,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  which  resemblance  the  Indians  called 
it  “  Otantahrteweh,”  meaning  “  the  lean  tree.” 
It  grows  on  low  moist  bottom-lands  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Holly,  Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Bay, 
Gums,  Red  Maple,  Water  Locust,  Prickly 
Ash,  etc.  in  the  south  Atlantic  states,  where 
it  is  more  abundant  than  northward  and  at¬ 
tains  its  largest  size.  In  the  northern  part  of 
its  range  it  is  a  small  tree  with  less  sym¬ 
metrical  and  crooked  trunks  or  often  a  tall 
shrub.  Here  it  is  commonly  found  along  the 
banks  of  streams  over  whose  waters  it  extends 
its  many  handsome  sprays  of  beautiful  foliage 
and  curious  clusters  of  leaf-like  fruit. 

The  wood  of  the  Hornbeam  is  heavy,  a  cubic 
foot  W'hen  dry  weighing  45.41  lbs.,  tough, 
strong  and  of  a  light  brown  color  with  abun¬ 
dant  wdiitish  sap-wood.  It  is  used  chiefly  for 
fuel  though  suitable  for  tool-handles,  and 
articles  of  wooden  ware.1 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  2-5  in.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  sharply 
and  unequally  serrate  with  stout  spreading  teeth, 
often  inequilateral,  pubescent  and  plicate  at  first 
but  finally  glabrous,  dull  green  with  deeply  im¬ 
pressed  veins  above,  paler  and  with  tufts  of  white 
hairs  in  the  axils  of  veins  beneath  ;  petioles 
slender,  pubescent  :  winter-buds  ovoid,  acute  and 
somewhat  incurved  with  numerous  brown  white- 
margined  scales.  Floivers:  staminate  aments  1-1  % 
in.  long;  pistillate  %-%  in.  long  with  green 
scales  and  scarlet  styles.  Fruit  nuts  %  in.  long 
with  involucres  with  stout  stalks  1-1  %  in.  long 
with  middle  lobe  large  and  serrate  on  one  side  and 
one  lateral  lobe  commonly  wanting.2 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  42. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  427. 


HOP  HORNBEAM.  IRON-WOOD. 

Ostrya  Virginiana  (Mill.)  Koch. 


Fig.  13 1.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  involucral  sacs  opened,  to  show  nutlets,  an 
detached  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter  bearing  young  staminate  aments  and  leaf-buds,  3. 

132.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

133.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  117 


The  Hop  Hornbeam  is  a  handsome  tree  of 
medium  size  rarely  over  60  or  70  ft.  in  height 
or  2  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  When  isolated 
it  develops  a  broad  rounded  top  of  many  small 
tough  branches,  and  when  covered  with  its  rich 
yellow-green  leaves  and  pale  hop-like  fruit  is  a 
handsome  object.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  rough 
with  narrow  loose  elongated  scales.  It  in¬ 
habits  well-drained  gravelly  ridges  and  slopes 
and  in  the  northern  Atlantic  states,  where  it  is 
abundant  and  reaches  its  largest  size,  is  as¬ 
sociated  with  the  Beech,  Sugar  Maple,  Yellow 
Birch,  White  and  Cork  Elms,  Butternut, 
White  Ash,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  51.63  lbs.,  hard,  tough, 
and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tool-handles 
and  other  small  articles  of  wooden  ware,  for 
fuel,  etc.r 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  2-5  in.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cordate  often 
inequilateral  at  base,  sbarply  and  unequally  ser¬ 
rate,  at  maturity  glabrous  and  dull  yellow-green 
with  impressed  midribs  and  veins  above,  lighter 
and  downy  beneath,  especially  along  the  midribs 
and  in  the  axils  of  the  veins.  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  about  %  in.  long  during  the  winter  and 
when  unfolding  2-3  in.  long  ;  pistillate  aments  very 
slender,  with  hairy  stems  and  light  green  or  red¬ 
dish  leaf-like  scales,  those  near  the  base  the 
longest.  Fruit:  strobules  IV2--V2  in-  long  with 
slender  stems  about  1  in.  long ;  involucral  sacs 
about  %  in.  long,  pubescent.2 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  41. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  428. 


WHITE  BIRCH.  GRAY  BIRCH.  OLD  FIELD  BIRCH. 

Betula  populifolia  Marsli. 


Fig.  134.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  the  one  to  the  right  bearing  also  young 
staminate  ament,  1  ;  broken  cone  with  scattered  cone-scales  and  seeds,  2  ;  vigorous  leafy  shoot,  3  ; 
branchlet  with  leaf-buds  and  young  aments  in  winter,  4  ;  do,  with  flower-buds  only,  5. 

135.  Cluster  of  trunks,  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

136.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  119 


This  is  the  smallest  of  the  tree  Birches  of 
eastern  North  America,  commonly  not  more 
than  20  or  30  ft.,  or  exceptionally  40  ft.,  in 
height,  with  trunk  sometimes  18  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter.  The  bark  of  younger  trees  is  dull 
creamy  white,  usually  with  dark  triangular 
marks  at  the  insertion  of  branches,  and  peeling 
off  tardily  in  strips  around  the  trunk.  On 
older  trunks  it  is  darker  and  rough  with 
transverse  fissures.  It  develops  a  narrow  and 
more  or  less  irregular  top  of  many  small 
branches  commonly  clothing  the  stem  to  the 
ground.  With  its  long  stemmed  small  leaves 
in  constant  agitation  by  the  wind,  like  those 
of  the  Quaking  Asp,  and  white  bark,  it  is  a 
conspicuous  and  interesting  object.  It  com¬ 
monly  grows  in  dry  sandy  and  often  quite 
barren  soil,  springing  up  in  abundance  after 
forest  fires  and  affording  by  its  shade  a  shelter 
for  the  germinating  of  the  more  tender  seeds 
of  more  useful  trees. 

Its  wood,  a  cubic  foot  of  which,  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighs  35.90  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  small  wooden-ware,  as  spools, 
clothes-pins,  shoe-pegs,  hoops  for  casks,  etc., 
and  is  excellent  for  fuel  and  charcoal.1 

Leaves  triangular-ovoid,  from  2-3 %  in.  long, 
with  very  slender  points,  truncate,  obtuse  or 
slightly  cordate  and  entire  at  base,  doubly  serrate 
with  spreading  glandular  teeth,  dark  shining 
green  and  glandular-roughened  above  and  slightly 
paler  and  smooth  beneath  :  petioles  long  and 
slender;  branoklets  resin-glandular.  Flowers  un¬ 
folding  with  the  leaves  ;  staminate  aments  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  about  1  in.  or  less  in  length  and  slender 
in  winter,  becoming  from  2-3%  in.  long,  with 
apiculate  scales  ;  pistillate  aments  slender,  about 
%  in.  long,  on  glandular  pedicels  of  about  the 
same  length  with  pale  green  scales.  Fruit:  stro¬ 
biles  cylindrical,  about  %  in.  long  and  %  in. 
thick,  erect  or  spreading  with  slender  peduncle  : 
scales  with  lateral  lobes  recurved,  the  middle  one 
narrow  ;  nutlet  narrower  than  its  wings.2 

1.  A.  W„  III,  70. 


CANOE  BIRCH.  PAPER  BIRCH. 


Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.1 


Fig.  137.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  young  staminate  catkins,  1  ;  broken  cone 
with  scattered  seeds  and  cone-scales,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  one  bearing  young  catkins  for  the 
next  season’s  flowers,  3. 

138.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Adirondack  region,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Tbees  of  the  Hokthekn  States  and  Canada.  121 


The  Paper  Birch,  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,  is  said  to  attain  a  height  of  120  ft.  with 
trunk  from  3-4  ft.  in  thickness,  but  elsewhere 
rarely  exceeds  70  or  80  ft.  in  height.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  full 
rounded  and  usually  irregular  top  of  many 
branches.  The  bark  of  the  larger  branches 
and  young  trunks  is  laminate,  smooth  and  of 
creamy  or  ivory  whiteness,  marked  with  long 
horizontal  raised  lenticels.  As  the  trunk  en¬ 
larges  the  bark  becomes  more  or  less  streaked 
and  blotched  with  blackish  and  the  outer  layers 
separate  and  roll  back  in  large  ragged  sheets. 
On  very  old  trunks  the  bark  at  base  becomes 
broken  into  large  closely  appressed  irregular 
scales.  It  inhabits  rich  slopes  and  ornaments 
the  banks  of  northern  streams  and  lake-shores 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  ranging  north¬ 
ward  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  With  the  northern 
Indians  its  bark,  impervious  to  water,  is  an 
indispensable  material  for  the  manufacture  of 
their  canoes  and  for  many  articles  for  domestic 
use. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  37.11  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden-ware,  wood-pulp,  etc., 
and  is  excellent  for  fuel. - 

Leaves  ovate,  2-4  in.  long,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  apex,  rounded  or  obtuse  (cordate  in  var.  cordi- 
folia  Fern.)  and  entire  at  base,  doubly  or  ir¬ 
regularly  serrate,  thick  and  firm  at  maturity, 
glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  on 
the  veins  and  with  black  glands  beneath.  Floivers: 
staminate  aments  %-lti  in.  long  in  winter,  finally 
3-4  in.  long:  pistillate  aments  1-1 'A  in.  long, 
slender,  with  light  green  scales  and  red  styles. 
Fruit:  strobiles  cylindrical,  about  1%  in.  long, 
drooping,  glabrous,  middle  lobe  of  scales  longer 
than  broad  ;  nutlet  much  narrower  than  its  wings. 

1.  Syn.  B.  papyracea  Ait. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  43. 


RIVER  BIRCH.  WATER  BIRCH.  RED  BIRCH. 

Betula  nigra  L. 


Fig.  139.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  isolated  scales  of  fruiting  cone,  2;  seeds,  3; 
assortment  of  leaves,  4. 

Trunk  of  tree  in  Washington,  D.  C. 


140. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ISTorthern  States  and  Canada.  123 


This  interesting  tree  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  80  or  90  ft.  with  trunk  4  to  5 
ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops  a 
narrow  oblong  head  of  many  small  branches, 
but  with  age  a  fuller,  rounder  and  usually 
irregular  picturesque  head.  The  bark  of 
branches  is  smooth  at  first,  of  a  lustrous  red¬ 
dish  brown  color,  but  with  age  breaks  and 
separates  into  successive  layers  which  curl  up 
and  long  persist  as  thin  papery  scales  of 
various  tints  of  red  and  brown.  These  form  a 
veritable  mat  on  the  larger  limbs  and  trunks 
of  medium  size,  while  the  bark  of  old  trunks 
becomes  rough  with  thick  irregular  plate-like 
scales.  It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  sub¬ 
ject  to  frequent  inundation,  and  here  its  grace¬ 
ful  branches  hanging  over  the  waters  and  al¬ 
most  touching  their  surface  with  long  sprays 
of  handsome  foliage  add  greatly  to  their  charm. 
Prof.  Sargent  has  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  early  ripening  of  the  seeds  of  this 
and  other  riparian  trees  greatly  assures  their 
germination  and  growth,  as  they  fall  on  the 
banks  at  the  season  of  low  water,  germinate 
and  make  substantial  growth  when  a  later 
seed  would  have  found  only  water  in  which  to 
perish. 

The  wood  of  the  River  Birch,  of  which  a 
cubic  foot  when  dry  weighs  35.91  lbs.,  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  ware,  eted 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  2-4  in.  long,  wide 
cuneate  or  almost  truncate  and  entire  at  base, 
serrate  and  serrately-lobed  or  doubly  serrate,  pale 
tomentose  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green 
above  and  tomentose  on  midribs  and  veins  be¬ 
neath  :  petioles  slender,  tomentose  ;  branchlets  the 
first  season  tomentose.  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  1  in.  or  less  long  in  winter  with  rounded 
lustrous  scales  finally  2-3  in.  long ;  pistillate 
aments  about  Vi  in.  long  with  pubescent  ciliate 
scales.  Fruit  ripening  in  May  or  June  in  cylindri¬ 
cal  strobiles  1-1  Vi  in.  long,  with  short  tomentose 
peduncles  and  scales  with  .3  about  equal  narrow 
lobes  ;  nutlet  oval  and  about  as  wide  as  the  ciliate 
wings. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  95. 


'  ■  H.4  :. 

tM 

■■■■■ 


SWEET  BIRCH.  BLACK  BIRCH.  CHERRY  BIRCH. 

Betula  lenta  L. 


Fig.  141.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  scales  from  cone  and  seeds,  2  and  3;  branchlets  in 
winter,  one  bearing  young  staminate  catkins,  4. 

142.  Trunk  of  tree  near  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ^Northern  States  and  Canada.  125 


The  Sweet  Birch  attains  the  height  of  70  or 
80  ft.,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  from  2-5  ft., 
and  when  growing  away  from  other  trees  de¬ 
velops  a  symmetrical  ovoid  or  pyramidal  top 
at  first  with  many  strong  small  branches,  but 
finally  rounded  or  broad  by  the  lengthening 
of  the  lateral  branches.  The  bark  of  trunk  is 
at  first  smooth  and  peels  off  transversely  in 
thin  strips,  but  finally  becomes  fissured  with 
large  and  small  irregular  scales  suggesting 
the  bark  of  the  Black  Cherry,  for  which  reason 
the  tree  is  sometimes  called  the  Cherry  Birch. 
The  darkness  of  its  color  gives  it  the  name  of 
Black  Birch  and  from  the  sweet  aromatic  flavor 
of  its  leaves  and  bark  it  is  called  the  Sweet 
Birch.  It  flourishes  on  rich  well-drained  up¬ 
lands,  and  in  early  spring  while  the  branches 
are  bare  of  leaves  and  it  is  trimmed  with  its 
golden  tassels  of  catkins,  unloading  their 
pollen  on  the  lightest  touch,  it  is  a  particu¬ 
larly  handsome  object. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  47.47  lbs., 
and  is  valued  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture, 
agricultural  implements  and  general  wooden 
ware,  and  for  fuel.1 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  214  to  5  in.  long, 
acute  to  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
base,  sharply  unevenly  serrate,  silky  pubescent  at 
first  but  finally  glabrous  shining  green  above, 
paler  and  pubescent  along  the  prominent  veins  be¬ 
neath  ;  petioles  stout,  hairy  and  grooved  above. 
Flowers  staminate  generally  in  clusters,  1  in.  or 
less  in  length  and  V6  in.  thick  and  scales  with 
free  apiculate  tips  in  winter,  finally  3-4  in.  long 
in  spring;  pistillate  aments  %  in.  long  with 
greenish  round-pointed  scales  and  pink  styles. 
Fruit:  strobules  erect  ovoid-oblong,  sessile,  1-1 14 
in.  long,  glabrous  with  lobes  of  scales  about  equal, 
lateral  lobes  divergent ;  nutlet  obovoid,  broader 
than  its  wings. 

1.  A.  W„  II,  44. 


YELLOW  BIRCH.  GRAY  BIRCH. 

Betula  lutea  Michx. 


Fig.  143.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  cone  scales,  2  ;  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  bearing  leaves 
and  young  staminate  catkins  for  next  season’s  flowering,  4  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  two  bearing 
young  catkins,  5. 

144.  Trunk  of  tree,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  127 


The  Yellow  Birch  is  a  large  and  important 
forest  tree  of  the  northeastern  states  and  the 
eastern  provinces  of  Canada,  sometimes  at¬ 
taining  the  height  of  100  ft.  with  trunk  3  or 
4  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops 
a  broad  rounded  top  of  many  small  straight- 
ish  branches.  Its  peculiar  bark  is  its  most 
striking  feature  and  distinguishes  it  from  all 
other  trees  of  the  forest.  The  bark  on  its 
branches  and  smaller  trunks  is  very  smooth 
and  lustrous  silver}'  or  golden  gray,  breaking 
finally  as  the  trunk  expands  and  rolling  back 
in  ribbon-like  strips  and  curls,  which  long  re¬ 
main  attached  rustling  with  every  passing 
breeze.  On  very  old  trunks  the  character  of 
the  bark  is  quite  different,  as  it  is  there  rough 
with  irregular  plate-like  scales.  It  inhabits 
rich  moist  uplands  in  company  in  our  northern 
forests  with  the  Beech,  Sugar  and  Red  Maples, 
Black  and  White  Ash,  White  Elm,  Hop  Horn¬ 
beam,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  hard  and  strong,  a  cubic  foot, 
when  absolutely  dry,  weighing  40.84  lbs.,  and 
is  highly  valued  in  the  manufacture  of  agri¬ 
cultural  implements,  wooden  ware,  etc.,  and 
furniture,  occasional  “  figured  ”  trees  being 
especially  valuable  for  the  latter  use.  It  is 
also  one  of  the  best  woods  of  its  range  for  fuel  A 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  2-5  in.  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded,  obtuse  or  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  silky 
pubescent  at  first  hut  finally  glabrous  dull  green 
above,  paler  and  with  silky  hairs  on  midrib  and 
prominent  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  slender,  hairy ; 
branchlets  at  first  green  and  pilose-pubescent  but 
finally  smooth.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  usually 
in  clusters  of  2-4,  3-3%  in.  long  when  fully  ex¬ 
panded  (%-l  in.  long  in  winter  and  %  in.  thick) 
with  rounded  scales  ;  pistillate  aments  about  % 
in.  long  with  acute  pilose  scales  ;  styles  pink. 
Fruit  an  erect,  subsessile,  pubescent  olilong  stro¬ 
bile,  1-1%  in.  long  with  lobes  of  scales  about 
equal,  ciliolate  and  slightly  spreading  with  obovate 
nutlet  about  as  broad  as  its  wings. 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  17. 


SEA-SIDE  ALDER. 

Alnus  maritima  (Marsh.)  Muelil. 


Fig.  145.  Leafy  branchlet  in  late  summer,  1  ;  do,  bearing  also  mature  fruit,  2 ;  open  strobiles 
and  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

146.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Seaford,  Del. 

147.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  129 


This  curious  and  interesting  Alder  is  a 
small  tree,  occasionally  attaining  the  height 
of  30  ft.,  with  narrow  top  and  slender  branches 
and  smooth-barked  trunk  5  or  6  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter.  It  is  very  distinct  from  all  other 
Alders  in  several  respects.  Its  bright  glossy 
green  foliage  is  in  strong  contrast  to  the  dull 
green  of  the  other  Alders,  and  its  period  of 
blossoming,  instead  of  being  when  the  trees  are 
leafless  in  early  spring,  as  with  the  other 
species,  is  not  until  autumn.  Then  the  effect 
of  its  golden  catkins  and  handsome  foliage 
together  is  very  pleasing  and  gives  the  tree  a 
peculiar  ornamental  value.  Quite  as  different, 
too,  as  this  tree  is  from  the  other  Alders  in 
its  foliage  and  period  of  flowering  is  it  in  its 
distribution.  The  Alders  are  generally  species 
of  wide  distribution,  but  this  is  limited  to  two 
small  areas,  one  near  the  sea  coast  on  the 
Delaware  and  Maryland  peninsula  and  the 
other  far  inland  on  the  banks  of  the  Red 
River  in  Indian  Territory. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
31.14  lbs.,  soft  and  with  numerous  large 
medullary  rays. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  obovate.  wedge-shaped 
at  base,  usually  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  re¬ 
motely  and  sharply  serrate,  scurfy  pubescent  when 
young  but  at  maturity  dark  green  and  very  lust¬ 
rous,  pale  and  minutely  glandular  punctate  be¬ 
neath.  Flowers  expanding  in  September,  the 
staminate  aments  in  racemes,  114-2%  in.  long 
from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  the  pistillate 
usually  solitary  from  the  axils  of  lower  leaves. 
Fruit:  strobile  about  %  in.  long  with  thinnish 
crenate-lohed  scales  and  wingless  oblong-obovate 
seeds  liberated  late  in  autumn  of  the  year  subse¬ 
quent  to  fertilization.1 


BLACK  ALDER.  EUROPEAN  ALDER. 

Alnus  glutinosa  (L.)  Gfertn. 


Fig.  148.  Branchlet,  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  and  young  aments  (both  staminate  and  pis¬ 
tillate)  for  next  season’s  flowers,  1  ;  portion  of  cone  with  detached  scales  and  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter  bearing  young  staminate  (the  larger)  and  pistillate  (the  smaller)  aments,  3  ,  do,  with 
leaf-buds  only,  4. 

149.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  fv.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  131 


The  Black  Alder  is  a  naturalized  tree  found 
in  various  localities  in  the  Atlantic  states, 
particularly  in  southern  New  York  and  New 
Jersey.  In  its  native  home  it  is  generally  dis¬ 
tributed  over  Europe,  western  Asia  and 
northern  Africa  in  moist  localities,  and  at¬ 
tains  a  height  of  from  50  to  70  ft.  with  a 
symmetrical  pyramidal  or  when  old  rounded 
top,  and  with  trunk  1-2  ft.  in  diameter.  Being 

o 

a  vigorous  growing  tree  of  desirable  qualities 
for  ornamental  planting,  particularly  on  low 
grounds,  it  was  brought  to  America  and 
planted  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  being 
possessed  of  a  hardy  adaptable  constitution  it 
seeds  freely  and  grows  spontaneously  in  suit¬ 
able  localities.  Few  introduced  trees  of  the 
ornamental  value  of  this  are  so  well  suited 
to  planting  in  very  wet  localities.  Those 
are  mainly  Willows  and  Poplars  and  among 
them  the  straight  smooth  trunks  of  the  Black 
Alder,  with  their  symmetrical  tops  of  hand¬ 
some  foliage,  have  a  very  pleasing  effect.  They 
are  not,  however,  very  long-lived  trees  with  us, 
and  individuals  are  not  found  as  large  as  those 
in  their  native  land. 

In  Europe  the  tree  is  of  considerable  com¬ 
mercial  importance,  as  its  soft  straight¬ 
grained  wood  is  easily  worked  and  valuable 
in  turnery,  for  wooden-ware,  wooden-shoes, 
etc.,  and  for  carving.  It  is  valued,  too,  for 
water  pipes,  pumps,  piles,  etc.,  and  is  largely 
used  for  charcoal  and  fuel.  The  bark  and 
fruit  are  used  in  tanning  leather  and  a  yellow 
dye  is  made  from  the  bark  and  leaves.  The 
bark  is  also  used  in  medicine,  having  astringent 
and  alterative  properties. 

Leaves  orbicular  to  obovate,  2-5  in.  long,  mostly 
obtuse  at  base  and  refuse  or  rounded  at  apex, 
irregularly  serrate-dentate,  distinctly  glutinous  at 
first,  glabrous  dull  green  above,  green  and  glabrous 
or  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  ap¬ 
pear  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves  ;  staminate 
aments  2-3  in.  and  the  pistillate  about  %  in.  long. 
Fruit:  strohile  oblong-ovoid,  %-%  in.  long,  with 
wingless  seeds. 


BEECH. 

Fagus  Americana  Sweet.1 


Fig.  150.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  i  ;  leafy  branchlet,  2 ;  open  in\olu._re,  3,  nuts 
from  same,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter.  5. 

151.  Trunk  of  tree  on  hank  of  Black  River,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

152.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  133 


The  Beech  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  and 
beautiful  trees  of  our  eastern  American  forests, 
sometimes  surpassing  100  ft.  in  height  and 
with  straight  columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in 
thickness  vested  in  its  trim  smooth  bluish 
gray  bark.  \\  hen  isolated  it  develops  a 
rounded  or  broad  upright  spreading  top  of 
many  branches  and  slender  branchlets.  It  in¬ 
habits  rich  well-drained  uplands  and  slopes,  in 
the  north  in  company  with  the  Sugar  Maple, 
Birches,  Hop  Hornbeam,  Basswood,  Hemlock, 
etc.  and  in  the  south  is  found  along  the  borders 
of  swamps  and  bottom-lands.  It  often  in  old 
age  sends  up  many  shoots  from  its  roots  which 
form  a  thicket  about  its  base,  and  as  the 
parent  declines  the  fittest  of  these  survive  and 
grow  into  trees  to  take  its  place.  It  is  a 
beautiful  tree  at  all  times,  each  successive 
season  of  the  year  giving  to  it  a  peculiar 
charm,  and  not  the  least  of  these  is  its  leafless 
condition  in  winter.  Its  nuts  form  the  chief 
article  of  food  for  many  denizens  of  the  forest 
and  they  are  sometimes  gathered  and  sold  tn 
northern  markets. 

The  wood,  a  cubic  foot  of  which,  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighs  42.89  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture,  wooden-ware,  plane- 
stocks,  etc.,  and  for  fuel.2 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  3-6  in.  long,  acuminate, 
wedge-shaped,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  coarsely 
serrate,  a  vein  terminating  in  each  tooth,  pale 
green  and  silky  tomenlose  when  they  unfold,  but 
finally  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with 
hairs  in  the  axils  and  on  the  midribs  beneath  : 
petioles  short.  Flowers  appear  after  the  leaves 
unfold.  Fruit:  nut  about  %  in.  long;  involucre 
covered  with  many  slender  prickles,  with  stout 
peduncles  and  persisting  open  upon  the  branchlets 
late  into  the  winter.3 

1.  Syn.  Fagus  ferruginca  Ait.  Fagus  atro- 
punicea  (Marsh.)  Sudw. 

2.  A.  W„  I,  16. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  429. 


CHESTNUT. 

Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkli.1 


Fig.  153.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  involucres  (burrs)  opening  to  liberate 
the  nuts.  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

154.  Trunk  of  tree  in  western  North  Carolina. 

155.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  135 


When  growing  in  the  forests  the  Chestnut 
tree  attains  the  height  of  100  ft.  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter  vested 
in  a  grayish  brown  shallow-ridged  bark.  It 
is  in  the  open  fields,  however,  that  it  shows 
best  its  noble  form  and  proportions.  There  it 
develops  a  very  large  broad  or  rounded  head 
sometimes  covering  an  area  100  ft.  across  with 
massive  branches  and  short  sturdy  trunk 
sometimes  8,  10  or  even  12  ft.  in  thickness. 
Its  long  handsome  leaves  always  give  it  a 
peculiar  charm,  but  its  beauty  is  greatly  en¬ 
hanced  in  early  summer  when  it  puts  out  its 
great  clusters  of  fragrant  golden  catkins. 
These  are  succeeded  in  a  few  weeks  by  its 
hardly  less  conspicuous  pale  green  clusters  of 
fruit,  the  precious  nature  of  which  is  indicated 
by  the  forbidding  barricade  of  sharp  spines 
which  effectually  protects  it  until  ripe,  and 
then,  opening,  cast  it  out  to  be  eagerly  coveted 
by  both  man  and  beast. 

Chestnut  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  28.07  lbs.,  is  very  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil  and  makes  useful 
lumber  for  many  purposes.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  which  is  extracted  and  used  for  tan¬ 
ning  purposes.2 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  6-9  in.  long,  cuneate, 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  pubescent  at  first, 
glabrous  both  sides  and  firm  at  maturity,  dark 
green  above,  paler  beneath  :  petioles  short,  stout, 
puberulous.  Flowers:  ( June-July)  :  staminate 
aments  numerous,  3-6  in.  long  with  stout  tomen- 
tose  stems  :  androgynous  aments  2%-5  in  long. 
Fruit  nut  %-l  in.  long,  much  compressed  and  2-3 
together  in  each  involucre  which  is  globose,  about 
2  in.  in  diameter,  densely  covered  with  prickles.* 

1.  Syn.  Castanea  vesca  var.  Americana  Micbx. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  40. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  430. 


CHINQUAPIN. 

Castenea  pumila  (L.)  Mill 


Fig.  156.  Fruiting  branchlet,  1;  involucres  opening  and  liberating  each  its  solitary  nut,  2; 
liberated  nuts,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter  showing  leaf-buds  and  prominent  scars,  where  fruit  clusters 
were  borne  the  season  before,  4. 

157.  Trunks  of  trees  near  Suffolk,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  137 


The  Chinquapin  is  a  small  tree  and  is  often 
found  fruiting  in  abundance  as  a  shrub. 
Under  favorable  conditions  it  attains  the 
height  of  40  or  50  ft.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
2  or  3  ft.,  but  these  dimensions  are  rare. 
VY  hen  isolated  it  develops  a  low  broad  rounded 
top,  similar  to  that  of  the  Chestnut,  but  much 
smaller.  It  inhabits  dry  hillsides  and  uplands 
as  well  as  rich  bottom-lands  and,  like  the 
Chestnut,  is  of  greatest  beauty  when  in  early 
summer,  after  the  close  of  the  flowering  season 
of  nearly  all  other  trees,  it  puts  out  its  numer¬ 
ous  fragrant  yellow  catkins.  In  September  its 
well-guarded  fruit,  which  it  produces  in  abun¬ 
dance,  is  ripe  and  liberated,  and  this,  though 
a  small  nut,  is  delicious  in  flavor  and  is  oc¬ 
casionally  gathered  for  market. 

The  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Chestnut 
with  very  thin  sap-wood,  a  cubic  foot,  when 
absolutely  dry,  weighing  30.69  lbs.,  and  is  used 
for  fence  posts,  railway  ties,  etc.i 

Leaves  narrow-oblong,  3-5  in.  long,  mostly  acute 
at  apex,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at 
base,  coarsely  serrate  with  slender  pointed  teeth, 
tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green 
above,  whitish  tomentose  beneath  ;  petioles  short 
stout  and  branchiets  the  first  season  pubescent. 
Flowers  (June-July)  :  staminate  aments  2-6  in. 
long,  hoary-tomentose ;  pistillate  flowers  at  the 
bases  of  the  upper  androgynous  aments,  sessile  or 
nearly  so.  Fruit:  involucres  1-1  </2  in.  in  diameter, 
commonly  in  spike-like  clusters,  densely  crowded 
with  slender  sharp  spines  outside,  opening  gen¬ 
erally'  by  2  or  3  valves  and  containing  a  single 
round-ovoid  lustrous  dark  brown  nut  pointed  and 
white-pubescent  at  apex,  %-%  In.  long  and  con¬ 
taining  a  large  sweet,  seed  naked  at  apex  with 
scars  of  abortive  ovules. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  272. 


vmt. 


RED  OAK. 

Quercus  rubra  L. 


Fig.  158.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  acorns  and  leaves  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  m 
winter,  2  (Note  the  presence  of  young  acorns  resulting  from  flowers  of  the  previous  summer 
and  to  mature  the  following  season). 

159.  Large  trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  A. 

160.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xortiiern  States  and  Canada.  139 


One  of  the  commonest  and  largest  of  the 
Oaks  of  the  Atlantic  states,  the  Eed  Oak,  in 
the  forest  sometimes  surpasses  100  ft.  in  height 
with  columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  or  more  in 
diameter.  W  hen  isolated  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  wide  rounded  top  with  few  large 
far-reaching  branches.  It  inhabits  rich  up¬ 
lands,  well  drained  slopes  and  river  banks,  in 
company  with  the  White  and  Red  Pines,  Aspen, 
Balsam  Poplar.  Red  Maple,  etc.,  among  which 
its  shining  dark  green  foliage  shows  in  pleas¬ 
ing  contrast.  Seeming  possessed  of  a  con¬ 
stitution  hardier  or  more  adaptable  than  other 
Oaks  it  ranges  farther  north  than  any  other 
species  and  is  more  abundantly  grown  in  Eu¬ 
rope  than  any  other  American  Oak. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  though  inferior  to 
that  of  the  White  Oak,  is  largely  used  for  in¬ 
terior  finishing,  furniture,  etc.  A  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighs  40.76  lbs.i 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  5-9  in.  Ions,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  pin- 
nately  divided  about  half  way  to  midrib  with 
oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  and  tri¬ 
angular  lobes  broad  at  base  and  1-3-toothed  at 
apex  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  at  maturity  glab¬ 
rous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  usually  glabrous 
beneath.  Flowers  (May-.Tune)  :  staminate  in 
pubescent  aments.  3-5  in.  long ;  calyx  4-5-lobed  ; 
stamens  4-0  ;  pistillate  flowers  with  glabrous 
peduncles  :  styles  elongated  and  spreading.  Fruit, 
ripe  in  October,  of  the  second  year  after  flowering 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  with  short  stalk  ;  acorn  oval 
with  broad  flat  base.  % -1 44-  in.  long,  shell  to- 
menfose  inside,  abortive  ovules  apical,  acorn  sub¬ 
tended  by  a  very  shallow  saucer  of  closely  im¬ 
bricated  puberulous  scales.2 


1.  A.  W.,  I,  15. 


2.  For  genus  see  pp.  430-431. 


SOUTHERN  RED  OAK.  SCHNECK’S  OAK. 

Quercus  Texana  Buck!.1 


Fig.  161.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit  and  young  acorns,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  young 
acorns  and  leaf-buds. 

1 6 2.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  141 


This  tree  in  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the 
Wabash  River  basin  is  said  to  attain  a  height 
of  nearly  200  ft.,  with  sturdy  buttressed  trunk 
sometimes  7-8  ft.  in  diameter  and  80-90  ft. 
to  its  branches  —  dimensions  which  would 
make  this  one  of  the  largest  of  the  American 
Oaks  —  but  such  a  size  is  very  exceptional,  as 
it  is  usually  a  much  smaller  tree.  It  is  com¬ 
mon  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  bottom¬ 
lands  of  the  Mississippi  basin  in  company  with 
the  Cottonwood.  River  Birch,  Sour  Gum,  Sweet 
Gum,  Hackberry,  Coffee-tree,  Red  and  Silver 
Maples,  etc.  In  the  extreme  western  part  of 
its  range  it  is  sometimes  found  fruiting  as  a 
large  shrub. 

Its  wood  is  considered  by  lumbermen  as  of 
better  grade  than  that  of  the  Northern  Red 
Oak.  It  is  applied  to  the  same  uses  as  that 
timber  and  is  generally  not  distinguished  from 
it  in  commerce.2 

Leaves  ovate  to  broad  oval,  3V2-8  in.  long,  trun¬ 
cate  or  broad  wedge-shaped  at  base,  deeply  pin- 
natifid  with  broad  rounded  sinuses  and  5-9 
spreading  lobes  narrow  below  and  spreading  and 
dentate  at  apex  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  at  ma¬ 
turity  thin,  firm  and  shining  dark  green  above 
paler  and  with  tufts  of  whitish  hairs  in  axils  be¬ 
neath.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  pubescent 
aments;  calyx  4-5  with  laciniately  cut  lobes; 
pistillate  with  short  tomentose  peduncles,  stigmas 
red.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  sessile  or  with  short 
stalks,  ovoid,  puberulous  light  brown  acorn,  V2-IV2 
in.  long,  sometimes  striated,  2-3  times  as  high  as 
the  shallow  or  somewhat  turbinate  cup  with  thin 
closely  appressed  light  brown  tomentose  scales. 

1.  Syn.  Quercus  Schncckii  Britt. 

2.  A.  W.  XII,  294. 


PIN  OAK.  SWAMP  OAK. 

Quercus  palustris  Muench. 


Fig.  163.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  young  acorns 
and  leaf-buds,  2. 

164.  Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  143 


The  Pin  Oak  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  70  or  80  ft.  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  diame¬ 
ter  vested  in  a  close  smoothish  bark.  When 
growing  in  the  open  it  develops  an  oblong  or 
narrow  rounded  top  of  many  upright  and 
spreading  branches,  the  lowermost  reaching 
downwards  nearly  to  the  ground.  It  is  one  of 
our  most  distinct  and  beautiful  Oaks,  with  its 
clear-cut, handsome  leavesand  smooth  columnar 
trunks,  and  well  worthy  of  more  extensive 
planting  for  ornamental  purposes.  It  natu¬ 
rally  grows  in  deep  rich  soil  of  bottom-lands 
and  the  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Sour  Gum,  Sweet  Gum.  Red 
Maple,  Swamp  Poplar,  Water  Beech,  Horn¬ 
beam,  etc.,  but  thrives  well  when  transplanted 
to  dryer  situations. 

The  wood  of  the  Pin  Oak  is  used  for  in¬ 
terior  finishing,  shingles,  clap-boards,  etc.,  and 
in  cooperage.  A  cu.  ft.  when  absolute]}'  dry 
weighs  43.24  lbs.1 

Leaves  obovate  and  broad  oblong  in  outline,  4-6 
in.  long,  pinnatified  with  broad  rounded  sinuses 
and  5-7  spreading  lobes  wide  near  apex  and  usually 
each  2-.3-toothed  and  bristle-tipped,  at  maturity 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  tufts  of 
pale  hairs  in  axils  beneath  ;  petioles  slender. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  slender,  pubescent,  2-3 
in.  long ;  calyx  lobes  denticulate ;  pistillate  with 
tomentose  peduncles  and  slender  spreading  bright 
red  stigmas.  Fruit:  acorns  maturing  second  year, 
subglobose  or  nearly  hemispherical,  about  %  in. 
in  diameter,  with  light  brown  shell,  tomentose  in¬ 
side  and  with  thin  saucer-shaped  or  slightly  tur¬ 
binate  cup  with  thin  closely  appressed  puberulous 
scales. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  94. 


HILL’S  OAK.  NORTHERN  PIN  OAK 

Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill. 


Fig.  165.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  leaves  from  vigorous 
shoots,  2 ;  branchlet  in  late  autumn  from  which  leaves  have  been  removed,  3.  These  specimens 
were  taken  from  the  type  tree  near  Glenwood,  Chicago,  Ill. 

166.  Trunk  of  tree  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base.  Near  Chicago,  Ill. 

For  the  bark  picture  and  specimens  of  leaves  and  fruit  the  author  is  indebted  to  Rev. 
E.  J.  Hill. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  145 


This  interesting  and  distinct  Oak  has  only 
recently  been  made  known  to  science,  through 
the  keen  observation  of  its  discoverer  whose 
name  it  bears.  It  is  an  Oak  of  medium  size 
attaining  the  height  of  CO  or  70  ft.,  with 
short  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  thickness  vested  in 
smoothish  or  closely  ribbed  bark  similar  to 
that  of  the  Pin  Oak.  Similar  to  the  Pin  Oak. 
too,  is  its  habit  of  developing  an  oblong  top 
of  many  upright  and  horizontal  upper  branches 
and  drooping  lower  branches,  sending  out  many 
small  branches  near  the  ground.  As  these 
lowermost  die  in  consequence  of  too  much  shade 
from  those  above,  they  break  off  and  their 
bases  persist  for  some  time  as  stubs  or  pins 
about  the  trunk  and,  as  Mr.  Hill  suggests,  it 
is  doubtless  due  to  these  that  this  and  the 
southern  Q.  palustris  are  commonly  called  the 
Pin  Oaks. 

Unlike  the  southern  species,  which  inhabits 
mainly  moist  low-lands,  this  tree  is  rather  an 
inhabitant  of  well-drained  uplands,  though 
sometimes  found  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and 
in  low  woods.  As  its  habitat  is  north  of  that 
of  the  other  tree,  the  two  ranges  overlapping  in 
the  latitude  of  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
and  this  is  already  known  as  the  Pin  Oak,  I 
suggest  the  name  Northern  Pin  Oak  as  appro¬ 
priate  to  distinguish  it  from  the  more  southern 
tree. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate-orbicular  in  outline,  3-7 
in.  long,  wide-cuneate  or  truncate  at  base,  deeply 
pinnately  lobed  with  mostly  5-7  narrow  repand- 
dentate  bristle-tipped  lobes  and  wide  rounded 
sinuses,  lustrous  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  beneath  :  petioles  slender,  glabrous. 
1-2  in.  long.  Flowers  with  spreading  recurved 
styles.  Fruit  maturing  the  second  year,  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  short-peduneled  or  sessile  with  mostly 
elliptical  chestnut-brown  acorns  in.  long  and 

half  invested  by  the  thick  turbinate  cup  of  thin 
small  puberulous  closely  appressed  scales. 


SCARLET  OAK. 

Quercus  coccinea  Muencli 


Ak  Aw.  - 

4 

5! 

.  1 

1  i 

p 

.0  V  .1 

u  4 

Fig.  167.  A  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot  and  fruiting  branchlet,  with  mature  and  young  acorns,  x  ; 
branchlet  in  late  winter  bearing  young  acorns  and  leaf-buds,  2. 

168.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  147 


The  Scarlet  Oak  attains  the  height  of  70  or 
80  ft.  with  trunk  diameter  of  2  or  3  ft.,  cov¬ 
ered  with  a  dark  brown  shallow-ridged  bark, 
reddish  internally.  Its  habit  of  growth  when 
isolated  from  other  trees  is  to  form  a  rounded 
or  oblong  head  often  quite  irregular  and  always 
beautiful  in  summer  on  account  of  its  hand¬ 
some  deeply-lobed  leaves.  But  it  is  not  until 
it  takes  on  its  brilliant  autumnal  colors  that 
its  beauty  and  individuality  are  especially  pro¬ 
nounced.  Then  the  appropriateness  of  its  name 
is  at  once  evident,  as  it  assumes  a  brilliant 
scarlet  color,  and'  other  tints  of  red,  and  re¬ 
tains  them  until  late  in  the  autumn  after  the 
leaves  of  many  of  its  associates  have  withered 
and  fallen.  It  is  an  abundant  tree  over  a 
large  portion  of  its  range,  particularly  in  the 
coast  region,  growing  in  sandy  soil  and  on 
gravelly  slopes  and  uplands  in  company  with 
the  Red,  Black  and  other  Oaks,  the  Pig-nut 
and  Shag-bark  Hickories,  the  Sweet  Birch,  Red 
Cedar,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  not  distinguished  from  that  of 
the  Red  Oak  in  commerce  or  in  uses.  A  eu.  ft. 
when  absolutely  dry  weighs  4G.15  lbs.t 

Leaves  broad  obovate  or  oval  in  outline,  trun¬ 
cate  or  obtuse  at  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  with  wide 
rounded  sinuses  and  5-9  spreading  lobes,  repand- 
dentate,  with  few  spreading  bristle-pointed  teeth 
at  the  ends,  reddish  and  pale  pubescent  at  first, 
then  light  green  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  lust¬ 
rous  above,  paler  and  sometimes  hairy  tufted  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath  :  petioles  long, 
slender.  Flowers  staminate  aments  slender,  glab¬ 
rous  ;  calyx  4-5-lobed ;  styles  slender,  recurved. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs 
with  usually  short  ovoid  brown  and  occasionally 
striated  acorns  about  half  enveloped  in  a  deep 
large  turbinate  cup  with  thin  closely  imbricated 
pointed  scales. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  69. 


YELLOW  OAK.  BLACK  OAK.  QUERCITRON  OAK. 

Quercus  velutina  Lam.1 


Fig.  169.  Fruiting  branchlet,  with  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
170.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  149 


This  abundant  and  widely  distributed  Oak 
constitutes  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Oak 
forests  of  the  Atlantic  states,  frequently  at¬ 
taining  the  height  of  70  or  80  ft.  and  has  been 
known  to  considerably  surpass  100  ft.  in  height, 
with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter.  The  bark  of 
trunk  is  firmly  ridged,  dark  brown  or  blackish 
outside  and  distinctly  yellowish  within.  When 
growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  develops  a 
rather  wide  rounded  or  oblong  top  of  which 
a  noticeable  feature  is  its  large  lustrous  leaves, 
particularly  those  of  its  lower  branches.  In 
autumn  they  assume  tints  varying  from  dull 
red  to  orange  and  brown. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  43.90  lbs.,  is  not  distinguished 
in  commerce  and  uses  from  that  of  the  Red 
Oak. -  The  inner  bark  yields  tannin,  a  yellow 
dye,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  medicine. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong  in  outline,  3-12  in. 
long,  mostly  obtuse  but  sometimes  truncate  or 
rounded  at  base,  pinnately  lobed  generally  to  about 
the  middle  with  round-pointed  sinuses  and  usually 
7  more  or  less  oblique  lobes  sparingly  mueronate- 
dentate  at  apex,  broader  at  base  and  the  terminal 
pair  the  largest,  red  at  first  then  hoary-pubescent 
and  at  maturity  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  pubescent  and  hairy-tufted  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath.  Leaves  are  sometimes  found  hardly 
distinguishable  from  those  of  the  Scarlet  Oak. 
I'hnrers:  staminate  aments  4-6  in.  long  with  calyx 
pubescent  and  acute  lobes  ;  pistillate  aments  with 
short  tomentose  peduncles  and  red  stigmas. 
Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked 
with  stout  ovoid  brown  and  often  striated  and 
sometimes  pubescent  acorn.  %-%  in.  long,  almost 
half  covered  with  the,  deep  turbinate  cup  with 
thin  light  brown  scarious  margined  scales,  closely 
imbricated  at  the  base  and  loosely  so  or  somewhat 
spreading  nearer  the  edges  of  the  cup. 

1.  Syn.  Quercus  tinctoria  Bartr. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  93. 


SPANISH  OAK. 

Quercus  digitata  (Marsh.)  Snchv. 


/ 

r  1 

J 

Fig.  1 7 1.  Branchlet,  with  mature  and  young  acorns,  and  an  assortment  of  leaves;  leafless  branch- 
let  in  winter. 

172.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Suffolk,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the,  Northern  States  and  Canada.  151 


This  interesting  Oak  is  usually  not  more 
than  70  or  80  ft.  in  height  or  with  trunk  more 
than  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  but  in  the  stately 
forests  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin  it  occasionally 
attains  100  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  4  or  5  ft. 
in  thickness.  When  isolated  it  develops  a  wide 
rounded  top  of  stilf  far-reaching  branches  and 
stout  branehlets.  The  drooping  nature  of  the 
leaves  give  the  tree  a  peculiar  aspect  which  is 
at  once  noticeable  and  quite  different  from  that 
of  other  Oaks.  It  is  an  abundant  tree  of  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  extending  up 
into  the  northeastern  states  only  along  the 
coast  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  name 
Spanish  Oak  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  this 
tree  by  early  Spanish  settlers  on  account  of  a 
similarity  in  its  leaves  to  those  of  an  Oak  they 
were  familiar  with  in  Spain. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  43.18  lbs.,  hard  and  strong  and 
is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  Red  Oak. 
Its  bark  also  is  rich  in  tannin.2 

Leaves  variable,  oblong  to  obovate.  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  base  and  often  irregularly  deeply 
pinnatifld  with  3-7  oblique  and  often  falcate  or 
long  and  narrow  entire  or  dentate  and  bristle- 
tipped  acuminate  lobes  or  sometimes  w-ith  merely 
3  short-spreading  lobes  at  apex,  lustrous  dark 
green  above  and  gray  or  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers:  staminate  with  thin  searious  pubescent 
4-o-lobed  calyx  :  stigmas  slender,  dark  red.  Fruit 
sessile  or  short-stalked  acorn,  about  *4  in.  long 
and  not  more  than  one-third  covered  by  the  thin 
fiat  or  turbinate  shallow  cup  covered  with  thin 
obtuse  closely  appressed  scales. 

1.  Syn.  Quercus  falcata  Michx. 

2.  A.  W„  XI,  269. 


SWAMP  SPANISH  OAK. 

Quercus  pagodcefolia  (Ell.)  Ashe. 


f 


F’g-  I73-  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots; 
leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 

174-  Trunk  of  tree  with  a  spray  of  foliage  at  base.  Near  Mt.  Carmel,  Ill. 

For  photograph  of  trunk  and  for  leaf  and  fruit  specimens  the  author  is  indebted  to  Dr.  J. 
Schenck  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Ill. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the 

This  beautiful  and  stately  Oak  attains  the 
height  of  upwards  of  100  ft.  in  forest-growth 
with  straight  columnar  trunk  4  or  5  ft.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  other  trees,  as 
occasionally  found  on  river  banks  where  it  has 
room  for  full  development,  its  massive  branches 
form  a  wide  rounded  top,  and  its  ample  party- 
colored  leaves  as  they'  display  successively  their 
dark-green  and  silvery-white  surfaces,  when 
agitated  by  the  wind,  make  it  a  beautiful  ob¬ 
ject.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  dark  gray  color 
fissured  into  rather  narrow  ridges  of  firm  small 
scales. 

It  is  distinctly  a  tree  of  alluvial  bottom-lands 
and  the  banks  of  streams  subject  to  inunda¬ 
tion,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
northern  Mississippi  and  eastern  Arkansas 
where  it  is  a  very'  valuable  timber  tree. 

The  wood  is  heavy',  hard,  and  strong  and 
useful  for  interior  finishing,  furniture,  agri¬ 
cultural  implements,  etc.,  nearly  equaling  in 
value  the  wood  of  the  White  Oak  and  is  really 
one  of  the  very  best  of  the  Red  Oak  group. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong  in  outline,  5-10  in.  long, 
wide-cuneate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  with 
5-7  wide-based  and  often  falcate  narrow-pointed 
mostly  entire  bristle-tipped  spreading  lobes,  at 
maturity  lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  tomentose 
beneath  ;  brancblets  tomentose  at  first.  Fruit 
short-stalked  with  short  subglobose  puberulous 
acorn  about  %  in.  in  diameter  and  nearly  half 
invested  by  the  flat  or  slightly  turbinate  cup  of 
small  puberulous  scales. 


Northern  States  and  Canada.  153 


BLACK  JACK  OAK. 

Quercus  Marilandica  Muench.1 


Fig.  175.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
t  176.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  155 


The  Black  Jack  Oak  is  a  tree  of  medium  size, 
occasionally  attaining  the  height  of  40  or  50 
ft.,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  18  in.  or  2 
ft.  in  thickness,  and  these  dimensions  are  at¬ 
tained  only  by  trees  which  are  especially 
favored  by  soil  and  climate.  When  isolated 
from  other  trees  it  develops  a  rounded  dome¬ 
shaped  or  obovoid  top  with  wide  spreading 
lateral  branches  and  drooping  lower  branches. 
It  is  a  singular  fact  that  it  is  limited  in  dis¬ 
tribution  mainly  to  dry  sandy  barrens,  the 
conditions  there,  which  most  trees  cannot  tol¬ 
erate,  seeming  to  be  what  this  tree  actually 
.requires  for  its  existence.  Rare  or  local  and 
poorly  developed  in  the  northern  part  of  its 
range  it  is  abundant  southward,  particularly 
in  the  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  where  it  attains 
its  largest  dimensions.  Its  singular  dark  green 
glossy  leaves,  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branch- 
lets,  are  pleasing  and  familiar  objects  within 
its  range  even  to  those  who  only  casually 
observe  trees. 

The  wood  of  the  Black  Jack  is  hard  and 
heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh¬ 
ing  45.64  lbs.,  and  is  little  used  except  for  fuel 
and  charcoal,  for  which  it  is  excellent. 

Leaves  obovate,  very  broad  and  rounded  and 
entire  or  more  or  less  3-lobed  and  bristle-tipped  at 
apex  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  narrow  base. 
When  young  stellate-pubescent  above  and  rusty 
tomentose  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  yellowish  and  scurfy 
pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  short,  stout  and 
pubescent.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy 
aments ;  calyx  with  4-5  broad  lobes ;  anthers 
apieulate  :  pistillate  flowers  with  rusty  tomentose 
peduncles.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so  with  sub- 
globose  acorns  puberulous  near  apex  and  half 
covered  with  the  turbinate  cup  of  rather  thin 
loosely  imbricated  pubescent  scales. 

1.  Syn.  Quercus  nigra  Wang. 


WATER  OAK.  DUCK  OAK.  POSSUM  OAK. 

Quercus  nigra  L.1 


Fig.  177.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  tip  of  a  vigorous  shoot,  2; 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

178.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  157 


The  Water  Oak,  as  its  name  implies,  grows 
naturally  only  on  the  moist  bottom-lands  or  on 
ridges  in  the  vicinity  of  same,  and  attains  the 
height  of  70  or  80  ft.,  with  columnar  trunk 
2-31/2  ft.  in  diameter.  When  not  crowded  by 
other  trees  it  develops  a  rather  narrow  oblong 
or  sometimes  wide  rounded  top  with  many 
branches.  A  near  enough  view  to  reveal  the 
many  forms  and  sizes  of  its  leaves  surprises  one 
accustomed  only  to  the  northern  oaks,  which 
have  leaves  of  generally  more  constant  forms. 
Being  a  handsome  tree,  of  rapid  growth  and 
easily  transplanted,  it  is  used  extensively  as  a 
shade  tree  in  the  streets  and  parks  of  the  cities 
and  villages  of  the  southern  states. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Oak  is  hard  and 
heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh¬ 
ing  45.14  lbs.,  and  heretofore  has  been  little 
used  except  for  fuel  and  charcoal.2 

Leaves  variable  but  mostly  narrow-obovate, 
tapering  gradually  from  the  broad  rounded  and 
entire  or  more  or  less  3-lobed  apex  to  a  cuneate 
base  ;  or  on  vigorous  or  sterile  brancblets  the 
leaves  are  pinnately  lobed  about  half  way  to  the 
midrib  with  3-7  short  triangular  oblique  bristle- 
tipped  lobes:  linear-lanceolate  leaves  with  inter 
mediate  forms  also  occur,  pubescent  at  first  but 
at  maturity  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  or  with  hairs  in  the  axils  of  veins 
beneath,  tardily  deciduous  during  the  winter. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  hairy,  2-3  in.  long: 
calyx  thin,  pubescent,  with  4-5  rounded  lobes  : 
pistillate  with  short  thick  tomentose  peduncles; 
stigmas  red,  recurved.  Fruit  short-stalked  with 
short  globose  ovoid  or  hemispheric  acorn,  about 
Vi  in.  long,  rounded  and  pubescent  at  the  pointed 
apex  and  scarcely  half  enveloped  by  the  fiat 
saucer-shaped  cup  having  thin  small  closely  im¬ 
bricated  pale-pubescent  «'-a’es. 

1.  Syn.  Q.  aquatica  Walt. 

2.  A.  W„  V.  118. 


WILLOW  OAK. 

Quercus  Phellos  L. 


,  Fig.  179.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  detached  acorns  and  cups,  2, 
ibranchlet  in  winter,  3. 

]  180.  Trunk  of  tree  on  grounds  of  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the,  Northern  States  and  Canada.  159 


This  curious  Oak  in  forests  occasionally  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  70  or  80  ft.,  and  when 
isolated  from  other  trees  develops  an  ovoid  or 
rounded  quite  symmetrical  top  with  many  slen¬ 
der  branches.  The  trunks  are  sometimes  3  or 
4  ft.  in  thickness,  columnar  and  vested  in  a 
smoothish  bark,  somewhat  roughened  on  old 
trunks  by  shallow  longitudinal  ridges.  It  in¬ 
habits  the  margins  of  swamps  and  streams  and 
sandy  uplands  most  abundantly  in  the  south¬ 
ern  states  (though  not  in  the  immediate  vicin¬ 
ity  of  the  coast)  and  in  the  lower  Mississippi 
basin.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  and  especially 
curious  to  those  whose  familiarity  with  the 
oaks  is  limited  to  the  broad-leaved  species  of 
the  northern  states.  This  tree  to  them  seems 
to  have  the  leaves  of  a  willow  and  the  acorns 
of  an  oak  —  a  feature  which  gives  it  its  com¬ 
mon  name. 

Its  wood  is  used  to  some  extent  for  lumber 
and  shingles,  but  mainly  for  fuel  and  charcoal. 
A  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  46.57  lbs.1 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  2ty-5  in.  long,  acute  at 
botb  ends  with  very  short  petiole  and  usually 
bristle-tipped,  entire  or  with  slightly  undulate 
and  revolute  margins ;  revolute  in  the  hud  and 
light  green  and  pubescent  when  they  unfold  but 
finally  lustrous  light  green,  paler  and  usually 
glabrous  with  pubescent  midribs  beneath.  Flatters: 
staminate  calyx  yellow,  pubeseent.  4-5-Inbed  :  pis¬ 
tillate  with  short  glabrous  peduncles  and  slender 
recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  sessile  or  with  short 
stalks,  usually  solitary,  with  subglobose  or  hemis¬ 
pherical  pale-pubescent  nut  and  thin  flat  saucer¬ 
shaped  cup  enveloping  only  its  base  and  covered 
with  small  thin  closely  imbricated  scales. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  271. 


LAUREL  OAK. 

Quercus  lauri  folia  Michx. 


Fig.  1 8 1 .  Fruiting  branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  young 
acorns,  2. 

182.  Trunk  of  tree  on  the  border  of  Dismal  Swamp,  Ya. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  iSTorthern  States  and  Canada.  161 


This  interesting  and  stately  oak,  when  grow¬ 
ing  among  other  trees  in  favorable  localities, 
attains  a  height  of  100  ft.  with  straight  col¬ 
umnar  trunk  3-4  ft.  in  diameter,  clothed  in 
quite  smooth  bark,  but  fissured  on  old  trunks 
into  flat  firm  ridges.  It  is  distinctly  a  tree 
of  the  low-lands  of  the  Gulf  and  Atlantic  coast 
regions  reaching  its  northernmost  point  of  dis¬ 
tribution  in  the  Dismal  Swamp  of  eastern  Vir¬ 
ginia.  There  it  is  common  along  the  border  of 
the  great  swamp  in  company  with  the  Over-cup 
Oak,  Red,  Loblolly  and  Sweet  Bays,  Carolina 
Ash,  Sourwood,  Water,  Tupelo  and  Sweet  Gums, 
White  Cedar,  etc. 

It  is  a  beautiful  tree  with  its  laurel-like 
leaves  and  sturdy  trunks  and  is  deservedly 
popular  as  a  shade  tree  in  the  southern  states, 
where  it  is  commonly  planted  and  is  usually 
called  the  Water  Oak.  The  wood  heretofore 
has  been  used  mainly  for  fuel  and  charcoal, 
though  suitable  for  lumber  for  interior  finish¬ 
ing,  etc.  A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  47.82  lbs.i 

Leaves  narrow-oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  some¬ 
times  falcate,  2-4  in.  long,  euneate  at  base, 
rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  entire  or  on  vigorous 
branches  unequally  lobed,  at  maturity  lustrous 
xiark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  short 
and  stout.  Flowers:  staminate  in  reddish  hairy 
aments  2-3  in.  long  ;  pistillate  with  short  stout 
glabrous  peduncles.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
usually  solitary  with  short  ovoid  to  hemispherical 
nut.  puberulous  at  apex  about  one  fourth  inclosed 
in  a  thin  flat  saucer-shaped  cup  with  thin  pale- 
pubescent  closely  imbricated  scales. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  295. 


SHINGLE  OAK. 

Quercus  imbricaria  Michx, 


Fig.  183.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2, 
184.  Trunk  of  tree  near  mouth  of  River  des  Peres,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  163 


The  Shingle  Oak  in  the  forest  under  most 
favorable  conditions  of  growth  sometimes  at¬ 
tains  a  height  of  100  ft.,  with  straight  columnar 
trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  but  is  usually 
not  more  than  50  or  (50  ft.  in  height.  When 
isolated  it  develops  an  oblong  or  rounded  top 
of  numerous  branches,  and  is  conspicuous  on 
account  of  its  large  entire  leaves,  which  are 
very  different  from  those  of  all  other  American 
Oaks.  It  is  a  distinctly  handsome  Oak  inhabit¬ 
ing  both  rich  uplands  and  fertile  bottom-lands, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  Oaks  of  the 
lower  Ohio  basin  and  the  state  of  Missouri. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  eu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  40.92  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
is  used  in  interior  finishing,  furniture  and  to 
a  considerable  extent  for  clapboards  and 
shingles  —  a  use  from  which  it  takes  its  name.1 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  in.  long, 
sometimes  bristle-tipped,  particularly  when  young, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  apex  and  wedge-sbaped  or 
rounded  at  base,  with  entire  or  slightly  undulate 
margins,  coriaceous,  reddish  or  yellowish  green 
and  tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity  very  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath 
with  yellowish  midribs  and  prominent  veins ; 
petioles  short,  pubescent.  Flowers  staminate 
aments  slender  and  numerous,  hoary-tomentose, 
2-4  in.  long  with  yellowish  pubescent  4-lobed 
calyx ;  pistil  with  short  tomentose  peduncles  ; 
stigmas  recurved.  Fruit  solitary  or  2  or  3  to¬ 
gether  with  short  peduncles  and  subglobose  dark 
brown  or  striated  nut  about  y2  in.  long  and  one- 
third  inclosed  in  a  flatfish  turbinate  cup  of  small 
closely  imbricated  pubescent  scales. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  270. 


WHITE  OAK. 

Quercus  alba  L. 


Fig.  185.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  scattered  leaves  and  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2.  Note 
the  absence  of  young  acorns  with  this  and  the  subsequent  species  —  the  annual-fruiting  oaks.' 

186.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

187.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  H>5 


The  White  Oak  is  one  of  the  most  useful 
trees  of  the  American  forests,  attaining  under 
most  favorable  conditions  when  growing  in  the 
forest  a  height  of  150  ft.  and  trunk  4-5  ft.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  its 
habit  is  to  form  a  very  broad  top  of  firm,  rigid 
horizontal  branches  and  short  thick  trunk  — 
the  emblem  of  strength  and  solidity.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  light  color  of  the  scaly  ridged 
bark,  the  aptness  of  which  is  shown  in  the 
accompanying  illustration.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  common  and  generally  distributed  Oaks 
of  the  Atlantic  states  and  Mississippi  basin, 
growing  alike  on  rich  uplands  and  river  bot¬ 
toms  where  not  too  moist,  in  company  with 
several  of  the  Hickories,  Tulip-tree,  Sweet  and 
Sour  Gums,  Magnolias,  Eed  and  other  Oaks, 
etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso 
lutely  dry  weighs  46.35  lbs.,  is  the  standard  of 
excellence  among  the  Oaks  and  is  used  for  fur¬ 
niture-making,  interior  finishing,  cooperage,  the 
manufacture  of  agriculutral  implements,  bas¬ 
kets,  railroad  ties,  etc.,  and  for  fuel.1 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  wedge-shaped  at  base, 
sinuate-pinnatifid  with  usually  5-7  broad,  but 
sometimes  narrow,  oblique-rounded  entire  lobes, 
red  and  pale  pubescent  when  they  unfold  but 
finally  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath. 
4-9  in.  long,  turning  rich  dark  red  in  autumn 
withering  and  hanging  to  the  branches  until  lat" 
in  the  winter;  petioles  stout  glabrous.  Flowers • 
staminate  aments  2%-4  in.  long;  calyx  yellow 
pubescent;  stamens  (5-8  :  pistillate  with  broad  in 
volucral  scales  and  short  dilatPd  stigmas.  Fruit 
maturing  the  first  autumn,  spssile  or  nearly  so 
abortive  ovules  basal  :  acorn  a  void-oblong,  lustrous, 
about  %  in.  long  and  about  %  covered  by  th° 
flatfish  hemisnheric  tomentnsp  cup.  warty  beio-r 
with  thickened  and  united  scales  which  near  the 
rim  are  thin  and  membranous. 

1.  A.  W„  II,  38. 


POST  OAK. 

Quercus  minor  (Marsh.)  Sarg.1 


Fig.  188.  Fruiting  branchlet  and  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
189.  Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  1G7 


The  Post  Oak  is  usually  a  tree  of  medium 
stature  attaining  a  height  of  50  or  60  ft.,  but 
in  the  exceptional  forests  of  the  Ohio  basin  it 
is  said  to  attain  a  height  of  100  ft.  and  ks 
trunk  a  diameter  of  about  3  ft.  When  growing 
in  the  open  fields  it  develops  a  rounded  or 
obovoid  top  with  stout  branchlets  and  shining 
dark  green  foliage,  which  in  autumn  turns  to 
various  shades  of  yellow  and  brown. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  marked  of  our  oaks  in 
the  peculiarity  of  its  leaves,  which,  tufted  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets  in  great  star-slianed 
clusters,  suggests  at  once  the  appropriateness 
of  Wangenheim’s  name,  Q.  stellata.  It  inhabits 
limestone  ridges  and  sandy  plains  in  company 
with  the  Black  Jack,  Red,  White  and  other 
Oaks,  the  Sassafras,  Gums,  Flowering  Dogwood, 
Red  Cedar,  etc. 

Its  heavy,  hard  and  durable  wood  is  valued 
in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements, 
casks,  etc.,  and  to  some  extent  for  furniture. 
It  is  also  used  extensively  for  railway  ties, 
fence  posts,  etc.,  and  makes  excellent  fuel. 
A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  52.11 
lbs. 2 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  4-8  in.  long,  cunoate  or 
rounded  at  base,  deeply  lyrate-ninDatifid  with 
usually  5  (sometimes  a  or  7)  wide  divergent  en¬ 
tire  or  undulate  rounded  lobes,  the  central  pair 
much  the  largest  and  usually  notched,  at  ma¬ 
turity  firm  shining  dark  green  with  scattered 
stellate  hairs  above,  grayish  or  ye”owish  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath  ;  petioles  and  midribs  pubescent. 
Flowers:  staminate  calyx  yellow  with  5  laciniately 
cut  lobes  ;  stigmas  short,  dilated.  Fruit  maturing 
the  first  year,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  acorn  ovoid- 
oblong.  14-1  in.  long,  about  half  inclosed  by  the 
hemispheric  cup. 

1.  Syn.  Q.  obtusiloba  Michx.  Q.  stellata  Wang. 

2.  A.  W..  TV,  92. 


BURR  OAK.  MOSSY-CUP  OAK. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Micks. 


Fig.  190.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit  and  leaves,  1;  branchlet  in  winter,  2;  specimens  from 
near  Lexington,  Ky. 

191.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  1G9 


The  Burr  Oak  has  been  known  to  attain  the 
great  height  of  170  ft.  and  0  or  7  ft.  in  diame¬ 
ter  of  trunk,  in  the  magnificent  forests  of  the 
Wabash  River  basin  —  dimensions  which  make 
this  one  of  the  very  largest  American  Oaks, 
but  such  trees  are  very  uncommon.  WThen 
isolated  it  develops  an  ovoid  or  rounded  top 
with  large  brandies  and  stout  branchlets.  As¬ 
sociate  with  its  majestic  stature  the  beauty  of 
its  party-colored  foliage  and  its  large  acorns 
with  mossy-fringed  cups  and  we  have  one  of 
the  most  interesting  trees  of  its  genus.  It  in¬ 
habits  almost  exclusively  rich  bottom-lands, 
excepting  the  western  part  of  its  range,  in 
company  with  the  Swamp  W7hite  Oak,  the 
Black  and  Silver  Maples,  Big  Shelbark  Hick¬ 
ory,  Hackberry,  Elms,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighing  46.45  lbs.,  tough  and 
strong.1  It  is  fully  equal  in  properties  to  that 
of  the  White  Oak  and  usually  not  distin¬ 
guished  from  it  in  commerce.  It  is  highly 
valued  for  ship  building,  furniture,  interior 
finishing,  agricultural  implements,  baskets, 
railway  ties,  fuel,  etc. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong.  5-9  in.  long,  mostly 
wedge-shaped  at  base,  deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
with  5-7  lobes  the  terminal  one  the  largest  and 
irregularly  crenate  dentate,  sometimes  nearly  en¬ 
tire.  lustrous  dark  green  above  and  whitish  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath  ;  petioles  short.1  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  slender,  2-6  in.  long;  calyx  yellowish  with 
4-6  lacinately-toothed  lobes.  Fruit  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  sessile  or  with  stalk  shorter  than  the 
petioles ;  acorn  broad-ovoid,  usually  rounded  or 
depressed  at  apex  from  y2  in.  in  length  on  northern 
trees  to  2  in.  on  southern  trees,  with  usually  thick 
tomentose  cups,  tubereulate  below  and  with  scales 
near  the  rim  prolonged  into  awn-like  tips  forming 
a  fringed  border. 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  39. 


OVER-CUP  OAK. 

Quercus  lyrata  Walt. 


Fig.  192.  Fruiting  branchlet,  1  ;  detached  acorns  showing  laceration  of  cup,  2 ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

193.  Trunk  of  tree  in  vicinity  of  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  171 


The  Overcup  Oak  is  a  tree  ordinarily  of 
medium  stature,  but  rarely  attains  the 
height  of  nearly  100  ft.  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft. 
in  diameter.  In  its  distribution  it  is  confined 
to  swamps  and  low  wet  bottom-lands,  often 
that  are  more  or  less  inundated  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year.  Its  associates  in 
these  localities  are  the  Water  and  Laurel 
Oaks,  Swamp  Bay,  Tupelo  Gum,  Water  Gum, 
Water  Ash,  River  Birch,  Cypress,  etc.  It  is 
not  often  found  isolated  from  other  trees,  but 
when  so  it  has  a  handsome  oblong  or  rounded 
top  with  more  or  less  pendulous  branchlets. 

The  wood  of  the  Overcup  Oak  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.80 
lbs.,  hard,  strong,  and  is  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil.  These  desirable  qualities  make 
it  applicable  to  the  same  uses  as  those  to 
which  the  White  Oak  is  applied,  from  which  it 
is  not  distinguished  in  commerce.1 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  wedge-sliaped  at  base, 
lyrate -pinna tifid  or  lobed  to  beyond  the  middle, 
with  5-0  entire  or  sparingly-toothed  triangular 
•oblique  lobes  the  upper  pair  usually  the  larger  and 
more  divergent,  shining  dark  green  above,  white 
tomentose  beneath.  Flowers:  stamiuate  aments 
3-6  in.  long;  calyx  with  5  acute  lobes.  Fruit 
sessile  or  with  short  peduncles  ;  nut  mostly  de¬ 
pressed  globose  and  nearly  or  quite  enveloped  by 
the  cup  which  is  rather  thin,  hoary  tomentose, 
with  thick  rugged  united  scales  at  the  base  but 
gradually  thinner  towards  the  margin,  which 
often  splits  irregularly. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  293. 


SWAMP  WHITE  OAK. 

Quercus  platanoides  (Lam.)  Sudw.1 


Fig.  194.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  detached  acorns  and  an  assortment  of  leaves,  1  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  2. 

195.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  173 


The  Swamp  White  Oak  is  a  tree  commonly 
60  or  70  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft. 
in  thickness,  but  when  crowded  by  other  trees 
in  forest  growth  has  been  known  to  attain 
the  height  of  90  or  100  ft.  The  short  stout 
trunks  of  isolated  trees  are  sometimes  6  or 
8  ft.  in  thickness.  The  tops  of  these  are  usu¬ 
ally  broad  or  rounded,  with  numerous  tortu¬ 
ous  branches,  and  more  or  less  pendulous 
branchlets  which  often  fringe  the  trunk  above. 
As  its  name  implies  it  inhabits  the  low  grounds 
of  bottom-lands  growing  in  company  with  the 
Red  and  Silver  Maples,  King-nut  Hickory, 
Sweet  and  Sour  Gums,  Over-cup,  Pin  and  Burr 
Oaks,  Green  and  Black  Ashes,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  tough,  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  47.75  lbs. 
and  is  applied  to  the  same  uses  as  that  of  the 
White  Oak,  no  distinction  being  made  between 
the  two  in  commerce.2 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-oblong,  wedge-shaped 
at  base,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  apex,  coarsely 
sinuate-crenate  with  6-8  pairs  of  primary  veins 
or  sometimes  pinnately  lobed  with  rounded  entire 
lobes,  tomentose  at  first  but  at  maturity  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  whitish  and  more  or 
less  tomentose  beneath  ;  petioles  stout  %-l  in. 
long.  Flowers  staminate  aments  2-4  in.  long  with 
light  yellow  and  deeply  5-9-lobed  calyx  ;  pistillate 
with  long  tomentose  peduncles  and  short  red 
stigmas.  Fruit  commonly  in  pairs  with  peduncle 
2-6  times  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  nut  ovoid. 
%-l  in.  long,  pubescent  at  apex  and  about  one-third 
enveloped  by  the  hemispheric  tomentose  cup,  some¬ 
times  tuberculate  at  base  but  smooth  near  rim  and 
with  tips  of  scales  free  and  contorted. 

1.  Syn.  Quercus  bicolor  Willd. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  66. 


COW  OAK.  BASKET  OAK 

Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt. 


Fig.  196.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
197.  Trunk  of  tree  in  border  of  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  175 


This  large  and  important  Oak  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  timber  trees  of  the  southern 
states,  and  in  forests  sometimes  attains  the 
height  of  100  ft.,  with  columnar  trunk  3  or  4 
ft.  in  diameter  vested  in  a  pale  gray  scaly 
ridged  bark.  It  is  one  of  our  handsomest  Oaks 
with  its  ample  leaves  showing  alternately 
their  glossy  dark  green  upper  surfaces  and 
velvety  white  lower  surfaces,  as  agitated  by 
the  wind.  It  is  confined  in  its  distribution 
mainly  to  low  swampy  grounds,  rich  bottom¬ 
lands  and  the  borders  of  streams  subject  to 
frequent  inundation,  where  it  is  found  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Water  Hickory,  Swamp  Bay, 
Planer  Tree,  Water  and  Laurel  Oaks,  the 
Gums,  Red  Maple,  etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  50.10  lbs.,  is  hard,  tough,  strong  and 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  and  is 
highly  valued  for  furniture  and  interior  finish¬ 
ing,  cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements,  fence  posts,  fuel,  etc.,  and  is  con¬ 
sidered  the  best  of  our  woods  for  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  baskets.1 

Leaves  obovate.  usually  4-8  in.  long,  broad,  ob¬ 
tuse  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  regu¬ 
larly  crenate-toothed,  with  8-12  pairs  of  primary 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth,  rather  thick,  lust¬ 
rous  dark  green  above,  whitish  and  velvety  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  slender, 
3-4  in.  long ;  pistillate  with  short  tomentose  pe¬ 
duncles  and  short  red  stigmas.  Fruit  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  nut  1-1%  in.  in 
length,  ovoid-oblong  and  about  44  enveloped  in  the 
hoary-tomentose  closely  imbricated  pointed  scales, 
those  near  the  base  thick  tuberculate. 

1.  A.  W.,  V,  116. 


m 

m 

Mm 

CHESTNUT  OAK.  ROCK  OAK 

Quercus  Prinus  L. 


Fig.  198.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  a 
199.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tiie  Northern  States  and  Canada.  177 


The  Chestnut  Oak  usually  attains  a  height 
of  from  CO  to  70  ft.,  but  in  forests  where 
conditions  are  especially  favorable  sometimes 
100  ft.,  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft  in  diameter  vested 
in  a  dark  firm  broadly  ridged  bark.  A  tree 
of  this  species  of  exceptional  thickness  of 
trunk,  as  well  as  being  famous  from  historic 
association,  is  the  “  Washington  Oak.”  located 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson  River  near 
FishkUl.  It  is  7  ft.  in  diameter  and  the  esti¬ 
mated  age  of  the  tree,  based  upon  the  known 
age  of  a  fallen  companion,  is  eight  or  ten 
centuries. i 

The  Chestnut  Oak  inhabits  well  drained 
slopes,  uplands  and  rocky  ridges  in  company 
with  the  Shag-bark  and  Pignut  Hickories, 
various  Oaks,  the  Tulip-tree,  etc. 

A  cubic  foot  of  its  absolutely  dry  wood 
weighs  46.73  lbs.,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purposes  as  that  of  the  White  Oak.2  Its  bark 
is  used  for  tanning  leather. 

Leaves  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate,  ob¬ 
tuse,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  from  obtuse  to 
subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate,  with  10  to 
16  pairs  of  straight  primary  veins,  glabrous  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  puberulous  beneath. 
Flowers:  staminate  with  7-9  calyx  lobes;  pistillate 
with  short  dark  red  stigmas.  Fruit  single  or  in 
pairs  with  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  nut 
ovoid-oblong,  lustrous  brown,  from  1-1%  in.  long 
and  about  half  immersed  in  the  thin  pubescent 
cup  which  is  somewhat  roughened  outside  by  the 
thickened  centers  and  free  tips  of  its  scales. 

1.  A.  W„  III.  07. 


CHINQUAPIN  OAK.  CHESTNUT  OAK.  YELLOW  OAK. 

Quercus  acuminata  (Michx.)  ITouba.1 


Fig.  200.  Fruiting  branchlets  and  detached  leaves  and  acorns,  i  and  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
201.  Trunk  of  tree  near  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  179 


The  Chinquapin  Oak  is  an  abundant  tree 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  and  in  the 
luxuriant  forests  of  the  Wabash  River  Valley 
of  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  has  been 
known  to  attain  the  exceptional  height  of  100 
ft.,  with  straight  columnar  trunk  3-5  ft.  in 
thickness  above  the  wide  buttressed  base,  but 
it  is  generally  a  much  smaller  tree  and  in  the 
eastern  part  of  its  range  uncommon  and  local 
in  its  distribution.  When  growing  apart  from 
other  trees  it  develops  an  oblong  or  rounded 
top  of  many  branches,  and  its  trunk  is  vested 
in  a  pale  gray  scalj'-ridged  bark.  Its  leaves 
very  much  resemble  those  of  the  Chestnut  and 
in  autumn  turn  to  various  tints  of  orange 
and  red. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  thor¬ 
oughly  dry  weighing  53.63  lbs.,  strong  and 
hard  and  is  extensively  used  in  cooperage,  the 
construction  of  agricultural  implements,  furni¬ 
ture.  etc.,  and  for  posts  and  railway  ties.2 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  to  obovate.  4-8  in. 
long,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  equally  and  coarsely  serrate, 
with  glandular-mucronate  teeth,  dark  green  above, 
whitish  pubescent  beneath,  the  straight  prominent 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth  :  petioles  slender. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  pilose.  3-4  in.  long, 
with  yellow  5-0-lobed  calyx  :  stigmas  short,  red. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-pedunclate  with  lustrous 
brown  short  ovoid  acorn  %-%  in.  long  and  half 
invested  by  the  hoary-tomentose  hemispheric  cup 
covered  with  small  appressed  scales :  seed  some¬ 
times  edible. 

A  division  of  this  species  has  recently  been 
suggested,  and  the  name  Q.  Alexanderi  Britt  ap¬ 
plied  to  cover  trees  with  leaves  broader  above  the 
middle  and  acorns  with  rather  shallow  cups,  but. 
inasmuch  as  both  forms  of  leaves  and  acorns 
are  often  found  on  the  same  tree,  the  proposed 
new  species  would  hardly  seem  to  be  valid. 

1.  Syn.  Q.  Muhlenbergii  Engelm. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  68. 


LIVE  OAK. 

Quercus  Virgin iana  Mill.1 


Fig.  20 2.  Fruiting  brar.chlets  with  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns. 

203.  Trunk  of  tree  and  portion  of  a  gigantic  grape-vine  killed  by  constriction  of  its  base, 
which  became  involved  in  a  crotch  of  the  oak. 

204.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  181 


The  Live  Oak  is  the  most  majestic  and  im¬ 
pressive  Oak  of  the  Atlantic  states.  Its  height, 
rarely  more  than  50  or  (50  ft.,  is  not  as  re¬ 
markable  as  its  great  spread  of  branches.  Its 
massive  trunk  is  sometimes  0  or  8  ft.  in  diame¬ 
ter  and  usually  divides  near  the  ground  into 
a  few  great  branches,  which  sometimes  reach 
out  horizontally  from  50  to  75  ft.  —  a  greater 
distance  than  those  of  any  other  American 
tree.  Visitors  to  the  coast  regions  of  the  South¬ 
ern  States  are  always  impressed  with  these  great 
and  beautiful  trees.  After  contemplating  them 
one  can  hardly  realize  that  the  same  species 
is  found  (in  var.  minima )  on  sandy  barrens 
near  the  cost  of  Florida  as  a  shrub  bearing 
fruit  when  no  more  than  1  ft.  in  height. 

Our  bark  picture,  while  it  shows  nicely  the 
characteristic  bark  of  the  species,  tells  also 
the  story  of  a  long  struggle  for  existence, 
which  the  tree  had  had  with  a  gigantic  Grape¬ 
vine,  and  the  final  victory  of  the  Oak. 

The  wood  of  the  Live  Oak.  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  59.21  lbs., 
is  so  hard  and  difficult  to  work  as  not  to  be 
extensively  used  now-a-days,  though  it  was 
once  highly  valued  for  ship  building  before 
iron  was  substituted  for  that  purpose,  and 
Congress,  in  its  early  sessions,  enacted  laws 
for  perpetuating  the  supply-2 

Leans  evergreen,  very  thick  and  coriaceous, 
obovate-oblanceolate  to  oblong,  mostly  rounded  at 
apex  and  wedge-shaped  at  base  with  entire  revo¬ 
lute  margins  (rarely  spinose-dentate  above  the 
middle),  shining  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath,  falling  with  the  appearance  of  new 
leaves  in  the  spring.  Fruit  with  unusually  long 
peduncles  1-5  acorns  to  each  peduncle  ;  acorns 
small  lustrous  dark  brown,  ovoid  to  obovoid  and 
one-third  covered  by  the  thin  turbinate  hoary- 
tomentose  cup  with  small  appressed  scales :  seed 
Sweet. 

1.  Syn.  Qucrcus  virens  Ait. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  117. 


WHITE  ELM.  WATER  ELM 

TJlmus  Americana  L. 


Fig.  205.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit  and  young  leaves,  surrounded  with  mature  leaves  gathered 
later,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  three  leaf-buds  above  and  four  flower-buds  below,  enlarged,  2. 

206.  Trunk  of  tree.  Lowville,  N.  Y. 

207.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  183 


The  White  Elm  is  one  of  the  largest  trees 
of  the  Atlantic  States,  frequently  attaining 
the  height  of  100  or  125  ft.  with  a  trunk  G  to 
10  ft.  in  diameter.  These  large  trunks  are 
widely  buttressed  at  base  and  in  the  forest 
usually  columnar  and  undivided  to  the  height 
of  30-00  ft.  or  more.  Its  beautiful  form  when 
growing  in  the  open  field  is  a  familiar  and 
beloved  feature  of  almost  every  landscape  of 
New  England  and  the  Northern  States.  These 
trees  usually  divide  within  20  or  30  ft.  from 
the  ground  into  few  large  branches,  which  rise 
upward,  ramify  and  curve  gracefully  outward, 
forming  a  broad  rounded  or  flat  top  with  more 
or  less  drooping  branchlets.  The  trunk  and 
large  limbs  are  often  fringed  to  the  ground 
with  short  contorted  branches.  It  inhabits 
naturally  moist  bottom-lands  and  the  borders 
of  streams. 

The  wood  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  40.56 
pounds  per  cubic  foot,  is  strong,  tough  and 
difficult  to  split,  and  is  a  favorite  timber  for 
wagon  making,  particularly  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
and  for  saddle-trees,  tool-handles,  etc.1 

Leaves  ovai  to  oblong-obovate.  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  on  one  side  at  base  and  short  or  wedge- 
shaped  on  the  other,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex, 
doubly  serrate,  dark  green  and  smooth  or  nearly 
so  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers,  before  the 
leaves,  in  fascicles,  with  slender  drooping  jointed 
pedicels:  calvx  with  7-9  short  rounded  lobes; 
ovarv  and  styles  light  green.  Fruit,  ripening  as 
the  leaves  unfold,  an  oval-obovate  samara  short 
stipitate,  glabrous  with  ciliate  margins.2 

1.  A.  W„  II,  33. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  432. 


CORK  ELM.  ROCK  ELM. 

Ulmus  Tliomasi  Sarg.1 


Fig.  208.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit  and  leaves  nearly  full  grown,  surrounded  with  mature 
leaves  gathered  later,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter  enlarged  to  show  minute  characters,  2. 

209.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Martinsburg,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  1S5 


The  Cork  Elm  attains  the  height  of  80-100 
ft.,  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  and  in 
forests  has  a  straight  columnar  trunk  some¬ 
times  free  from  branches  to  the  height  of  00 
or  70  ft.  When  growing  outside  of  the  forest 
its  habit  of  growth  is  generally  quite  different 
from  that  of  the  White  Elm,  as  it  develops  a 
rather  narrow  oblong  top  with  strongly  droop¬ 
ing  lateral  and  lower  branches  and  corky- 
winged  branchlets,  as  shown  in  our  trunk  pic¬ 
ture. 

It  is  a  tree  inhabiting  uplands,  rocky  ridges 
and  slopes,  in  company  with  the  Sugar  Maple, 
Hop  Hornbeam,  Butternut,  Basswood,  White 
Ash,  Beech,  etc.,  but  is  much  less  abundant 
and  general  in  its  distribution  than  the  White 
Elm. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
when  absolutely  dry  45.25  lbs.,  and  is  especially 
sought  where  great  strength,  toughness  and 
flexibility  are  required,  as  in  the  manufacture 
of  heavy  agricultural  implements,  the  handles 
of  tools,  etc. - 

Leaves  obovate-ohlong,  narrow  and  obtuse  to 
subeordate  and  somewhat  inequilateral  at  base, 
doubly  serrate,  with  usually  incurved  teeth, 
smooth  lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  pubescent 
beneath  :  petioles  and  branchlets  pubescent ;  buds 
taper-pointed  with  puberulous  eiliate  scales. 
Flowers  in  racemes  with  slender  filiform  jointed 
pedicels  ;  calyx  7-8-lobed  ;  anthers  purple.  Fruit 
ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown, 
samar®  obovate-oblong,  pale,  obscurely  nerved, 
pubescent,  and  eiliate. 

1.  Uhnns  racemosa  Thomas. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  34. 


WINGED  ELM. 

Ulmus  alata  Miclix. 


g.  210.  Section  of  corky  branch  with  branchlets  bearing  mature  fruit,  i  (Observe  the  leaf- 
buds  are  scarcely  as  yet  swollen)  ;  branchlet  with  mature  leaves,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter  showing 
leaf-buds  and  incipient  corky  flanges,  3  ;  do,  bearing  leaf-buds  above  and  flower-buds  below,  4. 

21 1.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Kennett,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  1ST 


Compared  with  the  large  elms  of  the  North¬ 
ern  States,  the  Winged  Elm  is  a  tree  of 
medium  size.  It  rarely  attains  a  greater  height 
than  50  or  60  ft.  or  greater  thickness  of  trunk 
than  2  ft.,  and  when  isolated  forms  a  sym¬ 
metrical  oblong  or  obovoid  top.  It  inhabits 
well  drained  uplands  and  the  borders  of 
swamps  and  streams,  being  most  abundant  in 
the  regions  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  in 
company  with  the  Hackberries,  Honey  Locust, 
Willow-leaf  and  Shingle  Oaks,  Prickly  Ash. 
etc.  It  differs  materially  from  our  northern 
elms  in  the  size  of  its  small  leaves,  and  a  pecu¬ 
liar  feature  is  the  wide  wing-like  growths  of 
cork  which  develop  on  opposite  sides  of  some 
of  its  branclilets,  particularly  the  lowermost 
and  those  near  the  trunk  of  the  tree.  It  is 
from  this  feature  that  it  takes  both  its  com¬ 
mon  and  technical  names. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  40.68  lbs.,  hard  and  diffi¬ 
cult  to  split,  though  it  is  not  considered  as 
strong  as  that  of  the  northern  Elms.1 

Loners  ovate-oblong,  from  abruptly  wedge-shaped 
to  subcordate  at  base  and  somewhat  inequilateral, 
acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  at  maturity 
firm,  smooth,  dark  green  above,  pale  pubescent  be¬ 
neath.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  before 
the  leaves,  in  short  few-flowered  fascicles ;  calyx 
glabrous  with  5  obovate  lobes.  Fruit  ripening 
usually  before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  samara 
from  !4  -  %  in.  in  length,  iong-stipitate,  white- 
hairy  especially  on  the  thickened  margin  :  wings 
narrow  and  with  protruded  points  incurved  at 
apex. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  289. 


SLIPPERY  ELM.  RED  ELM. 

Ulmus  pubescens  Walt.1 


Fig.  21 2.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  young  leaves  and  stipules,  surrounded  with  mature  leaves 
gathered  later,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  with  leaf  and  flower-buds,  enlarged. 

213.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  189 


The  Slippery  Elm  attains  the  height  of  60 
or  70  ft.  with  straight  columnar  trunk  rarely 
more  than  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter.  When  iso¬ 
lated  the  trunk  divides  usually  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  ground  into  a  few  large  limbs 
which  branch  and  develop  into  a  graceful 
broad-topped  head,  similar  to  that  of  the 
White  Elm.  Its  larger  rougher  rugose  leaves 
are  features  which  readily  distinguish  it. 

It  thrives  best  in  the  rich  soil  of  bottom¬ 
lands  and  along  the  banks  of  streams.  Here 
it  is  usually  associated  with  the  Burr  and 
Swamp  White  Oaks,  Black,  Silver,  and  Bel 
Maples,  Hackberry,  etc.,  but  it  is  also  found, 
though  in  smaller  stature,  on  rocky  ridges 
and  slopes.  Its  fragrant  mucilaginous  inner 
hark  is  used  in  medicine  and  is  also  some¬ 
what  nutricious,  a  fact  which  occasionally 
leads  to  the  destruction  by  boys,  who  sometimes 
literally  skin  it  alive  when  once  its  identity 
is  discovered. 

A  cubic  foot  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
weighs  43.35  lbs.  It  is  tough  and  strong  and 
especially  valued  for  the  ribs  of  small  boats 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments,  for  railway  ties,  etc.2 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  from  obtuse  to  subcord- 
ate  and  inequilateral  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate 
at  apex,  doubly  serrate,  thick,  firm,  rugose,  dark 
green  and  very  rough  above,  pale  tomentose  be¬ 
neath.  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  buds 
obtuse  or  rounded,  densely  rusty  tomentose. 
Flowers  in  crowded  spreading  fascicles  with  short 
pedicels:  calyx  7-O-lobed  :  stigmas  reddish  purple. 
Fruit  ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  hall 
grown,  suborbicular.  !4-%  in.  long  with  tomentose 
cell  and  broad  thin  glabrous  wings. 

1.  Ulinus  fulva  Michx. 

2.  A.  W.,  I,  11. 


PLANER-TREE.  WATER  ELM. 

Planer  a  aquatica  (Walt.)  Gmel. 


Fig.  214.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  in  summer,  1  ;  fruiting  branchlet  in  spring  with  mature 
fruit  and  young  leaves,  2  ;  fruit  with  epicarp  opened  to  display  seed,  3  ;  isolated  seeds,  4 ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

215.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

216.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  191 


The  Planer-tree  rarely  attains  a  greater 
height  than  30  or  40  ft.  or  thicker  trunk  than 
18  or  20  in.  It  is  distinctly  a  water-loving 
species,  being  confined  in  its  habitation  to  de¬ 
pressions  in  bottom-lands  and  deep  swamps 
which  are  inundated  during  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  year.  In  these  localities,  too 
wet  for  nearly  all  other  trees,  it  holds  undis¬ 
puted  sway  and  presents  a  singular  appear¬ 
ance,  with  its  broad  tops  of  irregular,  contorted 
branches.  As  if  by  common  agreement  they 
seem  determined  to  maintain  this  low  habit 
of  growth,  even  though  it  requires  them  to  en¬ 
dure  the  shade  of  the  taller  trees  about  them 
which  are  constantly  vieing  with  each  other  in 
reaching  up  to  the  light. 

The  light  soft  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weighs  32.99  lbs.,  is  of 
little  or  no  commercial  value.1 

Leaves  1-3  in.  long,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
rounded  and  more  or  less  inequilateral  at  base, 
coarsely  crenate-serrate,  subcoriaceous,  dull  dark 
green  and  roughish  above,  duller  and  with  con¬ 
spicuous  veins  beneath,  and  with  slender  puber- 
ulous  petioles.  Flowers  in  early  spring  with  or 
before  the  leaves  :  calyx  greenish,  campanulate, 
4-5-cleft  :  the  staminate  in  fascicles  from  the 
axils  of  the  outer  scales  of  the  bud  on  twigs  of  the 
previous  season,  short  pedicelate  ;  anthers  emargi- 
nate ;  the  pistillate  are  perfect  flowers.  1-3  to¬ 
gether.  with  longer  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  year:  ovary  stipitate.  slightly  com¬ 
pressed  :  styles  two,  reflexed,  papilose  and  stig- 
matic  on  inner  faces.  Fruit  ripening  in  April,  and 
oblong  oblique  coriaceous  droupe,  %  in.  long, 
with  short  stipe,  subtended  by  the  calyx  and 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  ridged,  and 
covered  with  fleshy  processes :  seed  compressed 
ovoid  with  straight  embryo,  unequal  thick  coty¬ 
ledons,  no  albumen. - 

1.  A.  W.,  V,  114. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  432. 


HACKBERRY.  SUGARBERRY 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.1 


Fig.  217.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  1;  fruit  detached,  2;  fruit  in  section,  3; 
isolated  pits,  4;  branchlet  in  winter,  5 

218.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Meramac  River  valley,  Mo. 

219.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  193 


The  Haekberry  in  the  forests  of  the  rich 
bottom-lands  of  me  Ohio  River  basin  some¬ 
times  exceeds  100  ft  in  height  and  its  trunk 
is  sometimes  4  or  5  feet  in  diameter,  but  when 
in  dryer  soil  of  regions  more  unfavorable  to 
its  growth  it  is  a  much  smaller  tree.  When 
isolated  it  develops  an  ovoid  or  oblong  top  of 
many  small  branches  and  fine  branchlets.  It 
is  abundant  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  but  in 
the  northeastern  states  and  Canada  so  uncom¬ 
mon  or  local  in  its  distribution  as  not  to  be 
generally  known  by  the  country  people  when 
it  is  observed,  and  strange  names  are  often 
given  to  it.  Two  large  trees  having  considera¬ 
ble  local  celebrity  as  “Unknown  Trees”  (one 
near  Palatine  Bridge  and  the  other  near  Schuy- 
lerville,  N.  Y.)  I  have  found  upon  examina¬ 
tion  to  be  of  this  species,  and  my  father  has 
told  me  of  having  had  several  similar  ex¬ 
periences. 

The  leaves  of  the  trees  of  this  species  in 
the  Black  River  valley  of  northern  New  York 
commonly  show  an  interesting  variegation  in 
mid-summer  and  becoming  more  marked  as 
the  season  advances.  This  I  am  informed  by 
Dr.  B.  T.  Galloway  is  due  to  a  parasitic  fungus, 
known  as  the  Phyllosticta  Celtidis  E.  &  K. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  45.40  lbs.  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  agricul¬ 
tural  implements,  for  fuel,  fences,  etc.2 

Leaves  inequilateral,  ovate,  more  or  less  falcate, 
rounded  or  cordate  or  tapering  and  oblique  at  base, 
coarsely  serrate,  thin,  prominently  reticulate, 
iio'ht  green  and  smooth  or  roughish  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath.  Flowers  as 
described  for  the  genus.  Fruit  subglobose  or  ob¬ 
long.  about  Vi  in.  long,  with  thick  dark  purple 
skin,  yellowish  flesh  and  smooth  pit.3 

Var.  pumila  Gray,  is  a  shrubby  form  of  the 
Southern  states,  through  Missouri  and  westward, 
with  small  and  more  rugose  leaves. 

1.  Including  C.  crassifolia  Lam.  and  C.  canina 
Raf.  Some  botanists  consider  these  distinct,  but 
tenable  directive  characters  do  not  seem  to  exist. 


2.  A.  W„  I,  12. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  432-433. 


MISSISSIPPI  HACKBERRY.  SUGARBERRY. 

Celt  is  M  ississippiensis  Bose. 


Fig.  220.  Branchlets  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  detached  fruits,  2  ;  isolated  pits,  3  ;  leaves 
from  vigorous  shoots,  4  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  5. 

Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 


221. 


Handbook  of  Tre®s  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  195 


Tliis  tree  attains  t lie  height  of  00  or  80  ft. 
and  in  thickness  of  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  It  de¬ 
velops  an  open  oblong  head  with  more  or  less 
drooping  lateral  and  lower  branches,  and  is 
always  of  interest  to  one  seeing  it  for  the 
first  time  on  account  of  its  singular  light  gray 
smooth  bark,  covered  at  intervals  with  promi¬ 
nent  excrescences  and  bosses.  It  is  a  handsome 
tree,  as  it  is  found  hanging  over  the  borders 
of  lakes  and  bayous  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
valley  in  company  with  the  Prickly  Ash,  Pe¬ 
can.  Nutmeg  Hickory,  Planer-tree,  Decidu¬ 
ous  Holly.  Cypress,  and  other  trees  of  the 
bottom-lands  of  those  regions  and  the  Gulf 
states.  That  its  ornamental  value  is  being 
justly  appreciated  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
it  is  being  planted  in  the  streets  and  parks  of 
many  of  the  southern  cities  and  villages. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  49.57  lbs.,  and  is  not 
distinguished  in  commerce  or  uses  from  that  of 
the  C.  occidentalism 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  inequilateral 
and  often  falcate,  3-nerved.  from  wedge-shaped  to 
rounded  and  very  oblique  at  base,  long  taper- 
pointed,  entire  or  with  remote  low  sharp  teeth, 
smooth  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Floicers 
as  described  for  the  genus.  Fruit  small  orange 
brown  drupes,  %  to  %  in.  long,  with  thin  flesh 
and  reticulated  pit. 

Var.  reticulata  (Torr. )  Sarg.  is  the  Palo  Blanco 
of  the  Southwest,  but  not  found  within  the  area 
covered  by  this  work. 

1.  A.  VV.,  XI,  265. 


WHITE  MULBERRY. 

Mortis  alba  L. 


f  _ _ L  j 

. 

k. 

-Jfc 

Fig.  222.  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  an  assortment  of  leaves,  2 ,  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

223.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

224.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  19 


The  White  Mulberry,  in  that  its  leaves  fur¬ 
nish  the  most  valuable  food  known  for  the 
Silk-worm,  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 
tree  about  which  more  has  been  written  than 
any  other  tree.  Upon  its  existence,  too,  de¬ 
pend  the  employment  of  vastly  more  people 
and  capital  than  any  other  tree,  and  no  other 
tree  has  been  so  extensively  cultivated.  It 
grows  naturally  in  northern  China  and  Japan, 
but  has  been  carried  into  all  countries  where 
climatic  conditions  are  favorable.  As  early 
as  in  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  brought 
to  America  and  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Re¬ 
volutionary  War  its  propagation  was  en¬ 
couraged  by  the  British  government,  as  a  basis 
for  the  establishment  of  silk  production  in  this 
country.  Many  thousands  of  trees  were  planted 
and  great  preparations  made,  but  the  value  of 
labor  here  has  always  made  it  impossible  to 
compete  with  the  Old  World  in  silk  production 
and  the  fortunes  spent  in  early  days  were  lost, 
but  the  White  Mulberry  tree  remains  as  a  last¬ 
ing  monument  to  the  departed  hopes. 

The  Wood  of  the  White  Mulberry  is  of  sec¬ 
ondary  importance,  but  is  hard  and  durable 
and  used  to  some  extent  for  furniture,  boat¬ 
building,  etc.1  Its  fruit  is  edible  and  from 
that  of  a  variety  growing  in  Turkestan  it  is 
said  a  flour  is  made. 

Leaves  mostly  ovate,  3-7  in.  long,  serrate,  and 
cn  vigorous  slioots  often  with  from  1-5  wide  lobes, 
cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  mostly  acute  at  apex, 
thin,  shining  dark  green  above,  duller  beneath. 
Fruit  maturing  in  June  or  July.  V2-l  %  in.  long, 
sweet  and  succulent,  usually  white  or  pinkish 
tinted.  Several  varieties  have  originated  in  culti¬ 
vation,  one  with  nearly  black  fruit.2 

t.  A.  \v.,  Nil,  200. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  433. 


RED  MULBERRY, 

Moms  rubra  L. 


Fig.  -2-25.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  an  assortment  of  leaves,  2 ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

226.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley  near  Scotts  Hill,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  109 


The  Red  Mulberry  when  growing  in  the  foi- 
est  attains  the  height  of  from  60  to  80  ft.  and 
it  sometimes  3  or  4  ft  in  diameter  of  trunk. 
When  growing  apart  from  the  influence  of 
other  trees  it  develops  a  compact,  broad, 
rounded  top  of  many  small  branches,  and  the 
short  trunks  of  these  isolated  trees  are  some¬ 
times  thicker  than  the  measurements  above 
noted.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  with  large  dis¬ 
tinct  leaves,  on  account  of  which  it  casts  a 
dense  shade,  and  is  well  worthy  of  being 
planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree.  It  in¬ 
habits  rich  bottom-lands  and  low  hillsides 
which  it  enlivens  in  autumn  with  its  bright 
pale-yellow  autumnal  garb.  Its  sweet  juicy 
fruit,  very  much  resembling  a  blackberry  in 
appearance,  is  esteemed  as  one  of  our  choice 
native  fruits,  and  some  natural  varieties,  dis¬ 
tinguished  on  account  of  the  abundance  or 
size  of  fruit,  a,re  being  propagated  by  horticul¬ 
turists.  The  fruit  is  eagerly  devored  by  birds 
and  other  denizens  of  the  forest  and  on  the 
farm  by  poultry,  etc. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  45.41  lbs.,  moderately 
soft  and  very  durable  and  is  used  in  cooper¬ 
age  and  boat  building,  for  fences,  etc.1 

Leaves  mostly  orbicular-ovate,  some  3-5-lobed  or 
with  single  lobe  oo  one  side,  from  rounded  to 
cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  ser¬ 
rate,  dark  green  and  roughish  above,  pale  pubes¬ 
cent  and  prominently  reticulated  beneath.  The 
primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  mar¬ 
gins  :  stipules  lanceolate,  pale  or  reddish  green. 
Flowers:  staminate  spikes  drooping,  with  stout 
pubescent  peduncles  :  stamens  with  flattened  fila¬ 
ments  tapering  from  base  to  anther  ;  pistillate 
spike  smaller  and  with  shorter  peduncles.  Fruit 
purplish  black  when  fully  ripe,  oblong,  averaging 
about  one  inch  in  length,  juicy  and  delicious. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  63. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  433- 


PAPER  MULBERRY. 

Broussonetia  papynfera  (L.)  Vent. 


Fig.  227.  Portions  of  branches  showing  mature  fruit,  1  ;  leafy  branchlet,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  3. 
228.  Base  of  an  old  gnarled  trunk  at  Suffolk,  Va. 

Trunk  of  a  younger  tree  with  leaves  at  base,  near  New  York. 

Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


229. 

230. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  201 


The  Paper  Mulberry  is  an  introduced  tree 
from  eastern  Asia  and  the  neighboring  islands. 
Introduced  into  this  country  for  ornamental 
purposes  it  has  escaped  and  become  naturalized 
in  many  localities  in  the  Atlantic  states  from 
New  York  to  Florida  and  as  far  west  as  Mis¬ 
souri.  It  does  not  often  attain  a  greater 
height  than  40  or  50  ft.  but  develops  a  wide- 
spreading  rounded  top  of  ample  vigorous  foli¬ 
age  and  short  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  thickness. 
The  bark  of  young  trunks  is  quite  smooth  and 
handsomely  reticulated  with  pale  yellow  lines. 
Old  trunks  commonly  become  singularly 
gnarled  and  convoluted.  The  tree  is  called 
Paper  Mulberry  from  the  fact  that  paper  of 
very  good  quality  is  made  in  China  and  Japan 
from  its  inner  bark.  The  tapa-eloth  which  is 
used  extensively  bv  the  South  Pacific  Islanders 
is  also  a  product  of  this  tree,  being  made  from 
the  inner  bark  by  maceration  and  pounding 
to  remove  the  non-fibrous  portion. 

The  wood  is  rather  soft,  light,  coarse-grained 
and  easily  worked,  but  of  no  commercial  im¬ 
portance  in  this  country. i 

Leaves  usually  ovate.  -1-8  in.  long,  not  lolled  and 
also  (especia'ly  on  youn«  plants)  variously  3-5- 
lobed  or  with  single  lobe  on  one  side  all  fortrs 
commonly  on  the  same  tree,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  base,  acuminate,  serrate-dentate,  rough  above, 
velvety  tomentose  beneath.  long  petiolate. 
Floieers  in  middle  spring,  staminate  aments 
peduncled.  Fruit  heads  %  in.  across,  with  red 
exserted  fleshy  perianth.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  266. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  433. 


■ 

fm mi 

R&foasL,  Jy 

OSAGE  ORANGE. 

Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.1 


Fig.  231.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  1;  fruit  in  section,  2;  isolated  seeds,  3, 
section  of  branch  with  old  branchlet,  4  1  a  terminal  branchlet  of  first  season’s  growth^  5- 

232.  Trunk  of  tree  with  spray  of  leaves  and  fruit  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N. 

233.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States 


and  Canada.  203 


The  Osage  Orange  attains  the  height  of  50 
or  GO  ft.  when  growing  in  the  forest.  When 
growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  has  a  short 
thick  trunk  from  18  in.  to  3  ft.  in  diameter, 
and  then  divides  into  a  few  large  limbs  which 
send  out  many  commonly  curved  branches  and 
form  a  symmetrical  rounded  or  dome-shaped 
top,  with  lower  branches  drooping  nearly  to 
the  ground.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  deeply  fur¬ 
rowed  and  of  an  orange  brown  color,  and  the 
stiff  branches  are  beset  with  many  short  thick 
axillary  spur-like  spines.  Its  lustrous  leaves 
and  good  habit  of  growth  make  it  a  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  purposes,  for  which  use, 
however,  the  pistillate  trees  are  preferable,  as 
their  beauty  is  greatly  enhanced  in  summer  by 
their  large  conspicuous  orange-like  fruit. 

The  Osage  Orange  is  excellently  adapted  to 
use  in  hedges  and  is  extensively  planted  for 
that  purpose.  Through  this  agency  it  has  be¬ 
come  widely  naturalized,  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  United  States,  though  inhabit¬ 
ing  naturally  only  the  limited  area  shown  on 
our  map. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  48.21  pounds,  very  strong 
and  durable,  and  is  valued  for  railway  ties, 
fence  posts,  the  hubs  of  wheels,  etc.  Formerly 
it  was  a  favorite  wood  with  the  Indians,  of 
the  region  in  which  it  grows,  for  their  bows, 
and  from  this  fact  it  is  commonly  called  in  those 
regions  “  Bow-wood  ”  or,  by  the  French  in¬ 
habitants,  “  Bois  d’Arc.”  - 

For  botanical  characters  see  description  of 
the  genus,  this  being  the  only  species.3 

1.  Syn.  Maclura  aurantiaca  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  291. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  434. 


CUCUMBER  TREE.  MOUNTAIN  MAGNOLIA. 

Magnolia  acuminata  L. 


Fig.  234.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

235.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  northern  Virgina. 

236.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkejes  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  205 


This  tree,  the  northernmost  and  one  of  the 
largest  representatives  of  the  genus  in 
America,  attains  in  the  forest  the  height  of 
80  or  90  ft.  with  straight  columnar  trunk  3  or 
4  ft.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  grayish  brown 
scaly-ridged  bark.  W  hen  isolated  it  develops 
a  wide  rounded  pyramidal  top  and  is  always 
a  tree  of  marked  appearance  on  account  of  its 
large  handsome  leaves.  It  inhabits  mountain 
slopes  and  the  gravelly  banks  of  streams, 
rarely  if  ever  forming  pure  tracts  of  forest, 
but  in  company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hick¬ 
ories,  the  Tulip  Tree,  Sweet  Birch,  Sugar 
Maple,  White  Ash,  etc. 

The  hardiest  of  the  Magnolias,  it  is  exten¬ 
sively  planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree, 
for  which  it  is  peculiarly  appropriate,  owing 
to  its  good  habit  of  growth  and  the  abundance 
of  its  ample  leaves,  which  cast  a  dense  shade 
and  in  autumn  assume  a  pale  yellow  color. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  29.23  pounds,  soft,  easily 
worked  and  durable. 

It  is  very  similar  to  the  White-wood  in 
properties  and  applicable  to  the  same  uses. 
It  is  also  valued  for  pump  logs,  troughs,  etc., 
on  account  of  its  great  durability.1 

Leaves  deciduous,  scattered  on  the  branchlets, 
7-10  in.  long,  oblong  or  oval,  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  thin, 
glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  oblong  bell¬ 
shaped.  more  or  less  inclosed,  pale  yellowish 
green,  glaucous,  the  membraneous  sepals  1-1%  in. 
long,  and  the  thick  obovate  concave  petals  2-2% 
in.  long,  the  three  of  the  outer  row  narrower  than 
those  of  the  inner.  Fruit  oblong,  usually  curved, 
glabrous,  dark  red.2 

Var.  cordnta  Sarg.  is  a  form  with  broader  leaves 
and  more  heart-shaped  at  base  and  smaller  yellow 
flowers,  is  found  in  cultivation  and  approximated 
by  wild  flowers  in  South  Carolina  and  Alabama. 

1.  A.  IV.,  I,  1. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  434. 


LARGE-LEAF  MAGNOLIA. 

Magolia  macro phylla,  Miclix. 


Fig.  237.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruits  showing  escaping  seeds,  2  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

238.  Trunk  of  tree  with  foliage  of  young  shoots  in  background.  Alleghany  Mountains, 
Tenn. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  207 


This  singular  and  very  interesting  tree 
rarely  attains  a  greater  height  than  30-50  ft., 
or  its  trunk  a  greater  thickness  than  18  in. 
to  2  ft.,  with  few  large  branches  forming  a 
wide-topped  head.  No  tree  in  the  American 
forests  equals  it  in  the  great  size  of  leaves  and 
flowers,  or  surpasses  it  in  ornamental  value. 
It  inhabits  t he  rich  soil  of  sheltered  valleys 
and  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in 
company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hickories,  the 
Sugar  Maple,  Dogwood,  Witch  Hazel,  Chest¬ 
nut,  etc. 

It  seems  strange  that  this  beautiful  tree  is 
not  more  extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental 
shade  tree,  as  it  is  said  to  be  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts,  and  few  trees  can  be 
found  that  equal  it  in  ornamental  value  and 
tropical  effects.  Not  alone  are  its  great 
leaves  marvelous,  but  its  pure  white  flowers 
when  expanded  are  too  large  to  be  covered  by 
the  largest  dinner  plate.  Later  they  are  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  its  large  globose  pink  cones,  hardly 
less  ornamental,  especially  when  opening  and 
dangling  on  slender  threads  their  conspicuous 
bright  red  seeds,  probably  to  induce  passing 
birds  to  aid  in  their  dissemination. 

The  wood  is  similar  in  appearance  and 
properties  to  that  of  the  Cucumber-tree,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  33.0!) 
lbs. 

Leaves  deciduous.  20-30  in.  long,  obovate  or 
oblong,  narrowed  and  cordate  at  base,  acute  or 
rounded  at  apex,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above, 
white-pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  open  bell- 
shaped.  white  with  purple  spot  at  base,  fragrant. 
Fruit  subglobose,  pubescent. 


UMBRELLA  TREE. 

Magnolia  tripetata  L.1 


Fig.  239.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruit  with  escaping  seeds,  2  ;  do, 
after  the  escape  of  seeds,  and  seeds  nearby,  3;  branchlet  in  winter,  4;  scar  on  same  indicating 
the  location  of  fruit  of  the  previous  season,  5. 

240.  Trunk  of  a  transplanted  tree  with  leaves  of  vigorous  shoots.  New  \  ork  City. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


209 


This  Magnolia  is  a  tree  of  medium  size,  at¬ 
taining  sometimes  a  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with 
straight  or  sometimes  inclined  trunk  rarely 
more  than  IS  in.  in  diameter.  It  sends  out  a 
few  large  and  often  contorted  branches  mak¬ 
ing  a  rather  irregular  open  head,  and  often 
sends  up  several  stems  clustered  about  the  main 
trunk.  It  grows  in  rich  deep  soil  along  the 
mountain  streams  and  sheltered  intervales,  and 
is  uncommon  and  local  in  its  distribution.  It 
never  forms  tracts  of  exclusive  forests,  but 
is  found  scattered  among  Chestnut  Oaks, 
Large-leaf  and  other  Magnolias,  Rhododen¬ 
drons,  the  Yellow  Buckeye,  and  other  trees 
which  clothe  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Moun¬ 
tains. 

It  is  vigorous  and  quite  hardy  as  far  north 
as  central  New  York  and  is  largely  planted 
as  an  ornamental  shade  tree,  for  which  use  it 
is  peculiarly  appropriate.  It  takes  its  common 
name  from  the  resemblance  to  an  umbrella 
found  in  its  radiating  clusters  of  leaves  at  the 
extremities  of  its  branclilets. 

Its  wood  is  light  and  soft,  a  cubic  foot  when 
perfectly  dry  weighing  27.96  lbs. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 
deciduous,  ohovate-oblong.  cuneate  at  base,  acute 
at  apex  and  at  maturity  glabrous  above,  paler 
beneath.  Flowers  white  ill-scented,  cup-shaped, 
4-5  in.  deep  ;  sepals  light  green  ;  petals  6-9  white, 
concave,  those  of  the  outer  row  largest :  fila¬ 
ments  light  purple.  Fruit  214-4  in.  long,  ovoid- 
oblong.  glabrous,  light  red. 

1.  Magnolia  Umbrella  Lam. 


FRASER  MAGNOLIA.  LONG-LEAF  OR  EAR-LEAF  CUCUMBER-TREE 

Magnolia  Fraseri  Walt. 


Fig.  241.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  with  escaping  seeds.  1  ;  fruit  after  the  escape 
of  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter  showing  leaf-buds  only,  3  ;  do,  with  terminal  flower-hud,  4. 

242.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Mo.  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Ha  ndbook  of  Tkeks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  211 


The  Fraser  Magnolia  is  never  a  very  large 
tree.  It  attains  the  heignt  of  from  30  to  40 
ft.,  and  its  trunk,  often  crooked  and  leaning, 
is  rarely  more  than  12  or  18  in.  in  diameter, 
vested  in  a  gray-brown  smoothish  bark.  With 
few  large  branches  it  forms  a  wide-topped 
often  irregular  head,  and  frequently  sends  up 
two  or  more  trunks  from  a  single  base.  It 
is  quite  an  abundant  tree  on  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  Alleghanies  at  an  altitude  of 
from  2000  to  3000  ft.  where  it  may  be  found 
leaning  over  the  turbulant  mountain  streams 
in  company  with  the  Sorrel-tree,  Rhododen¬ 
drons,  Witch  Hazel.  Silver-bell  Tree.  Black 
Birch,  Yellow  Buckeye,  etc.  It  ranges  north¬ 
ward  among  the  mountains  into  \  irginia, 
where,  however,  it  is  far  less  abundant.  Not 
as  hardy  as  most  of  the  other  Magnolias,  it 
is  not  as  extensively  planted  for  ornamental 
purposes,  excepting  in  the  Southern  and  Mid¬ 
dle  States  where  it  is  planted  as  a  valuable 
ornamental  tree. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  31.18  lbs.,  sort  and  easily 
worked.1 

Leaves  deciduous,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branehlets,  obovate-spatulate.  auriculate  at  base, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  glabrous  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  buds  glabrous,  purplish 
green.  Flowers  white,  fragrant.  8-10  in.  across: 
sepals  early  deciduous  ;  petals  6-0.  spreading, 
obovate-spatulate,  longer  than  the  sepals  and  those 
of  the  outer  rank  larger  and  broader  than  those 
of  the  inner.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  3-4  in.  long, 
the  carpels  with  long  curved  beaks ;  seed  com¬ 
pressed. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  251. 


SWEET  BAY. 

Magnolia  glanca  L. 


Fig.  243.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  one  closed  and  one  with  escaping  seeds,  1  , 
fruit  showing  empty  follicles  and  scattered  seeds  near  by,  2  ;  leafy  branchlet  showing  tiower-bud 
for  the  next  season,  3  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  4. 

244.  Trunk  of  a  tree  with  leaves  at  base. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  213 


This  favorite  tree  in  the  forests  of  the  south 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  attains  the  height  of 
,00  or  70  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  diameter 
covered  with  a  brownish  gray  bark,  which  may 
be  universally  smooth  or  beset  with  scattered 
boss-like  excrescences.  When  growing  apart 
from  other  trees  its  habit  is  to  form  an  oblong 
or  rounded  shapely  top.  It  grows  in  the  low 
moist  soil  of  swamps  and  about  the  borders  of 
Pine-barren  ponds,  associated  with  the  Lob¬ 
lolly  and  Red  Bays,  Wild  Olive,  Evergreen 
Magnolia,  Holly,  Yaupon,  Red  Maple,  etc. 
Farther  northward  it  is  a  much  smaller  tree, 
and,  at  the  extreme  northern  limit  of  its  range, 
only  a  shrub. 

Such  is  its  deserved  popularity  for  orna¬ 
mental  planting  that  its  handsome  party-colored 
leaves  are  familiar  objects  in  almost  every 
American  city  park,  where  the  climate  will 
permit,  and  when  it  fills  the  air  in  early  sum¬ 
mer  with  the  delicious  fragrance  of  its  pure 
white  flowers  it  is  sure  to  attract  admiration 
from  every  visitor. 

The  light  soft  wood,  which  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  31.38  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot,  is 
occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
wooden-ware,  etc.1 

Leaves  scattered  on  the  branchlets,  oblong  to 
oval.  3-6  in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  both  ends, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubescent  be¬ 
neath,  thick,  usually  concave,  and  in  the  north 
deciduous  in  the  autumn,  but  in  the  south  per¬ 
sisting  until  spring.  Flowers  (May  and  June) 
creamy  white,  very  fragrant,  cup-shaped,  about 
2  in.  across  ;  sepals  obtuse,  spreading  ;  petals 
short,  broad,  concave.  Fruit  irregular  oblong, 
dark  red,  glabrous,  from  114-2  in.  long;  seed 
about  !4  in.  long,  compressed. 

1.  A.  W„  III,  51. 


TULIP  TREE.  WHITE-WOOD.  YELLOW  POPLAR. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L. 


Fig.  245.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  cone  disintegrating  and  detached  samarae,  2  ; 
cone  in  transverse  and  longitudinal  section,  3  ;  end  of  vigorous  shoot,  showing  leaves  and  large 
stipules,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

246.  Trunk  of  tree,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

247.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Hortiiern  States  and  Canada.  215 


The  Tulip-tree  is  one  of  the  very  largest 
and  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  the  Atlantic 
States.  In  the  valleys  of  the  streams  tribu¬ 
tary  to  the  Ohio  River  and  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Alleghanies  individuals  have  been  found  to  at¬ 
tain  the  height  of  from  150  to  190  ft.  with 
columnar  trunks  8  or  10  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
free  from  branches  to  a  height  of  from  80  to 
100  ft.  —  trunks  unsurpassed  in  grandure  of 
column  by  those  of  any  eastern  American  tree. 
While  such  great  trunks  are  exceptional  still 
no  eastern  trees  possess  such  uniformly  straight 
clear  trunks.  It  inhabits  deep  rich  well 
drained  soil  but  never  forms  exclusive  forests. 

It  is  largely  planted  throughout  the  Eastern 
states  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree  and  few 
trees  equal  it  in  value  for  this  purpose.  The 
young  trees  are  of  a  pyramidal  habit  of  growth 
but  the  older  trees  have  an  oblong  head  with 
rather  short  branches.  They  are  handsome  in 
summer  with  their  clean-cut  distinct  leaves 
and  tulip-like  flowers,  and  in  winter  when 
their  open  cones  are  conspicuous  on  leafless 
branches  and  from  which  the  twirling  samarae 
are  carried  away  by  every  gust  of  wind. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  when 
dry  26.36  lbs.,  is  one  of  our  most  valuable 
woods  for  interior  finishing,  cabinet  making, 
wooden-ware,  etc.2 

Leaves  glabrous,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath,  turning  bright  yellow  in  autumn.  Flowers 
tulip-like,  IV2-2  in.  deep.  Fruit  ripening  in  au¬ 
tumn  but  liberating  the  samara;  mostly  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen.3 


1.  A.  W.,  I,  2. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  435. 


PAPAW. 

Asimina  triloba  (L.)  Dunal. 


Fig.  248.  Branchlels  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  one  in  section,  1  ;  isolated  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

249.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

250.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  217 


Only  under  most  favorable  conditions  does 
the  Papaw  attain  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft. 
and  is  often  only  a  large  shrub.  Its  trunk  is 
rarely  more  than  from  8-12  in.  in  diameter, 
though  I  have  seen  it  measuring  18  in.  It  com¬ 
monly  grows  in  thickets  occupying  the  ground 
exclusively,  and  is  sometimes  scattered  as 
an  undergrowth  in  the  forests  of  rich  bottom¬ 
lands.  Y\  hen  isolated  it  develops  a  distinct 
pyramidal  head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of 
a  dark  brown  color,  thin  and  quite  smooth, 
or  sparingly  fissured  on  old  trunks. 

'lhe  handsome  foliage  of  the  Papaw,  its 
beautiful  flowers  in  early  spring,  and  its  curi¬ 
ous  fruit  in  autumn,  strongly  recommend  it 
for  ornamental  planting.  The  fruit  when  very 
ripe  is  delicious  and  nutritious  and  sold  in 
considerable  quantities  in  local  markets  in 
regions  where  the  trees  abound. 

The  light  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs 
24.73  lbs.,  is  of  handsome  greenish  and  yellow 
tints  when  freshly  cut,  but  is  of  no  commercial 
importance.  The  fibrous  inner  bark  was  for¬ 
merly  used  for  making  cord  for  fish  nets.1 

Leaves  lance-obovate,  8-12  in.  long,  cuneate  at 
base,  abruptly  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  glabrous 
light  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  ap¬ 
pearing  with  the  leaves,  dark  purple,  IV2  in. 
across,  with  rusty  tomentose  peduncles ;  sepals 
broad-ovate,  densely  dark-tonientose ;  petals  at 
first  small  and  green  but  finally  purple  when  fully 
grown  and,  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
nectiferous  at  base.  Fruit  cylindrical-oblong,  ob¬ 
lique.  3-5  in.  long,  single  or  clustered  2  or  3 
together  with  common  peduncle,  with  smooth 
yellowish  green  rind,  custard-like  fragrant  luscious 
flesh  and  oblong  seeds  about  1  in.  long.2 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  76. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  435. 


SWAMP  BAY. 

Persea  pubescens  (Pursh.)  Sarg.1 


Fig  251.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  fruit  not  quite  fully  grown.  1  (The  peduncles  are  usually 
somewhat  longer  at  maturity)  ;  isolated  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in  autumn  from  which  the  leaves 

have  been  removed,  3.  „  „T  .1  /-  i- 

252.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Coast  region  of  North  Carolina. 

253.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  219 


The  Swamp  Bay  is  a  tree  of  medium  size 
rarely  more  than  .30  or  40  ft.  in  height  or  with 
trunk  more  than  ll/>  ft.  in  thickness,  with 
straight  branches  and  copious  foliage.  It  is 
confined  to  the  coast  regions  of  the  Gulf  and 
Atlantic  states  but  ranges  northward  into 
Virginia,  where  1  have  seen  it  in  the  Dismal 
Swamp  in  company  with  the  Bald  Cypress, 
Red  Maple,  Tupelo  and  Water  Gums,  Water 
A-dt.  Over  cup  and  Laurel  Oaks,  etc.  Further 
south  it  is  more  abundant  occurring  in  pine- 
barren  swamps,  sometimes  to  the  exclusion  of 
nea  rlv  every  other  species. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  39.86  lbs.,  soft  and 
strong,  and  when  found  large  enough  applica¬ 
ble  to  the  same  uses  as  the  Red  Bay.2 

Lrarcis  oval  to  lanceolate,  about  equally  pointed 
at  both  ends,  margin  slightly  revolute,  tomentose 
when  they  unfold  but  when  mature  lustrous  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  rusty 
tomentose  on  midrib  and  primary  veins,  veins 
conspicuous ;  petioles  stout,  these  and  the  new 
growth  generally  rusty  tomentose.  Flowers  with 
tomentose  peduncles,  from  1-3  in.  long  when  fully 
grown  ;  calyx  pale  yellow  with  thick  broad  ovate 
pointed  lobes,  tomentose  outside,  pubescent  inside, 
and  those  of  the  outer  series  about  half  as  long 
as  those  of  the  inner.  Fruit  dark  blue,  from 
to  %  in.  long,  with  thin  aromatic  flesh.3 

1.  Pcrsca  Carolinensis  var.  palustris  Chapman. 

2.  A.  W„  V,  113. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  435. 


RED  BAY. 

Persea  Borbonia  (L.)  Spreng.1 


Fig.  254.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  fruit  in  section  and  isolated  seeds. 
255.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Smiths  Island,  North  Carolina  coast. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  221 


The  Tied  Bav  ranges  from  oO  ft.,  or  less,  to 
70  ft.  in  height,  with  stout  erect  branches  and 
forming  a  symmetrical  top.  Its  trunk  is  rarely 
more  than  3  or  31/**  ft.  in  diameter,  and  is 
vested  in  a  grav-brown  scaly  ridged  bark. 

It  inhabits  rich  moist  soil  along  the  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps  or  occasionally  drier 
sandy  soil,  associating  with  the  Live,  Water 
and  Laurel  Oaks,  the  Yaupon.  Devil-wood, 
Laurel  Cherry,  Cuban  Pine,  etc. 

Though  rarely  seen  in  cultivation  the  Red 
Bay  is  well  worthy  of  being  planted  for  orna¬ 
mental  purposes,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  beau¬ 
tiful  evergreen  trees  of  the  American  forests, 
with  its  bright  green  leaves  and  red-stemmed 
clusters  of  blue  berries. 

A  cubic  foot  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
weighs  40.07  lbs.  It  is  of  medium  hardness 
and  strength  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with 
thin  sap-wood,  an  1  is  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  lumber  for  interior  finishing,  furniture,  etc., 
and  formerly  for  boat  building.2 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  about  equally  pointed 
at  both  ends,  with  entire  revolute  margins,  pilose 
at  first  but  at  maturity  lustrous  bright  green 
above,  paler  and  glaucous  beneath,  thick  and  firm, 
veins  rather  obscure  and  arcuate  near  the  margin  : 
petioles  and  new  growths  puberulous  or  nearly 
glabrous.  Flowers  with  glabrous  peduncles  mostly 
from  y2-l  in.  long:  calvs  pale  yellow.  Fruit 
lustrous  dark  blue,  about  V>  in.  or  less  in  diameter 
with  thin  flesh  and  red  stems. 

1.  Persca  Carolinensis  Nees. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  264. 


SASSAFRAS. 

Sassafras  Sassafras  (L.)  Karst.1 


Fio-  256.  Brancblet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  drupes,  2 ;  same  in  section,  3  ; 
brachlets  in  winter,  4. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  223 


The  Sassafras  is  a  tree  sometimes  SU  or  90 
ft.  in  height,  with  trunk  from  4-0  ft.  in  diame¬ 
ter,  but  is  usually  a  considerably  smaller  tree 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  its  range  is  re¬ 
duced  to  a  shrub.  \\  lien  isolated  its  stout  con 
torted  branches  ramify  and  ultimately  divide 
into  a  profusion  of  branchlets,  forming  a  dis¬ 
tinctly  flat-topped  irregular  oblong  head  of 
characteristic  aspect.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year;  in  the  winter  on  ac 
count  of  the  unobstructed  view  of  its  red- 
brown  furrowed  bark  and  smooth  green  branch 
lets;  in  spring  on  account  of  the  tufts  of  pale 
green  velvety  leaves  and  golden  flowers,  sub¬ 
tended  by  enlarged  showy  bud-scales  which 
terminate  each  branchlet;  in  summer  on  ac 
count  of  its  rich  green  leaves  of  many  shapes 
and  sizes  and  red-stemmed  clusters  of  blue 
berries,  and  in  autumn  on  account  of  the  deli¬ 
cate  red  and  yellow  tints  of  its  autumnal 
garb. 

The  wood  of  which  a  eu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
drv  weighs  31.42  lbs.,  is  soft  and  brittle  but 
very  durable  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  pails  and  buckets,  for  fence-posts,  rails,  etc.- 

Lrares  as  described  for  the  genus,  3-7  in.  long. 
Flowers  appear  in  April  and  May.  Fruit  ripens 
in  August  and  September.  See  generic  description, 
this  being  the  only  species.3 

1.  Syn.  Sassafras  officinale  N.  &  E. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  32. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  436. 


WITCH-HAZEL 

Hamamelis  Virginiana  L. 


eg 

T 

1  /  | 

'1y  '  M  /  A 

Fig.  259.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit  and  flowers,  1  ;  empty  capsules,  two  opening,  capsules 
disclosing  seeds,  and  scattered  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  flowers,  3  ;  isolated  flowers, 
4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

260.  Trunk  showing  bark  and  lichens,  Alleghany  Mountains,  N.  C. 

261.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  225 


The  Witch-Hazel  is  usually  a  large  shrub 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  its  range,  but 
on  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  be¬ 
comes  a  tree  30  to  40  ft.  in  height  with  spread¬ 
ing  crooked  branches  and  short  scaly-barked 
trunk  from  12-18  in.  in  diameter.  The  Witch- 
Hazel  is  of  special  interest  from  the  fact  that 
it  does  not  expand  its  flowers  until  autumn, 
often  so  late  that  its  leaves  have  put  on  their 
autumnal  tints  or  have  even  fallen  to  the 
ground,  and  the  first  snows  of  the  winter 
sometimes  find  it  bearing  its  singular  golden 
and  delicately  fragrant  flowers.  In  the  au¬ 
tumn,  too,  is  the  time  when  it  scatters  its 
seeds  resulting  from  the  flowers  of  the  pre¬ 
vious  season,  and  this  it  does  in  a  peculiar 
way.  It  actually  discharges  them  from  their 
mortar-like  capsules  with  considerable  force 
and  accompanied  with  an  audible  report.  This 
it  does  by  a  contraction  of  the  horny  lining  of 
the  capsules  upon  the  smooth  hard  seed  until 
it  is  discharged,  quite  as  one  can  discharge  a 
moist  apple  seed  by  pinching  it  between  thumb 
and  finger. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  42.73  lbs.,  hard  and 
very  close-grained  but  is  of  no  commercial  im¬ 
portance.1  An  extract  from  the  bark  is  ex¬ 
tensively  used  for  allaying  inflammation. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  short-petiolate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  and  very  unequal  at  base,  from 
rounded  to  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  undulate 
crenate,  membraneaeeous,  smooth  dark  green 
above,  lighter  and  pubescent  on  veins  beneath. 
Flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  petals  bright  yellow,  de¬ 
ciduous  ;  calyx  pubescent,  persistent.  Fruit  cap¬ 
sules  dull  brown,  opening  elastically. - 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  281. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  436-437. 


SWEET  GUM.  RED  GUM.  BUSTED. 

Liquidambar  8tyracif.ua  L. 


Fig.  262.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  fruiting  head  with  empty  capsules  and 
scattered  spurious  seeds,  2  ;  branch  showing  corky  growth,  3  ;  fertile  and  spurious  seeds  enlarged 
about  two  diameters,  4  ;  smooth  and  corky  branchlets  in  winter,  5  and  6. 

263.  Large  trunk,  in  southeastern  Missouri. 

264.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  227 


This  large  and  beautiful  tree  in  the  southern 
forests  attains  the  height  of  100  to  140  ft. 
with  straight  columnar  trunk  4  or  5  ft.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops  a  sym¬ 
metrical  oblong-pyramidal  top  when  young,  but 
finally  becoming  broad  and  rounded.  A  pe¬ 
culiar  feature,  more  marked  in  some  trees  than 
others,  however,  and  often  entirely  wanting,  is 
the  growth  of  wing-like  projections  of  the 
bark  from  its  smaller  branches.  It  thrives 
best  in  the  rich  soil  of  bottom-lands  where  it 
is  associated  with  the  Red  and  Black  Maples, 
the  Sour,  Water  and  Tupelo  Gums,  the  Laurel 
and  Water  Oaks,  various  Ashes,  etc.  Few 
trees  of  the  American  forests  equal  the  Sweet 
Gum  in  ornamental  value,  owing  to  its  grand 
habit  of  growth  and  its  beautiful  star-shaped 
leaves,  of  a  rich  green  in  summer  and  con¬ 
spicuous  in  autumn  on  account  of  their  crimson 
and  purple  tints. 

The  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  36.82  lbs.,  is  rather  soft,  with 
straight  close  grain,  and  is  used  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  wooden-ware,  paving-blocks,  lumber 
for  general  construction,  etc.,  and  is  sometimes 
marketed  under  the  absurd  names  —  Satin 
Walnut,  California  Red  Gum,  etc.1 

Leaves  about  orbicular  in  outline,  deeply  5-7- 
palmatel.v  lobed  with  acute  glandular-serrate  lobes 
and  pointed  sinuses,  cordate  at  base,  lustrous 
bright  green  above  and  often  pubescent  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  beneath,  fragrant  when 
bruised,  purple-crimson  in  autumn  :  petioles  long 
and  slender.  Flowers:  staminate  racemes  erect, 
rufous  tomentose,  the  lower  heads  sometimes 
stalked  :  pistillate  beads  long  pedunclate.  droop¬ 
ing.  Fruit :  head  11 44  in.  in  diameter,  liberating 
a  few  perfect  and  many  abortive  seeds  in  autumn 
and  swinging  empty  upon  the  leafless  branches 
during  the  following  winter.3 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  00. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  437. 


SYCAMORE.  BUTTONWOOD.  BUTTON-BALL  TREE. 

Plaianus  occidentalis  L. 


Fig.  265.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  fruiting  head  separating,  with  scattered 
akenes  and  hairs,  2  ;  branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot  showing  stipules,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4  ; 
base  of  petiole  showing  cup-shape  nature,  5. 

266.  Trunk  of  a  large  isolated  tree,  western  New  York. 

267.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  229 


This  stately  tree  is  considered  the  largest 
deciduous  tree  of  the  North  American  forests, 
In  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio 
and  the  Mississippi  valleys  it  towers  to  the 
height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  ft.  and  its  trunk  is  some¬ 
times  ten  or  eleven  ft.  in  diameter  above  its 
tapering  base.  The  trunk  commonly  divides 
into  two  or  three  large  secondary  trunks,  which 
raise  its  irregular  or  rounded  head  far  above 
the  tops  of  most  of  the  neighboring  trees;  or 
it  may  have  a  single  columnar  trunk  of  great 
height  but  often  curved  or  leaning. 

A  striking  feature  is  the  white  bark  of  its 
branches,  and  as  its  favorite  abode  is  the 
banks  of  streams  their  winding  courses  may 
be  traeed  from  an  eminence  by  the  white 
branches  of  the  Sycamores  which  line  their 
banks.  Quite  as  interesting  as  the  bark  of 
these  whitewashed  branches  is  that  of  the 
voung  trunks  and  the  bases  of  large  limbs,  as 
it  is  pied  of  many  colors,  as  shown  in  our 
picture,  according  to  the  varying  length  of 
time  the  scales  of  outer  bark  have  been  off. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  30.40 
lbs.,  is  tough,  strong,  and  very  difficult  to 
split,  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  boxes, 
crates,  butchers’  blocks,  etc.,  and  when  cut 
quartering  makes  a  handsome  lumber  for  in¬ 
terior  finishing,  furniture,  etc.1 

Leaves  wide-orbicular  in  outline,  palmately  3-n- 
lobed.  with  mostly  broad  sinuate-dentate  acuminate 
lobes  and  wide  sinuses  :  stipules  fin  vigorous  shoots 
1  to  1%  in.  long.  Flowers:  pistillate  peduncles 
usually  bearing  one  but  sometimes  two  heads. 
Fruit:'  heads  from  1-1%  in.  in  diameter,  usually 
solitary  on  glabrous  stem  3-6  in.  long ;  akenes 
truncate  or  rounded  at  apex.2 

1.  A.  W„  1,  13. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  437. 


FRAGRANT  CRAB. 

Pyrus  coronaria  ]  J 


Fig.  268.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  fruit  in  cross-section  showing  seeds,  2  , 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

269.  Trunk  showing  bark  of  large  tree,  western  New  York. 

270.  YVood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  tile  Hortiieen  States  and  Canada.  231 


This  favorite  tree  attains  the  height  of  25-30 
ft.,  with  trunk  rarely  more  than  12-14  in.  in 
diameter,  and  when  isolated  develops  a  broad 
top  with  rigid  branches  bearing  many  short 
branehlets  terminating  in  sharp  spur  like  leaf¬ 
less  tips. 

It  inhabits  rich,  moist,  but  well  drained 
soil,  often  in  forest  glades  among  taller  trees. 
The  beauty  of  its  light  pink  flowers  and  their 
delicious  fragrance,  which  is  so  marked  as  to 
actually  perfume  the  surrounding  atmosphere, 
are  as  noticeable  as  of  the  Narrow-leaf  Crab. 
On  account  of  these  attractive  features  it  is 
deservedly  popular  for  ornamental  planting  in 
shrubberies  and  door-yards.  Its  attractiveness 
is  not  limited  to  the  flowering  season  alone,  for 
its  fragrant  fruit,  pendent  with  long  stems 
and  persisting  until  autumn  has  tinted  and 
removed  many  of  its  leaves,  enhances  its  beauty. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  43.92  lbs.,  very  close  grain 
and  useful  in  turnery  for  small  articles  of 
wooden-ware,  tool-handles,  etc. -  The  fruit  is 
sometimes  used  for  preserves  and  for  making 
cider  and  vinegar. 

Leaves  ovate  to  almost  triangular,  truncate, 
subcordate  or  sometimes  tapering  at  base,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  irregularly  cut-serrate  or 
sometimes  lobed  on  sterile  shoots,  membranaceous, 
bright  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  slender  glabrous  and 
with  two  glands  near  the  middle.  Flowers  very 
fragrant.  1 J/i-2  in.  across  in  5-6  flowered  umbels 
with  slender  pedicels ;  calyx-tube  tomento.se  with 
taper-pointed  lobes  tomentose  inside  :  petals  white 
or  pinkish  :  ovary  hairy :  styles  united  at  base. 
Fruit  shortened  globose.  1-1  %  in.  in  width,  pale 
green,  fragrant  and  with  waxy  surface.3 

1.  Syn.  Malus  coronaria  (L.)  Mill. 


2.  A.  W.,  IV,  83. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  438-439. 


NARROW-LEAF  CRAB. 

Pyrus  angustifolia  Ait.1 


Fig.  271.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
272.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  233 


The  NarrOw-leaf  Crab  is  a  small  tree,  ocea 
sionally  attaining  the  height  of  25  or  30  ft., 
with  a  trunk  8-10  in.  in  diameter.  When 
isolated  it  develops  a  broad  top  with  rigid 
branches  armed  with  numerous  short  spur-like 
lateral  branchlets.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a 
grayish  brown  color,  rough,  with  narrow  scaly 
ridges. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  rich 
well  drained  soil,  often  in  the  glades  of  forests 
of  taller  trees,  when  it  can  find  sufficient  light 
there,  and  in  these  regions  its  beautiful  white 
and  pink  fragrant  flowers  are  especially  pleas¬ 
ing  as  one  happens  onto  them.  No  tree  of  the 
American  forest  produces  flowers  of  more  de¬ 
licious  fragrance.  Should  one  visit  the  locality 
in  late  summer  a  very  different  yet  quite  as 
marked  fragrance  arrests'  his  attention,  per¬ 
haps  when  several  yards  from  the  tree.  Now 
it  is  from  its  small  pale  yellow  apples,  much 
more  pleasing  to  the  sense  of  smell  than  of 
taste,  for  they  are  very  acerb,  though  sometimes 
used  for  preserves  and  cider. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  dry 
weighs  42.97  lbs.,  is  hard  and  very  close 
grained  and  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of 
tool-handles,  etc. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  taper¬ 
ing  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  apex,  crenate-serrate,  sometimes 
nearly  entire,  thickish,  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  beneath  ;  petioles  slender.  Flowers 
about  1  in.  across,  very  fragrant,  with  slender 
pedicels  in  few-flowered  cymes ;  calyx  lobes  nar¬ 
row.  tomentose  inside :  petals  white  or  pink  : 
ovary  tomentose  :  styles  distinct.  Fruit  flattened 
globose,  about  1  in.  in  diameter,  fragrant,  yellow- 
green  with  waxy  surface  and  very  sour  flavor. 

1.  Syn.  Ma’.us  anyustifnlia  (Ait.)  Michx. 


PRAIRIE  CRAB. 

Pyrus  Ioensis  (Wood.)  Bailey.1 


Fig.  273.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 
274.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Ames,  Iowa. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  235 


The  Prairie  Crab  is  a  small  tree  rarely  if 
ever  exceeding  20  or  30  ft.  in  height  or  12  to 
18  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  It  develops  a 
spreading  or  rounded  top  of  many  rigid  tor¬ 
tuous  branches  beset  with  numerous  short  lat¬ 
eral  thorn-like  spurs.  From  the  sides  of  these 
thorns  Leaves  and  flowers  appear,  while  the 
free  tip  is  usually  a  very  sharp  rigid  thorn. 

Like  the  other  native  apples  its  handsome 
flowers  are  characterized  by  a  delicious 
fragrance,  which  makes  the  tree  popular  for 
planting  in  shrubberies  and  door-yards.  In 
autumn  its  small  yellow-green  apples,  with  sur¬ 
face  seemingly  covered  with  wax  or  grease  and 
of  a  strong  characteristic  fragrance,  give  it  an 
ornamental  value  at  that  season,  and  later 
after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  The  attractive 
appeaTance  and  odor  of  the  fruit,  however, 
ends  here,  as  in  flavor  it  is  too  austere  for 
most  tastes  to  be  edible,  though  the  juice  is 
sometimes  used  for  making  vinegar. 

The  Bechtel  Crab  is  a  form  recently  intro¬ 
duced  with  large  double  rose-colored  flowers. 
It  is  of  signal  merit  for  ornamental  planting. 

The  wood  we  have  not  examined,  but  it  is 
said  to  be  softer  than  that  of  the  allied  eastern 
species. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong,  3-4  in.  long, 
broad-euneate  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  rounded 
at  apex,  crenate-serrate  and  on  vigorous  shoots 
with  short  acute  or  rounded  lobes,  at  maturity 
thick  lustrous  dark  green  above,  tomentose  be¬ 
neath  ;  petioles  stout,  pubescent.  Flowers  ll/2  in. 
across,  in  small  clusters  with  pedicels  and  calyx 
tomentose.  Fruit  mostly  1-114  in.  in  diameter, 
greenish  yellow,  fragrant,  greasy  and  with  stout 
stems  mostly  %-l  in.  long. 

1.  Malus  Ioensis  (Wood.)  Britt. 


SOULARD  CRAB. 

Pyrus  Soulardi  Bailey.1 


Fig.  275.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 
276.  Trunk  of  large  tree,  Ames,  Iowa. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  tiie  Hortiiern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Soulard  Crab  is  an  interesting  small 
tree  resembling  the  common  Apple-tree  in  habit 
of  growth,  with  broad  rounded  top  18  to  25  ft. 
in  height  and  trunk  10-15  in.  in  diameter.  The 
bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  grayish  brown  color  cov¬ 
ered  with  small  closely  oppressed  scales,  also 
resembling  the  bark  of  the  common  Apple-tree. 
It  is  of  local  distribution,  being  found  in  locali¬ 
ties  in  the  Mississippi  River  valley  from  Min¬ 
nesota  to  Texas,  and  is  considered  by  some 
writers  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  between  the 
Prairie  Crab  (P.  loensis)  and  the  Common 
Apple  (P.  Malus),  as  it  is  found  only  in 
regions  where  both  those  trees  abound  and  it 
presents  characters  intermediate  between  them. 
Its  fruit  is  fairly  edible,  to  one  fond  of  tart 
apples,  and  is  useful  for  culinary  purposes. 

Its  great  hardiness  commends  it  for  culti¬ 
vation  in  the  upper  Mississippi  valley  where 
the  climate  is  too  rigorous  for  the  more  ten¬ 
der  varieties  of  apples,  and  there  a  few  named 
varieties  are  grown.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
first  introduced  into  cultivation  by  James  S. 
Soulard  of  Galena,  Ill.,  after  whom  it  has 
been  named. 

Leaves  large  elliptical-ovate  to  oval.  3-5  in. 
long,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  both  ends, 
irregularly  crenate-serrate  or  slightly  lohed,  thick, 
rugose,  glabrous  above.  tnmentose  beneath  : 
petioles  stout,  pubescent.  Floirers  in  close  w'oolv 
cymes.  Fruit  from  1-2%  in.  across,  flattish 
lengthwise  with  shallow  basin,  yellow7  or  pink¬ 
cheeked  and  flesh  sour  but  edible. 

1.  Syn.  Malus  Soulardi  (Bailey)  Britt. 


AMERICAN  OR  SMALL-FRUITED  MOUNTAIN-ASH. 

Sorbus  Americana  Marsh.1 


Fig.  277.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 

278.  Trunk,  northern  New  York. 

279.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  239 


The  American  Mountain-Ash  is  a  slender 
tree  rarely  more  than  30  or  40  ft.  in  height 
or  than  12  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  often 
reduced  to  a  shrub.  When  away  from  the 
influence  of  other  trees  it.  develops  a  rather 
narrow  rounded  top  of  slender  branches  and 
stout  branchlets. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  our 
northern  forests,  as  is  attested  by  the  fact  that 
it  is  more  abundantly  than  any  other  tree, 
excepting  the  following  species,  transplanted 
from  the  forests  to  the  door  yards  of  country 
homes  for  ornamental  purposes,  where  its 
handsome  foliage  is  a  constant  delight.  The 
large  bunches  of  small  white  flowers  which 
terminate  its  branchlets  in  early  summer  add 
greatly  to  its  beauty  and  offer  abundant  nectar 
to  the  searching  bees.  In  autumn,  when  the 
flowers  of  summer  are  succeeded  by  its  ample 
bunches  of  red  berries,  it  is  even  a  more  beau¬ 
tiful  object,  and  its  fruit,  long  lingering  after 
the  leaves  have  fallen,  offers  to  the  departing 
robin  and  bluebird  their  last  repast  before 
leaving  for  their  winter  homes. 

The  wood  is  soft,  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh¬ 
ing  33.97  lbs.,  and  very7  close  grained  but  of 
little  economic  value. 

Jjraves  (5-8  in.  Ion;;,  with  green  or  reddish 
petioles,  and  9-17  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaflets, 
rounded  or  obtuse,  entire  and  unequal  at  base, 
sharply  serrate  above,  subsessile  (excepting  the 
terminal  leaflet)  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath  ;  leaf-buds  glabrous  glutinous.  Flowers  in 
May,  Vs-Vt  in.  across,  in  dense  broad  cymes.  3-5 
in.  across.  Fruit  subglobose,  Vi  in.  in  diameter.3 

1.  Syn.  Pyrus  Americana  DC. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  4.39. 


LARGE-FRUITED  MOUNTAIN-ASH. 


Sorb  us  scopulina  Greene.1 


Fig.  280.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit ;  fruit  in  section  and  scattered  seeds ;  branchlet  in 
winter. 

281.  Trunk  in  western  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  241 


The  Large-fruited  Mountain-Ash  is  a  hand¬ 
some  tree,  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of 
30  ft.  with  trunk  12  in.  in  diameter  and  vested 
in  a  smooth  lustrous  silvery  gray  bark.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  sym¬ 
metrical  ovoid  or  rounded  top.  It  is  distinctly 
a  boreal  tree,  being  at  home  along  the  borders 
of  swamps  and  streams  and  by  the  springs 
on  mountain  sides  of  the  far  north,  where  the 
beauty  of  its  flowers  and  fruit  are  unsurpassed 
by  those  of  any  other  tree  of  those  regions. 
The  tree  has  long  been  considered  identical  with 
a  northern  Asiatic  species,  the  P.  samtuci foliu 
C.  &  S.  (Elder-leaf  Mountain- Ash )  and  has 
been  so  named  in  the  books  generally  upon 
American  trees.  Its  distinctness  from  that 
species,  however,  has  recently  been  pointed  out 
and  it  has  been  given  the  name  S.  scopulina. 
Though  considered  by  some  as  a  variety  of 
»S'.  Americana  its  specific  distinctness  would 
seem  to  be  clearly  indicated  by  its  larger  and 
earlier  flowers  in  smaller  clusters,  its  large 
fruit  and  broader,  more  obtuse  leaflets  and 
hairy  winter  buds.  It  is  a  particularly  beauti¬ 
ful  tree  in  autumn,  when  bearing  among  its 
blue-green  foliage  its  nodding  clusters  of  bright 
red  fruit. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  36.94 
lbs.,  soft  and  but  little  used.2 

Lcarcx  usually  4-6  in.  long  with  reddish-petioles, 
and  7-15  oblong-oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  leaflets,  rounded  or  tapering,  inequilateral 
and  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate  above,  mostly 
obtuse  or  acute  at  apex,  pubescent  at  first  but  at 
maturity  glabrous  dark  bluish  green  above,  paler 
and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  leaf 
buds  hairy.  Flowers  in  latter  part  of  .Tune, 
14  -  %  in.  across,  in  pubescent  cymes  2-4  in.  broad. 
Fruit  subglobose,  bright  red,  from  14-  Ms  in.  in 
diameter. 

1.  Syn.  Pyrus  sambucifolia  C.  &  S.  Sorbus 
Americana  var.  decora  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  84. 


SERVICE-BERRY.  SHAD-BUSH.  SHAD-BLOW.  JUNEBERRY. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis  (L.)  Med.1 


Fig.  282.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlets  in  late  winter. 

283.  Trunk  of  medium-size  tree,  northern  New  York. 

284.  Wood  structure  showing  pith-fleck,  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  243 


The  Service-berry  is  usually  a  small  tree  but 
occasionally  individuals  are  found  40  or  50  ft. 
in  height  with  trunk  from  18  in.  to  2  ft.  in 
diameter,  and  oblong  or  spreading  rounded  top 
with  many  small  limbs  and  fine  branchlets. 

It  inhabits  well  drained  slopes  and  uplands 
in  company  with  the  Quaking  Asp,  Hemlock, 
White  and  Red  Oaks,  Sugar  Maple,  Hackberry, 
etc.,  and  in  mid-spring,  when  its  top  becomes  a 
veritable  cloud  of  white  flowers,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  conspicuous  objects  in 
the  regions  in  which  it  dwells.  It  is  the  sea¬ 
son  then  when  the  shad  come  up  the  rivers  from 
the  sea  to  spawn,  and  hence  the  association  of 
its  flowers  with  the  shad  in  its  names  of 
Shad-bush  and  Shad-blow.  In  June  and  July 
its  ripened  fruit  is  eagerly  sought  by  the 
birds  and  should  they  spare  us  any  it  is  found 
to  be  juicy  and  delicious. 

The  wood  of  the  Service-berry,  of  which  a 
cubic  foot  weighs  when  absolutely  dry  48.85 
lbs.,  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  close 
grained,  valuable  in  turnery  for  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  tool  handles  and,  under  the  name  of 
“  Lance-wood,”  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
fish  rodsJ 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  214-4  in.  long, 
mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acumi¬ 
nate  at  apex,  finely  serrate  with  long  pointed 
teeth,  reddish  and  covered  with  white  hairs  when 
they  unfold,  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  turning  yellow  in  autumn  ; 
petioles  slender.  Flowers ,  when  the  leaves  are 
about  1-3  grown,  in  erect  or  nodding  glabrous 
racemes,  214-4  in.  long,  with  slender  pedicels 
bearing  each  two  silky  deciduous  bracts  :  calyx 
villous  inside  ;  petals  narrow  obovate.  Fruit  siib- 
globose,  14 -%  in.  in  diameter,  dark  purple, 
glaucous.2 

1.  Syn.  4.  Botryapium  (L.  f.)  deC. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  59. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  439-440. 


COCK-SPUR  THORN.  NEWCASTLE  THORN 

Crataegus  Crus-gall i  L. 


Fig.  285.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  leafless  branehlet  in  late  autumn. 

286.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base,  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

287.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tuffs  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


245 


The  Coek-spur  Thorn  is  a  low  wide-spread¬ 
ing  tree  with  long  tortuous  horizontal  or 
drooping  and  very  thorny  branches,  forming  a 
low  broad  top,  seldom  more  than  20  or  25  ft. 
in  height.  The  short  trunk  rarely  exceeds  10 
or  12  in.  in  diameter  and  is  rough  with  scaly 
gray-brown  hark.  It  is  one  of  the  most  strik¬ 
ing  and  ornamental  representatives  of  its  genus 
on  account  of  its  thick  shining  dark-green 
leaves.  The  luster  of  these  is  seldom  tarnished 
by  insect  or  blight,  and  they  preserve  a  fresh¬ 
ness  throughout  the  season  which  is  unsur¬ 
passed  by  the  leaves  of  any  other  tree.  The 
ample  bunches  of  handsome  (lowers  appear 
after  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  and  then  the 
tree  is  an  object  of  rare  beauty.  It  is  perhaps 
more  extensively  planted  both  in  this  country 
and  in  Europe  for  ornamental  purposes  than 
any  other  American  species,  excepting  perhaps 
the  Washington  Haw,  and  it  is  also  valued 
for  hedges.  The  name  Newcastle  Thorn  has 
been  given  to  it  on  account  of  its  abundant 
use  in  hedges  about  Newcastle,  Del. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  very  fine-grained 
and  suitable  for  tool  handles.1 

Ledves  mostly  obovate,  1-4  in.  long,  cuneate  and 
entire  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  sharply 
serrate-dentate,  thick,  coriaceous,  lustrous  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  prominently  reticulate- 
veined  beneath,  turning  to  orange  and  scarlet  in 
autumn;  petioles  stout.  Floim -s  opening  in  .Tune 
%  in.  in  diamete"  in  many-flowered  glabrous 
corymbs  :  calyx  with  narrow  obconic  tube  and 
linear-lanceolate  entire  or  glandular-serrate  lobes; 
stamens  10.  anthers  rose-colored  :  styles  usuallv 
2.  hairy  at  base.  Fruit  maturing  in  October  and 
often  remaining  on  the  branches  until  sm  ina. 
stibglobose  or  short-oblong,  dull  red  with  glaucous 
bloom,  with  dry  flesh  and  usually  2  nutlets  '4  in. 
long,  rounded  at  ends  and  ridged  on  the  back.2 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  85. 


DOTTED  THORN. 

Crataegus  punctata  Jacq. 


Fig.  288.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlet  in  late  winter. 
289.  Large  trunk,  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  247 


The  Dotted  Thorn  is  one  of  the  most  abun¬ 
dant  and  widely  distributed  of  the  Thorns, 
their  picturesque  flattened  tops  dotting  the  dry 
slopes  and  pasture-lands  of  almost  every  land¬ 
scape  of  the  northern  Atlantic  states.  The 
tree  is  sometimes  25  or  30  ft.  in  height,  usually 
with  rigid  horizontal  branches  which  form  a 
peculiarly  flat  top,  and  short  ridged  trunk  12-18 
in.  in  diameter.  The  branches  and  trunk  usu¬ 
ally  bristle  with  an  armament  of  rigid  sharp 
thorns  to  a  remarkable  degree,  and  oh  account 
of  these  the  sagacious  shrike  or  butcher-bird, 
which  abounds  in  our  northern  fields,  almost 
invariably  chooses  a  tree  of  this  kind  in  which 
to  build  its  nest.  Here  effectually  barricaded 
against  cats  and  children  it  nests  and  rears  its 
young  in  perfect  safety,  and  upon  the  thorns 
it  finds  places  to  impale  its  prey.  The  Dotted 
Thorn  is  a  handsome  tree  when  in  flower  in 
early  summer,  or  when  bearing  its  large  red  or 
yellow  fruit  in  autumn,  but  its  foliage  often 
loses  its  freshness  early  on  account  of  attacks 
of  blight  or  insects. 

The  wood  is  hard,  heavy  and  close-grained 
and  suitable  for  tool  handles,  etc.  A  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weighs  47.87  lbs.1 

Leaves  obovate,  2-3  in.  long,  cuneate  and  entire 
at  base,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  irregularly 
and  often  doubly  serrate,  incisely  lobed  on  vigor¬ 
ous  shoots,  pubescent  at  first  and  at  maturity  firm 
glabrous  grav-green  with  veins  impressed  above, 
paler  and  often  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in 
May,  ¥>-%  in.  broad  in  many-flowered  compound 
corymbs  ;  calyx  with  narrow  acute  lobes  pubescent 
inside  :  stamens  20  with  rose-colored  or  yellow 
anthers  :  styles  5  white-hairy  at  base.  Fruit  ripe 
in  October,  mostly  subglobose.  %  - 1  in.  long,  dull 
red  (sometimes  yellow)  white-dotted,  with  dryish 
flesh  and  5  nutlets  ridged  on  the  back. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  58. 


GREEN  HAW. 

Crataegus  viridis  L 


Fig.  290. 
291 


Mature  leaves  and  fruit  ;  branchlet  in  winter 
Trunk  of  large  tree,  in  southern  Illinois. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  249 


The  Green  Haw  is  a  sturdy  representative 
of  the  genus,  attaining  the  height  of  from  30-35 
ft.  with  broad  or  rounded  intricately  branched 
top  and  clear  trunk  12  or  18  in.  in  diameter. 
This  is  often  ridged  and  fluted  and  is  vested  in 
a  pale  gray  or  brownish  bark,  which  exfoliates 
in  small  friable  scales.  It  inhabits  the  banks 
of  streams,  moist  low-lands  and  lake-shores 
and  is  particularly  abundant  and  well  devel¬ 
oped  along  the  bayous  of  the  Mississippi  river 
in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  and  southward.  In 
these  localities  it  is  found  in  company  with 
the  Pecan,  King-nut  Hickory,  Water  and 
Honey  Locusts,  Forestiera,  Pin  and  Shingle 
Oaks,  Cottonwood,  etc.,  and  among  them  its 
full  rounded  top  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
objects  particularly  when  in  flower  or  bearing 
its  ripe  fruit. 

Leaves  mostly  elliptic  to  lance-ovate  or  obovate, 
114-3  in.  long,  cuneate  or  abruptly  contracted  and 
entire  at  base,  mostly  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at 
apex,  irregularly  serrate  or  serrate-dentate,  some 
on  vigorous  sboots  with  shallow  lobes,  glabrous 
or  with  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  beneath  ;  petioles 
slender  1-114  in.  long.  Flowers  in  May,  about 
%  in.  across,  in  many-flowered  compound  corymbs, 
with  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels  ;  calyx  glab¬ 
rous,  with  narrow  entire  lobes ;  stamens  20,  an¬ 
thers  pale  yellow  ;  styles  usually  5  with  pale  hairs 
at  base.  Fruit  subglobose  or  somewhat  obovoid, 
bright  scarlet  or  orange,  about  %  in.  long  or  less, 
in  drooping  clusters  with  long  slender  stems ; 
flesh  thin,  nutlets  usually  5,  slightly  ribbed  on 
back. 


ELLWANGER  HAW. 

Crataegus  Ellwangeriana  Sarg 


Fig.  292.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 
293.  Trunk  of  type  tree,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  251 


The  Ellwanger  Haw.  so  far  as  now  known, 
is  quite  local  in  distribution,  as  it  appears  to 
be  confined  mainly  to  Western  New  York,  where 
it  is  common.  It  is  a  large  and  beautiful  rep¬ 
resentative  of  its  genus,  attaining  the  height 
of  from  25-30  ft.,  with  lofty  broad  rounded 
top  and  clear  trunk  12-18  in.  in  diameter. 
This  is  covered  with  a  grayish  brown  bark 
which  exfoliates  in  rather  small  friable  scales. 
The  tree  from  which  the  leaf  and  fruit  speci¬ 
mens  used  for  our  illustration  were  taken,  and 
whose  trunk  is  seen  in  the  bark  picture,  is  the 
type  tree  of  the  species.  It  stands  on  the 
grounds  of  the  Mount  Hope  Nurseries,  owned 
by  Messrs.  Ellwanger  and  Barry,  and  was  fit¬ 
tingly  given  the  name  of  the  senior  member 
of  the  firm,  whose  upright  character  and  long 
career  as  a  successful  nurseryman  have  been 
of  great  benefit  to  his  community  and  country. 
This  particular  tree  is  one  of  rare  symmetry 
and  beauty,  with  large  handsome  leaves,  Howers 
and  fruit,  and  for  ornamental  planting  few  if 
any  of  the  other  Haws  surpass  it. 

Leaves  oval,  2  y2-4  in.  long,  mostly  broad- 
cuneate  or  rounded  ( on  vigorous  shoots  sub- 
cordate)  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  coarsely  and  ir¬ 
regularly  serrate-dentate  and  with  short  acute 
lobes,  membranous,  dull-green  and  scabrous  above, 
paler  and  nearly  glabrous  beneath  ;  petioles  slender 
and  stipules  V<~  in.  long,  sometimes  persisting  till 
autumn  on  vigorous  shoots.  Flowers  in  middle 
May,  1  in.  in  diameter,  in  many-flowered  villose 
corymbs  with  short  pedicels  ;  calyx  with  lanceolate 
glandular-serrate  lohes  ;  stamens  10  (or  sometimes 
,N)  with  rose-colored  anthers;  styles  3-5.  Fruit 
ripe  and  falling  in  September,  subglobose  to  ob¬ 
long,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  bright  crimson, 
%-l  in.  long;  nuts  3-5,  deeply  grooved  on  back. 


HOLMES  HAW.  SCARLET  THORN 

Crataegus  Hohnesiana  Ashe. 


Fig.  294.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit  ;  branchiet  in  winter. 

295.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base,  Rochester,  N.  Y, 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


253 


The  Holmes  Thorn  is  a  beautiful  large  Thorn 
sometimes  25  or  30  ft.  in  height  with  full 
round-spreading  top  and  a  clear  trunk  12-18 
in.  in  diameter  and  sometimes  5-7  ft.  to  the 
branches.  This  is  usually  ridged  and  fluted 
and  is  covered  with  a  gray  or  light  brown  bark 
which  exfoliates  in  thin  closely  appressea 
scales.  Before  the  recent  study  and  revision 
of  the  Crataegus  this  tree  was  called  the  Scarlet 
Thorn  and  considered  to  be  one  of  the  many 
and  various  forms  comprehended  in  the  species 
V.  coccinea  L.  In  the  revision  this  form  has 
been  given  specific  rank  and  named  after 
Prof.  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist  of  North 
Carolina.  It  is  quite  an  abundant  tree,  occu¬ 
pying  well-drained  slopes  and  uplands,  the  bor¬ 
ders  of  swamps,  etc.,  and  is  a  tree  of  highly 
ornamental  value. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained 
and  suitable  for  use  in  turnery.1 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate,  2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or 
broadly  cuneate  at  base  (subeordate  on  vigorous 
shoots),  acute  or  acuminate,  irregularly  double 
serrate  or  with  short  lobes,  thick  and  firm  at 
maturity,  smooth  yellow-green  above.  2-5  in.  long; 
petioles  slender,  1-1%  in.  long.  Flowers  %-%  in 
broad,  cup-shaped,  in  many-flowered  mostly  glab¬ 
rous  compound  corymbs  with  slender  pedicels: 
calyx  narrow  obconic  with  acuminate  glandular- 
serrate  or  entire  lobes:  stamens  usually  5  (or  6-8) 
with  large  dark  reddish  anthers  :  styles  3.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  in  September,  mostly  short 
oblong  or  somewhat  pear-shaped  in  drooping 
clusters  with  long  slender  stems,  lustrous  crimson 
Mi-%  in.  long  with  prominent  erect  or  incurved 
glandular  serrate  lobes ;  nutlets  3,  prominently 
ridged  on  the  back. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  86  (as  C.  coccina  E.). 


WASHINGTON  HAW. 

Crataegus  cordata  (Mill.)  Ait. 


Fig.  296.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 
297.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Central  Park,  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Tke-es  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  255 


The  Washington  Haw  is  a  beautiful  and 
clearly  defined  tree  with  slender  thorns  and 
marked  individuality.  It  attains  the  height 
of  25  or  30  ft.  at  times,  with  lofty  rounded  or 
spreading  top  and  a  clear  trunk  10  or  12  in. 
in  diameter  and  6  or  7  ft.  to  the  branches,  or 
is  sometimes  only  a  large  spreading  shrub. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of  a  grayish  or  pale 
brown  color  and  exfoliates  in  thin  small  scales. 
It  occupies  the  low  moist  but  well  drained 
soil  of  bottom-lands  and  the  banks  of  streams, 
but  is  nowhere  abundant  in  a  wild  state.  It 
has,  however,  probably  been  more  extensively 
planted  for  ornamental  purposes  than  any 
other  American  species,  and  may  have  become 
naturalized  in  localities  outside  of  its  native 
habitat  indicated  on  the  accompanying  map. 
It  is  hardy  at  least  as  far  north  as  New  York. 
It  is  said  to  be  even  more  extensively  grown 
in  Europe  than  in  this  country,  having  been 
introduced  as  early  as  in  the  seventeenth  cen¬ 
tury  and  was  named  there.  It  has  long  been 
popular  for  hedges,  as  well  as  ornament,  and 
is  said  to  have  received  its  common  name  from 
the  fact  that  nearly  a  century  ago  it  was 
introduced  from  the  vicinity  of  Washington, 
D.  C.,  into  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  where  it  became 
popular  and  was  extensively  planted. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  triangular,  IV2-2V2  in. 
long,  truncate  to  obtuse  or  wide-cordate  and  entire 
at  base,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  commonly  with 
3-7  spreading  pointed  coarsely  serrate  lobes,  thin 
and  lustrous  dark  green  at  maturity,  paler  be¬ 
neath  :  petioles  long  and  slender.  Flowers  in 
early  .Tune,  in  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs, 
calyx  with  short  lobes  pubescent  inside  ;  stamens 
20,  rose-colored  :  styles  2-5,  hairy  at  base.  Fruit 
ripening  in  October  and  persisting  on  the  branches 
until  spring,  depressed  globose,  scarcely  %  in.  in 
diameter,  bright  red.  the  calyx-lobes  falling  away  ; 
nutlets  3-5,  about  Vs  in.  long. 


PEAR  THORN.  PEAR  HAW. 

Cratcegus  tomentosa  L. 


Fig.  298.  Mature  leaves,  fruit  and  nutlets  (.the  spotting  of  the  leaves  is  abnormal)  ;  branchlet 
in  winter. 

299.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base.  Near  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  257 


The  Pear  Thorn  is  a  very  distinct  species, 
but  not  of  large  stature.  It  sometimes  attains 
a  height  of  18  or  20  ft.  with  upright  or  spread¬ 
ing  top  of  rigid  tortuous  branches  and  trunk 
5  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  or  is  often  shrubby 
with  several  stems.  The  trunks  are  usually 
well  armed  with  formidable  thorns  and  cov¬ 
ered  with  rather  smooth  bark  of  pale  gray  or 
brown  color  and  finally  exfoliating  in  thinnish 
plate-like  scales.  It  is  of  wider  range  than 
most  of  the  American  species,  occupying  low 
rich  soil  in  localities  from  eastern  New  York 
to  Kansas  and  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the 
southernmost  slopes  of  the  Alleghanies,  but  is 
not  everywhere  in  this  range  abundant.  West¬ 
ern  New  York  and  southeastern  Missouri  seem 
to  be  the  regions  of  greatest  abundance.  It 
is  easily  recognizable  on  account  of  its  large 
membranous  leaves  about  equally  pointed  at 
both  ends  and  its  ample  upright  clusters  of 
small  oblong  or  pear-shaped  fruit,  which  it 
retains  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  In 
this  late  retention  of  its  handsome  fruit  and  in 
the  brilliancy  of  its  autumnal  colors  lie  its 
chief  points  of  ornamental  value,  for  which  it 
is  occasionally  planted  in  American  and  Eu¬ 
ropean  gardens. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate-oblong,  3-5  in.  long, 
cuneate  and  entire  at  base  and  decurrent  on  the 
short  petiole,  mostly  acute  at  apex,  sharply  den¬ 
tate  or  somewhat  lobed  above  at  maturity,  thin¬ 
nish.  scabrous  or  glabr  -,s  above,  pubescent  be¬ 
neath  ;  petioles  stout.  Flowers  in  early  June, 
about  %  in.  across  in  many-flowered  tomentose 
compound  corymbs :  calyx  with  narrow  laciniate- 
serrulate  lobes :  stamens  20  :  anthers  pale  rose- 
colored :  styles  2-5.  Fruit  ripens  in  October  and 
persists  nearly  until  spring,  red,  in  erect  many- 
fruited  clusters,  mostly  pear-shaped  or  oblong, 
with  reflexed  calyx  lobes  ;  stones  2  or  3,  broad 
rounded  on  the  back  and  with  two  large  ventral 
cavities. 


LONG-SPINE  THORN. 

Crataegus  macracantha  (Lindl.)  Lodd. 


Fig.  300.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit  ;  branchlet  in  winter. 

301.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  259 


The  Long-spine  Haw  or  Thorn  is  a  tree  of 
medium  size  for  its  genus,  being  seldom  more 
than  18  or  20  ft.  in  height,  with  rigid  and 
often  crooked  branches  forming  a  rather  open 
and  irregular  top,  and  trunk  0-8  in.  in  diame 
ter.  This  is  vested  in  a  pale  brown  or  gray 
bark  which  exfoliates  in  small  elohgated  scales. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  ricb 
slopes,  more  commonly  of  limestone  forma¬ 
tion,  and  attracts  the  attention  of  even  the 
casual  observer  on  account  of  its  numerous 
very  long  chestnut  brown  thorns,  which  are 
rather  slender,  somewhat  curved  and  often  3 
or  4  inches  or  more  in  length.  We  cannot  but 
wonder  what  may  be  nature’s  plan  in  equip¬ 
ping  this  tree  with  so  much  more  formidable 
an  armament  than  she  has  the  other  species. 
It  is  a  tree  of  handsome  rich  foliage  and  is  a 
very  beautiful  object  when  bearing  its  large 
clusters  of  pure  white  flowers,  as  it  is  also  in 
autumn  with  its  lustrous  crimson  fruit. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  oval.  2-4  in.  long,  ab¬ 
ruptly  or  gradually  cuneate  and  entire  at  base, 
mostly  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  coarsely  and 
sometimes  doubly  serrate  or  with  short  pointed 
lobes,  coriaceous  at  maturity  and  dull  dark  green 
with  impressed  veins  above,  paler  and  puberulous 
on  the  prominent  veins  and  midribs  beneath  : 
petioles  stout,  margined  above.  Flowers.  May- 
•lune,  %  in.  in  diameter  in  many-flowered  villose 
compound  corymbs  ;  calyx  with  long,  narrow, 
acuminate  lobes  with  dark  glands:  stamens 
usually  30  (or  8-12)  ;  anthers  pale  yellow:  styles 
2-3.  tomentose  at  base.  Fruit  ripening  in  Sep¬ 
tember  in  erect  many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose. 
%  in.  in  diameter,  lustrous  crimson  with  serrated 
calyx-lobes  reflexed  and  persistent  :  nutlets  2  or 
3.  prominently  ridged  on  the  back  and  with  deep 
ventral  eavites. 


Jy  ® 

ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.  MAY. 

Crataegus  Oxyacantha  L. 


Fig.  302.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  fruit  in  section  and  nutlets  ;  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 
303.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Near  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  261 


The  English  Hawthorn,  or  the  May  of  Eng¬ 
lish  literature,  is  the  most  widely  distributed 
species  of  the  genus,  being  found  as  a  native 
distributed  over  the  greater  part  of  Europe 
and  central  Asia,  whence  it  was  introduced 
into  America  and  is  now  naturalized  in  many 
localities  in  eastern  United  States.  It  is  a 
species  of  medium  stature,  seldom  more  than 
20  or  25  ft.  in  height,  of  rather  upright  habit 
of  growth  and  with  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diame¬ 
ter.  This  is  more  or  less  ridged  and  covered 
with  a  grayish  brown  bark  of  elongated,  closely 
appressed  scales.  It  has  been  extensively 
planted  for  ornamental  purposes  for  centuries 
in  all  European  countries  and  few  plants  equal 
it  in  popularity  for  hedges.  So  extensively  is 
it  grown  in  England  that  it  is  as  prominent  in 
the  associations  of  country  life  there  as  are 
the  nightengale  and  sky-lark,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  “  blossoming  May  ”  in  spring  time  has 
made  it  famous  in  literature.  It  is  particularly 
well  adapted  to  hedge  growth,  as  its  many  stiff 
branches  armed  with  numerous  sharp  thorns 
make  an  effective  barrier.  It  was  for  that  use 
and  for  ornamental  planting  that  it  was  early 
brought  to  America.  Here  it  does  not  seem  to 
be  entirely  suited  to  our  climatic  conditions 
and  has  never  won  for  itself  the  popularity  it 
has  in  England. 

A  few  natural  and  several  nursery  varieties 
are  found  which  vary  widely  from  the  normal 
type  and  some  of  these  are  of  special  orna¬ 
mental  value.  Among  them  are  forms  with 
double  white,  red  or  variegated  flowers,  incised 
or  variegated  leaves,  fastigiate  or  drooping 
habit  of  growth,  etc.,  and  in  one  the  period  of 
flowering  is  prolonged  until  autumn. 

In  Asia  the  tree  is  said  to  be  cultivated  for 
its  fruit. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  very  fine¬ 
grained,  and  is  used  in  turnery.  It  is  said 
to  be  the  best  substitute  for  Boxwood  in  wood¬ 
engraving. 

Leaves  mostly  broad-ovate,  ohovate  or  oval. 
1-2 14  in.  long,  wide-cuneate  or  truncate  and  entire 
at  base  with  1-3  pairs  of  wide  spreading  lobes, 
irregularly  dentate  or  incisely  serrate  at  apex, 
glabrous  at  maturity  ;  stipules  often  prominent, 
semicordate,  incisely  dentate  :  petioles  slender  : 
branchlets  with  numerous  short  thorns.  Flowers 
about  ti  in.  broad  white  or  pinkish,  in  many- 
flowered  corymbs ;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  oblong  to 
subglobose,  %-%  in.  long;  stones  1  or  2,  when 
in  pairs  with  2  furrows  on  the  inner  side. 

Var.  xanthnearpa,  Roem..  has  conspicuous  yel¬ 
low  fruit.  Var.  monogyna  .Taeq..  originally  de¬ 
scribed  as  a  distinct  species,  has  a  single  stone  as 
shown  in  our  illustration. 


SWEET  CHERRY.  MAZZARD  CHERRY. 

Primus  Avium  L. 


Fig.  304.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 

305.  Medium-size  trunk.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

306.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  263 


The  Sweet  or  Mazzard  Cherry  is  the  most 
abundant  of  the  introduced  and  naturalized 
Cherries.  It  is  a  much  larger  tree  than  the 
allied  Sour  Cherry,  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  from  50  to  75  ft.  with  rounded 
pyramidal  top  while  young,  having  a  central 
leader,  but  with  age  usually  becoming  wide- 
spreading.  The  trunks  are  vested  in  a  smooth 
reddish  brown  laminated  bark  peeling  off  in 
transverse  strips,  and  only  on  very  large  trunks, 
which  are  sometimes  2  or  3  ft.  or  more  in 
diameter,  does  it  lose  its  laminated  character 
and  show  a  tendency  to  low  scaly  ridges.  Its 
native  land  is  thought  to  be  regions  bordering 
on  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  it  is  now  widely 
naturalized  throughout  southern  Europe  and 
a  considerable  portion  of  eastern  Lnited 
States.  The  garden  Cherries  of  which  there 
are  many  kinds  are  derived  almost  without 
exception  from  this  and  the  allied  Sour  Cherry. 
Those  which  have  their  parentage  in  this 
species  have  generally  distinctly  sweeter  fruit 
than  the  others  and  include  the  Black  Tar¬ 
tarian,  Bald  Eagle.  May  Duke,  Windsor,  Na¬ 
poleon,  etc.  Varieties  of  the  tree  of  special 
value  for  ornament  rather  than  for  fruit  have 
been  introduced,  as  forms  having  respectively 
very  large  leaves,  pyramidial  habit,  pendulous 
branches,  leaves  variegated  with  yellow  or 
white,  double  flowers,  etc.  From  the  fruit  of 
the  wild  tree  in  Europe  a  cordial  is  made  and 
from  its  trunk  exudes  a  useful  gum. 

Its  wood  in  Europe  is  valued  for  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  furniture,  musical  instruments,  etc., 
and  in  turnery.1 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  slightly  obovate,  mostly 
rounded  at  base  and  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex, 
irregularly  serrate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud  and 
pubescent  at  first  but  finally  thin,  limp  and  droop¬ 
ing.  dull  dark  green  above,  pubescent  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  Flowers  expanding  with  the 
leaves,  white,  about  1  in.  across  in  scaly  umbels 
on  short  lateral  spurs  pedicels  slender.  Fruit 
depressed  globular  or  heart-shaped,  from  yellow 
to  dark  red  with  generally  juicy  sweet  flesh  and 
globose  pit.! 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  56. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  440-441. 


SOUR  CHERRY.  PIE  CHERRY.  EGRIOT 

Primus  Cerasus  L. 


Fig.  307.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3 
308.  Trunk  of  tree.  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  2G5 


The  Sour  Cherry  is  a  naturalized  tree  in  the 
United  States,  having  been  introduced  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  value  of  its  fruit,  and  has  es¬ 
caped  from  cultivation.  It  is  a  low  spreading 
or  rounded  tree,  seldom  more  than  20  or  30  ft. 
in  height  or  with  trunk  more  than  10  or  12  in. 
in  thickness.  The  bark  of  young  trunks  is  dis¬ 
tinctly  laminate,  but  with  age  breaks  up  and 
exfoliates  in  thin  curled  scales,  leaving  a 
roughish,  somewhat  ridged  inner  bark.  The 
native  home  of  the  Sour  Cherry  is  thought  to 
be  the  forests  of  northern  Persia  and  Cau¬ 
casia,  but  it  has  become  naturalized  far  out¬ 
side  of  these  limits  and  is  found  growing  spon¬ 
taneously  in  localities  throughout  the  greater- 
part  of  Europe  and  in  northern  Africa  and 
India,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  It  is 
hardier  than  the  allied  Sweet  Cherry,  has 
smaller,  more  rigid  and  more  upright  leaves, 
its  spreading  top  is  generally  without  a  central 
leader  and  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  less  per¬ 
sistently  laminate.  Among' the  valuable  garden 
cherries  which  have  their  origin  in  this  species 
are  the  Amarelles,  Early  Richmond,  Montmo¬ 
rency,  etc.,  having  a  colorless  juice,  and  the 
Morellos  and  Louise  Philippe,  etc.,  having  a 
colored  juice.  They  are  all  generally  more 
tart  in  flavor  than  those  of  the  P.  Avium  ori¬ 
gin  and  the  trees  hardier.  There  are  also  some 
forms  of  the  Sour  Cherry  which  are  of  special 
ornamental  value,  on  account  of  double  white 
or  pink-tinted  flowers  or  leaves  variegated  with 
yellow  or  white.  The  normal  characters  are 
given  below. 

The  wood  of  the  Sour  Cherry  is  rather  light, 
hard,  brittle  and  of  a  light  brown  color  with 
lighter  sap-wood.  Though  of  good  qualities  it 
is  small  and  of  no  commercial  importance  in 
this  country.1 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  214-4  in.  long,  rounded 
or  obtuse  at  base  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate 
unequally  crenate-serrate,  rather  firm  and  thick, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers 
white,  about  1  in.  broad,  appearing  before  or  with 
the  leaves  in  few-flowered  very  scaly  sessile  umbels 
from  axillary  buds  on  the  growth  of  the  previous 
season  ;  calyx-lobes  strongly  reflexed.  Fruit  sub- 
globose  or  depressed  globose,  about  %  in  in  di¬ 
ameter  (larger  in  cultivation)  red.  without  bloom, 
with  juicy  tart  flesh  and  subglobose  pit. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  82. 


PIGEON  CHERRY.  PIN  CHERRY.  BIRD  CHERRY.  WILD  RED  CHERRY. 

Primus  Pennsylvanica  L.  f. 


Fig.  309.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  leaves  from  sterile  branch,  3  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

310.  Two  trunks,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  267 


The  Pigeon  Cherry  is  a  small,  handsome  tree 
occasionally  attaining  the  height  of  30  or  40 
ft.  and  10  or  12  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  but 
is  usually  much  smaller.  It  develops  a  rather 
narrow  oblong  top  with  slender  upright 
branches.  The  bark  of  smaller  trunks  and 
branches  is  lustrous  and  of  a  rich  wine  color 
marked  with  prominent  band-like  lentieels  and 
peeling  off  in  horizontal  strips.  Few  trees  of 
northern  regions  equal  it  in  beauty  in  early 
May,  when  each  branehlet  becomes  a  garland 
of  delicate  white  flowers  and  tender  bright 
green  leaves,  or  in  mid-summer  when  its  flow¬ 
ers  are  succeeded  by  an  abundance  of  small 
bright  red  translucent  long-stemmed  cherries. 

It  inhabits  drv  sandy  soil,  coming  up  in 
abundance  from  seeds  scattered  by  the  birds 
on  forest  tracks  recently  denuded  by  fires. 
Here,  offering  shade  and  shelter  for  the  more 
tender  seedlings  of  other  and  more  useful  trees, 
it  vies  with  the  Quaking  Asp  in  hastening  re¬ 
forestation.  And  then,  as  though  its  mission 
ended  there,  it  dies  as  soon  as  its  nurselings 
surpass  it  in  size  and  really  need  the  space 
it  occupies. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh¬ 
ing  31.30  lbs.,  soft  and  very  close-grained  but 
of  little  commercial  importance.1 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at 
base  and  acuminate  at  apex,  finely  unequally  ser¬ 
rate  slightly  viscid  when  young,  smooth  both 
sides  at  maturity,  shining  green  above,  paler  be 
neatb  :  pedicels  slender,  glandular  above.  I-  lowers 
about  %  in.  across  in  lateral  4-."i-flowered  umbels 
or  corymbs  with  long  pedicels.  Fruit  subglobose. 
about  14  in.  in  diameter,  light  red.  translucent, 
with  very  tart  juicy  flesh  and  oblong  slightly  com¬ 
pressed  stone  about  3-16  in.  long. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  55. 


CANADA  PLUM. 

Primus  nigra  Ait, 


Fig.  31 1.  Mature  leaves,  fruit  and  isolated  pits,  one  in  cross-section 
3:2.  Trunk.  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  209 


The  Canada  Plum  attains  the  height  of  20 
or  25  ft.  and  its  trunk  is  occasionally  10  or  12 
in.  in  thickness.  It  develops  a  broad  or  rounded 
top  of  many  stiff  and  more  or  less  contorted 
branches  and  small  somewhat  zigzag  branch- 
lets. 

In  the  month  of  May  its  heretofore  bare  and 
blackened  branches  suddenly  burst  into  a  pro¬ 
fusion  of  flowers  and  is  at  once  aswarm  with 
myriads  of  bees,  gathering  their  first  harvest 
of  the  summer  from  its  abundant  nectar.  At 
this  season  it  is  a  beautiful  and  conspicuous 
object. 

Its  orange  and  red  fruit  ripens  in  August 
and  is  valued  both  for  immediate  eating  and 
for  preserves  and  jellies.  The  quality  of  fruit 
varies  considerably  and  some  attention  is  being 
paid  by  pomologists  to  propagating  and  im¬ 
proving  the  better  varieties.  The  Purple  Yo- 
semite,  Quaker  and  Weaver  Plums  are  of  this 
origin. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  43.17  lbs.,  hard  and  very 
close  grained.1 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  rounded  or 
tapering  at  base,  acuminate,  unequally  crenate- 
serrate,  somewhat  rugose,  at  maturity  glabrous 
dark  green  above  paler  and  prominently  veined 
beneath  ;  petioles  with  dark  glands  near  the  leaf- 
blade.  Flowers  about  1  in.  across  in  3-4-Qowered 
lateral  glabrous  umbels ;  calyx  lobes  glandular- 
serrate  and  glabrous  inside ;  petals  white,  ovate- 
orbicular  with  short  claws.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid, 
about  1  in.  long,  with  thick  yellow  or  reddish 
skin  and  oval  compressed  thick-walled  pit,  sharply 
and  prominently  ridged  on  the  ventral  edge  and 
slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  81. 


AMERICAN  PLUM.  WILD  PLUM 

Prunus  Americana  Marsh. 


Fig.  313.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit.  1;  fruit  in  cross-section,  2;  isolated  pits,  3;  branchlet  from 
sterile  shoot,  4;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

314.  Trunk.  Southwestern  Arkansas. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  271 


The  American  Wild  Plum  tree  attains  the 
height  of  from  20  to  30  ft.  and  in  regions  most 
favorable  to  its  growth  a  trunk  diameter  of  12 
or  14  in.,  but  is  usually  a  considerably  smaller 
tree  and  is  sometimes  found  fruiting  as  a 
large  shrub.  It  develops  a  symmetrical  broad 
or  rounded  top  of  spreading  and  upright 
branches. 

Like  the  more  northern  Canada  Plum  it  is 
one  of  the  delights  of  early  spring,  when  cov¬ 
ered  with  its  profusion  of  white  flowers,  and 
in  mid-summer  is  quite  as  beautiful  an  object 
with  its  dark  green  leaves  and  red  and  yellow 
fruit.  In  quality  of  fruit  it  is  variable,  and 
pomologists  have  devoted  considerable  atten¬ 
tion  to  the  propagation  and  improvement  of 
the  better  sorts.  The  De  Soto,  Louisa,  Itaska, 
Minnetonka,  ets.,  are  plums  in  cultivation  of 
this  origin. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  eu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  44.96  lbs.,  close-grained,  hard  and 
strong,  but  of  no  commercial  importance.1 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  214-4  in.  long,  nar¬ 
rowed  and  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  acuminate 
at  apex,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly-serrate 
nearly  glabrous  when  they  unfold  and  at  maturity 
rugose,  dark  green  .above,  paler  and  with  promi¬ 
nent  reticulate  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  mostly 
glandless.  Flowers  when  leaves  are  about  half 
grown,  in  2-4-flowered  glabrous  umbels ;  calyx 
lobes  sometimes  entire,  pilose  inside ;  petals 
white,  rounded  with  claw.  Fruit  subglobose  or 
slightly  elongated  with  tough  acerb  skin  orange 
or  red  often  with  pale  spots ;  pit  oval,  rather 
smoothish  and  turgid  and  slightly  ridged  on  the 
ventral  side  and  obscurely  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 

Var.  lunula  Sudw.  is  a  form  ranging  from 
Missouri  to  Texas  with  pubescent  under  surfaces 
of  leaves,  calyx-lobes,  pedicels  and  branchlets. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  257. 


WILD  GOOSE  PLUM.  RIVER  PLUM. 

Prunus  hortulana  Bailey. 


Fig-  3[S-  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  i;  fruit  in  cross-section,  2;  isolated  pits.  3;  branchlet 
in  winter,  4. 

316.  Trunk  fof  var.  Waylandi )  near  Allenton,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  273 


Tiie  Wild  Goose  Plum  attains  the  height  of 
20  or  30  ft.  with  broad  rounded  top  of  rigid 
branches  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in 
diameter.  In  localities  it  is  found  as  a  tall 
shrub  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent. 
It  inhabits  the  low  banks  and  islands  of  streams 
subject  to  annual  inundation  (for  which  rea¬ 
son  it  is  sometimes  called  River  Plum)  in 
company  with  the  Sycamore,  River  Birch,  vari¬ 
ous  Willows,  Green  Ash,  Box-Elder,  King-nut 
Hickory,  Red-bud,  etc.  It  is  said  that  it  takes 
its  common  name  from  the  fact  that  one  of 
the  first  noticed  trees  was  grown  from  a  stone 
taken  from  the  crop  of  a  wild  goose. 

General  orchard  varieties  are  in  cultivation, 
producing  fruit  of  excellent  quality.  Among 
them  are  the  Miner,  Langston,  Clinton,  etc.  (of 
var.  Mineri)  and  the  Wayland,  Golden  Beauty, 
Moreman,  etc.  (of  var.  T Yaylandi). 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  suitable 
for  use  in  turnery.  • 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  wedge-shaped 
or  rounded  at  base,  long  taper-pointed,  closely 
glandular-serrate,  pilose  at  first  but  at  maturity 
glabrous,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
pilose  in  the  axils  of  the  prominent  veins  be¬ 
neath  ;  petioles  with  dark  glands  near  the  leaf- 
blade.  Flowers  when  the  leaves  are  about  half 
grown,  1  in.  or  less  across,  in  2-4-flowered  puber- 
ulous  umbels ;  calyx  with  acute  or  rounded 
glandular-serrate  lobes,  pubescent  both  sides ; 
petals  white,  rounded.  Fruit  subglobose  or  short- 
oblong,  1  in.  or  less  in  diameter,  with  thick 
tough  red  or  yellow  skin  of  pleasant  flavor  and 
with  turgid  stone  prominently  ridged  on  the  ven¬ 
tral  edge  and  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 


CHICKASAW  PLUM. 

Prunus  augustifolia  Marsh.1 


Fig.  317.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  isolated  pits,  2;  branchlet  in  late  autumn,  3 
318.  Trunk  in  eastern  Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  275 


A  small  tree  rarely  over  20  or  25  ft.  in 
height  with  rather  wide  rounded  top  of  spread¬ 
ing  slender  branches,  and  trunk  rarely  more 
than  8  or  19  in.  in  diameter  covered  with  a 
thin  dark  brown  bark  rough  with  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  It  is  often  a  shrub  of  but  few 
feet  in  height  forming  thickets  of  considerable 
extent. 

The  fact  that  it  is  confined  in  its  dis¬ 
tribution  mostly  to  old  fields  and  roadsides 
in  the  vicinity  of  human  habitations  suggests 
the  thought  that  it  may  be  an  introduced  tree, 
but  from  whence  it  is  not  known.  Early  set¬ 
tlers  found  it  growing  about  the  settlements 
of  the  Indians  in  the  South,  among  whom  there 
was  a  tradition  that  it  was  brought  from  be¬ 
yond  the  Mississippi  River. 

Its  fruit  is  valued  for  immediate  eating  and 
for  preserves  and  jellies  and  is  regularly  mar¬ 
keted  in  season  in  southern  towns,  commonly 
under  the  name  of  “  mountain  cherries.”  Yari 
ous  improved  forms  are  sold  by  nursery  houses 
but  only  suitable  for  the  southern  climate. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-oblong,  1-2  in  long, 
mostly  tapering  at  base,  acute  or  apiculate  at 
apex,  sharply  seriate,  glabrous,  lustrous  bright 
green  above,  paler  beneath  and  with  short  glabrous 
or  puberulous  petioles  having  two  glands  near  the 
leaf  blade.  Flowers  small,  about  %  in.  across, 
expanding  before  the  leaves  in  lateral  2-4-flowered 
umbels,  with  slender  glabrous  pedicels  :  calyx 
glabrous  with  lobes  pubescent  inside  ;  petals  white, 
rounded.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  summer,  sub- 
globose.  about  i/2  in.  in  diameter,  lustrous  red. 
without  bloom,  with  thin  skin,  .iuicy  subacid  Mesh 
and  turgid  oblong  thick-walled  stone  with  thick 
rounded  margins  and  somewhat  grooved  in  the 
dorsal  suture. 

1.  Frunus  Ohicasa  Mlchx. 


ALLEGHANY  SLOE.  PORTER'S  PLUM 

Prunus  Alleghaniensis  Porter. 


Fig.  319.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  fruit  in  cross-section,  2;  isolated  pits,  3;  branchlet 
in  late  autumn,  4. 

320.  Trunk  (bearing  2-foot  rule)  near  State  College,  Pa.  For  specimens  and  trunk  picture 
the  author  is  indebted  to  Prof.  W.  A.  Buckhout. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


i  i 


The  Alleghany  Sloe  is  a  small  intricately 
branched  tree,  at  best  not  surpassing  18  or  20 
ft.  in  height  or  8  or  10  in.  in  thickness  of 
trunk,  vested  in  a  loose  scaly  bark.  It  is 
usually  a  straggling  shrub  forming  in  places 
extensive  thickets  and  occupying  alike  low 
moist  soil  and  well-drained  slopes  and  limestone 
ridges.  In  distribution  it  is  the  most  restricted 
of  the  Plums,  being  confined  so  far  as  now 
understood  to  central  Pennsylvania,  chiefly 
Tussey  Mountain  in  Huntingdon  Co.,  Bald 
Eagle  Mountain  and  Valley  and  the  Allegha- 
nies  in  Clearfield  and  Elk  Counties.  Occupy¬ 
ing  the  wildest  places  of  these  regions  it  escaped 
the  notice  of  botanists  until  about  thirty  years 
ago.  It  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation  in  the 
garden  both  on  account  of  its  abundant  flowers 
and  small  glaucous  blue-black  fruit  which  it 
produces  in  abundance.  The  fruit  is  of  a 
pleasant  subacid  flavor  and  is  gathered  and 
used,  in  considerable  quantities  under  the 
name  of  “  sloes,”  by  the  country  residents,  for 
preserves,  jellies,  etc.  It  is  quite  probable  that 
it  will  be  improved  by  selection  and  cultiva¬ 
tion. 

Leaves  obovate-elliptical,  lVv-3  in.  long,  mostly 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate  at  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  pubescent  at  first,  finally  puber- 
ulous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  ex¬ 
cepting  on  veins  beneath :  petioles  ti  in.  long, 
puberulous.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  with  the 
leaves,  %  in.  in  diameter  in  2-4-flowercd  umbels: 
calyx  pubescent.  Fruit  ripens  by  tbe  middle  of 
August,  subglobose,  about  !A  in.  in  diameter,  dark 
purple  with  bloom,  on  stout  pedicels,  with 
thickish  skin,  of  pleasant  subacid  or  austere  flavor 
and  with  turgid  pit. 


MAHALEB.  PERFUMED  OR  ST.  LUCIE  CHERRY. 

Prunus  Mahaleb  L. 


big.  321.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  separated  pits,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
322.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base  and  supporting  the  stem  of  a  poison  ivy  vine,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  279 


The  Mahaleb,  Perfumed  or  St.  Lucie  Cherry 
properly  deserves  its  name,  “  Perfumed  ” 

Cherry,  as  it  has  fragrant  foliage  as  well  as 
fragrant  flowers,  and  its  seeds,  too,  are 

fragrant,  and  so  is  its  wood.  It  is  a 

small  tree  sometimes  attaining  the  height 
of  20  to  25  ft.,  with  rather  irregular  oblong 
or  rounded  top  of  short  lateral  branches  and 
usually'  crooked  or  inclined  trunk  8-10  in.  in 
diameter.  This  is  vested  in  a  dark  gray  or 
brownish  bark,  rough  with  low  irregular 

ridges  and  appressed  scales.  It  is  a  native 
of  middle  and  southern  Europe  and  the  Cau¬ 
casus,  whence  it  is  extensively  imported  into 
the  United  States  as  a  valuable  stock  on  which 
to  graft  garden  cherries  and  has  become  natu¬ 
ralized  in  localities.  Its  small  fruit  is  too 
austere  and  bitter  to  be  edible,  but  it  yields 
a  violet  dye  and  a  fermented  liquor  is  made 
from  it  resembling  Kirschwasser.  The  seeds 
possess  an  agreeable  flavor  and  odor,  and  a 
fixed  oil  expressed  from  them  is  used  in  per¬ 
fumery  and  among  the  Arabs  is  valued  as  a 
remedy  against  calculus  in  the  bladder. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  of  a 
dark  reddish  color  and  fragrant.  It  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  wood  of  St.  Lucie  and  is 
valued  by  cabinet-makers  and  by  the  manufac¬ 
turers  of  tobacco  pipes  and  other  small  articles 
of  wooden-ware.  The  small  rigid  stems  arc 
used  for  the  stems  of  tobacco-pipes,  walking- 
sticks,  etc.  Though  a  very  interesting  tree  it 
is  not  commonly'  planted  for  ornamental  pur 
poses  in  America  and  little  use  is  made  of  it 
here  except  as  stocks  for  grafting  purposes. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  orbicular,  mostly  1-2  in. 
long,  roundPd  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  ab¬ 
ruptly  acute  at  apex,  finely  crenate-serrate,  firm, 
glaucous  and  fragrant :  petioles  slender,  terete. 
Flowers  May-June,  small,  scarcely  %  in.  across, 
white,  fragrant  and  in  umbels  terminating  short 
lateral  branchlets.  Fruit  ripening  in  July,  sub- 
globose,  %  in.  in  diameter,  very  dark  red.  with 
thin  bitter  flesh  and  slightly  flattened  pit. 


CHOKE  CHERRY. 

Primus  Virginiana  L. 


Fig.  323.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruit,  2 ;  pits,  3  :  branchlet  in 
winter,  4. 

324.  Trunk  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  281 


The  Choke  Cherry  is  usually  a  tall  shrub 
and  only  under  the  most  favorable  conditions 
does  it  become  a  tree  20  to  30  ft.  in  height,  with 
irregular  rounded  top  and  crooked  or  leaning 
trunk.  This  is  rarely  more  than  6  or  8  in.  in 
diameter,  and  is  vested  in  a  grayish  brown 
more  or  less  mottled  and  rather  smooth  bark. 

It  is  abundant  over  a  large  part  of  its  range 
growing  in  moist  rich  soil  of  river  bottoms  and 
along  fence-rows  and  road-sides,  where  its 
finger-like  racemes  of  white  flowers  make  it  a 
beautiful  object  in  the  month  of  May,  and  its 
stems  of  dark  red  cherries  when  fully  ripe 
offer  refreshment  to  the  wayfarer  in  the  heat 
of  midsummer.  The  fruit  is  used  in  making 
pies  and  jellies  and  is  gathered  for  these  uses 
and  marketed  in  many  Canadian  towns.  Its 
name  is  appropriately  given  in  allusion  to  the 
consequence  of  attempting  to  eat  the  fruit  when 
not  thoroughly  ripe,  for  it  is  then  too  astrin¬ 
gent  to  be  easily  swallowed. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  oblong,  narrow  and 
rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate 
or  sometimes  acute  at  apex,  finely  and  sharply 
6errate  with  slender  pointed  teeth,  glabrous  and 
dull  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  along 
the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  Vi -Vs  In.  across  in 
cylindrical  racemes  terminating  leafy  branchlets ; 
petals  suborbicular.  Fruit  about  Vs  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter,  shining  dark  or  light  red  (rarely  yellow) 
subglobose  austere  and  astringent  until  very  ripe 
then  edible  ;  stone  nearly  globose,  about  Vi  in.  long. 


WILD  BLACK  CHERRY 

Prunus  serotina  Elirli. 


Fig.  325.  Branch  with  leaves  and  ripe  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruit,  2  ;  pits,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 
326.  Trunk  in  forest  in  western  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  283 


Tli is  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  the 
American  forests,  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  80-100  ft.,  with  straight  columnar 
scaly-barked  trunk  3-5  ft.  in  thickness.  When 
isolated  it  develops  an  oblong  or  rounded  top 
of  slender  rigid  branches,  and  growing  alike  on 
dry  gravelly  slopes  and  moist  intervales  it  is 
one  of  the  chief  elements  of  many  tracts  of 
forests  of  the  Appalachian  regions.  Its  flowers 
appear  later  than  those  of  other  representa¬ 
tives  of  the  genus  (hence  the  specific  name, 
from  a  Latin  word  meaning  late)  and  when 
its  leafy  top  is  trimmed  with  its  many  nod¬ 
ding  racemes  of  small  white  flowers  it  is  a 
highly  ornamental  tree.  Its  fruit,  when  fully 
ripe  is  of  pleasant  vinous  flavor  and  is  often 
used  in  making  rum,  and  the  aromatic  bark 
is  valued  as  a  flavoring,  as  a  tonic  and  sedative 


medicine. 

The  wood  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  36.23 
lbs.  is  strong,  rather  hard  and  very  close 
grained  and  one  of  our  most  valuable  woods 
for  furniture  making  and  interior  finishing.1 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong  to  lanee-obovate.  2-5  in. 
long,  tapering  or  rounded  at  base,  taper-pointed, 
serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  glabrous,  thick 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  with 
slender  petioles  bearing  red  glands.  Flowers 
opening  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  grown,  %  in. 
across  in  erect  or  nodding  racemes  4-0  in.  long, 
terminating  short  leafy  branchlets  ;  calyx  with 
short  lobes,  persistent  :  petals  obovate.  Fruit  sub 
globose  and  somewhat  lobed.  %-%  in.  in  di 
ameter,  reddish  black  with  juicy  purple  flesh  of 
vinous  flavor  and  stone  about  XA  in.  long  pointed 
at  apex. 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  29. 


RED-BUD.  JUDAS-TREE 

Cercis  Canadensis  L. 


Fig.  327. 
328. 
329- 


Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
Trunk  with  stems  of  poison  ivy  vines.  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 
Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  285 


The  Red-bud  is  a  small  tree,  sometimes  in 
forest  growth  attaining  a  height  of  40  or  50 
ft.,  but  when  isolated  does  not  attain  so  great 
a  height  and  then  develops  a  lowT  wide  flat- 
topped  or  a  rounded  head.  The  trunk  is  rarely 
more  than  10-12  in.  in  diameter,  clothed  in  a 
grayish  or  reddish  brown  scaly  bark. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  ravines  and  rich 
bottom-lands,  sometimes  forming  an  under¬ 
growth  in  forests  of  taller  trees,  and  in  early 
spring  its  abundant  pink  flowers  make  it  a 
beautiful  object.  Associating  as  it  does  with 
the  Flowering  Dogwood  and  flowering  at  the 
same  season  of  the  year,  one  rarely  sees  a 
more  beautiful  floral  medley  than  that  pre¬ 
sented  by  these  two  trees,  a  bank  of  Red-bud 
flowers  making  a  beautiful  setting  for  the  large 
white  flower-heads  of  the  Dogwood.  In  sum¬ 
mer  its  glossy  round  heart-shaped  leaves  are 
unsurpassed  in  attractiveness  by  the  foliage  of 
any  other  tree,  and  it  is  justly  popular  for 
ornamental  planting. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  39.05 
lbs.,  is  of  a  yellowish  brown  color  with  thin 
sap-wood,  and  is  of  little  commercial  import¬ 
ance. 

Leaves  cordate-orbicular,  3-5  in.  long  and  broad, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
apex,  entire,  thiekisli,  lustrous  above,  hairy  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  bright  yellow  in  au¬ 
tumn.  Ftoicers  about  44  in.  long,  in  sessile  um¬ 
bels  :  corolla  pink  purple.  Fruit:  pod  244-344  in 
long,  short  stalked  in  the  calyx  ;  seeds  oblong, 
%  in.  long1 

1  For  genus  see  pp.  441-442. 


COFFEE-TREE. 

Gymnocladus  dioicus  Koch.1 


Fig.  33°-  Branch  with  leaf  and  mature  fruit,  1  ;  pods  open  and  in  section,  2  and  3;  branchlet  in 
winter,  4. 

331.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Allenton,  Mo. 

332.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  287 


The  Coffee-tree,  or  as  it  is  commonly  called 
the  Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  100  ft.  and  in  the  forests  with 
straight  columnar  trunk  2-4  ft.  in  thickness 
covered  with  a  grayish  bark,  rough  with 
firm  prominent  scales.  In  the  open  it  de¬ 
velops  a  rather  wide  obovoid  top.  conspicuous 
in  summer  on  account  of  its  graceful  airy 
foliage  and  perhaps  interspersed  with  its  great 
brown  pods.  On  the  approach  of  winter  its 
manner  of  shedding  its  large  bicompound 
leaves  suggested  to  the  common  mind  the  er¬ 
roneous  idea  that  it  is  shedding  also  its  twigs 
and  its  appearance  then,  when  leafless,  has 
given  rise  to  the  name  S tump-tree .  It  is  con¬ 
fined  in  its  distribution  to  low  rich  bottom¬ 
lands  in  company  with  the  Black  Walnut, 
Buckeye,  Red-bud,  Blackberry,  Slippery  Elm, 
Honey  Locust,  Oaks  and  Hickories,  but  is  no¬ 
where  abundant.  Its  common  name.  Coffee- 
tree,  is  given  to  it  because  its  seeds  in  early 
days  were  used  to  some  extent  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cu.  ft.  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighs  4.3.21  lbs.,  is  heavy,  strong 
and  very  durable,  and  is  useful  for  posts,  rail¬ 
way  ties,  furniture,  etc.2 

Leaves  large,  2-3-ft.  long,  with  strong  petioles 
and  10-18  pinnae  each  bearing  10-14  ovate  mem¬ 
braneous  nearly  glabrous  leaflets.  Flowers  stami- 
nate  flower-clusters  3-0  in.  long:  the  pistillate 
10-12  in.  long  with  longer  pedicels.  Fruit  pods 
mostly  4-10  in.  long.  lV>-2  in.  broad,  remaining 
closed  on  the  branchlets  late  into  the  winter  with 
sweet  pulp  and  seeds  %  in.  across.’ 

1.  Syn.  Gymnocladus  Canculesis  Lam. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  27. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  442. 


HONEY  LOCUST. 

Gleditsia  triacantlios  L.1 


Fig.  333.  Piece  of  branch  bearing  leaves  and  fruit,  the  leaves  being  mostly  “  asleep  ”  (t.  e.,  with 
leaflets  closed  together,  as  they  do  at  night),  1;  portion  of  pod  with  side  removed,  2;  leaf  with 
leaflets  spreading  apart  as  they  do  in  day-time,  3  ;  large  branching  thorn,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 
334.  Trunk  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

335-  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  2S9 


The  Honey  I.ocust  attains  the  height  of  from 
75  to  140  ft.  when  growing  in  the  forests,  and 
when  isolated  develops  a  broad  rounded  or 
lofty  flat-topped  head  with  drooping  lateral 
branches  and  of  very  characteristic  aspect.  Its 
trunk,  commonly  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  excep¬ 
tionally  5  or  G  ft.,  is  vested  in  a  dark  gray 
bark  with  closely  appressed  firm  scales.  It 
usually  bears  a  rigid  sharp  1-3-pointed  glossy 
purple-brown  thorn  above  the  axil  of  each  leaf, 
and  the  trunk  and  bases  of  the  large  branches 
often  bristle  with  very  formidable  branching 
thorns,  but  trees  are  occasionally  met  with  in 
which  the  thorns  are  nearly  or  entirely  absent. 
It  inhabits  chiefly  moist  bottom-lands  in  com¬ 
pany  with  various  Oaks  and  Hickories,  the 
Black  Walnut,  Hackberry,  Buckeye,  etc.,  and 
although  growing  naturally  only  west  of  the 
Alleghanies  and  in  the  Mississippi  valley  has 
become  widely  naturalized  outside  of  its  origi¬ 
nal  range.  It  is  extensively  planted  for  orna¬ 
mental  purposes,  hedges,  etc.  From  its  incon¬ 
spicuous  flowers  the  bees  gather  much  honey. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  42  lbs.,  strong  and  very  durable 
and  is  used  for  railway-ties,  posts  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements.2 

Leaves  7-10  in.  long  with  7-10  pairs  of  leaflets 
or  4-8  pairs  of  pinna*  with  pubescent  petioles  and 
rachises,  the  leaflets  short-stalked,  oblong-lance¬ 
olate,  inequilateral  at  base,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
each  end.  crenulate,  lustrous  dark  green  above, 
paler  and  often  pubescent  on  the  midribs  beneath. 
Floreers  (.Tune)  from  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
previous  season,  green  and  rich  in  honey,  the 
staminate  in  dense  and  sometimes  clustered  race¬ 
mes.  the  pistillate  in  few-flowered  and  usually 
solitary  racemes.  Fruit  pods,  linear,  10-18  in. 
long,  shining  dark  brown  and  usually  contorted 
and  twisted  in  short  racemes  and  containing 
numerous  hard  oval  compressed  seeds  separated  by 
a  sweetish  succulent  pilin  ' 

1.  Sometimes  spelled  Gleditschia. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  28. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  442. 


WATER  LOCUST. 

Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh.1 


V 

1? 

La  ’ 

f  v  J 

V 

M 

mn 

I 

1 

Fig.  336.  Piece  of  branch  with  leaves  and  fruit.  1  ;  fruit  opened,  2 ;  isolated  seeds,  3 ;  leaf 
“  asleep,”  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

337.  Trunk  in  southern  Illinois  near  St.  Louis. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  291 


The  Water  Locust  attains  a  height  of  50  or 
60  ft.  and  its  short  trunk  is  sometimes  2  or  3 
ft.  in  diameter.  It  divides  usually  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  ground  into  several  branches 
forming  a  bushy  rounded  top  more  or  less  flat¬ 
tened  above,  with  contorted  spiny  branches. 
Sometimes  the  trunk  also  is  beset  with  for¬ 
midable  great  rigid  branching  thorns.  The 
bark  of  trunk  is  thin,  firm,  rough  with  small 
corky  excrescences  and  is  sometimes  sparingly 
scaly.  It  inhabits  only  deep  swamps,  the  bor¬ 
ders  of  sloughs  and  low  river  banks  subject 
to  long  inundation,  in  company  with  the  But¬ 
ton-bush,  Forestiera,  Planer-tree,  Bald  Cypress, 
Water  and  Tupelo  Gums,  various  Willows,  etc. 
and  is  most  abundant  and  of  largest  size  in  the 
lower  Mississippi  valley. 

The  wTood,  of  which  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  45.76  lbs.,  is  heavy,  hard  and 
strong,  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with  thick 
pale  yellow  sap-wood.2 

Leaves  5-10  in.  long  with  5-7  pairs  of  pinnate 
or  bi-pinnate  pinnfe  of  5-12  pairs  of  ovate  to  ob¬ 
long  leaflets,  usually  oblique  at  base,  rounded  at 
apex,  finely  crenate-serrate,  thick  and  firm, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers 
appearing  in  June  in  slender  elongated  racemes. 
Fruit:  pods  lustrous  brown,  thin,  1-2  in.  long,  in 
pendent  racemes,  oblique-ovate,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  with  long  slender  stalk,  without  pulp  and 
containing  a  solitary  (or  sometimes  2)  flat  sub- 
orbicular  yellow-brown  seed  %  in.  in  diameter. 

1.  Syn.  Glcditsia  monosperma  Walt. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  109. 


YELLOW-WOOD.  GOPHER-WOOD.  VIRGILIA 

Cladrastis  lutea  (Michx.)  Kocli. 


Fig-  338.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  pod  with  side  removed,  2  ;  others  showing  method 
of  dehiscence,  3  ;  isolated  seeds,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

339.  Trunk  in  cultivation  in  northern  New  York. 

340.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  293 


The  Yellow-wood  is  one  of  the  rarest  as 
well  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  the 
American  forests.  It  attains  the  height  of 
from  50  to  60  ft.  with  trunk  from  1  to  2  or  3 
ft.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  thin  smooth  gray¬ 
ish  beech-like  bark,  showing  in  delicate  streaks 
the  lighter  inner  bark  as  the  outer  becomes 
fissured  in  growth.  Its  short  trunk  usually 
divides  within  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into 
few  large  branches,  which  ramify  and  form  a 
graceful  broad  or  rounded  top,  when  unob¬ 
structed  by  surrounding  trees.  It  grows  natu¬ 
rally  in  rich  well-drained  soil,  and  mainly  on 
lime-stone  ridges  along  the  banks  of  the 
■streams  which  carry  the  waters  from  the  west¬ 
ern  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  into  the 
Ohio  River.  Its  desirable  habit  of  growth, 
its  ample  clean  foliage  little  affected  by  blight 
or  insects,  and  its  long  stems  of  pure  white 
flowers,  showing  in  beautiful  contrast  among 
its  rich  green  leaves,  make  it  a  very  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  planting.  This  fact  was 
recognized  a  century  ago  by  its  discoverer  who 
sent  its  seeds  to  Europe,  and  it  now  lends  its 
charm  to  almost  every  European  collection. 
In  this  country,  too,  it  is  a  favorite  ornamental 
tree  proving  to  be  hardy  as  far  north  as  north¬ 
ern  New  York  and  Ontario. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  39.12  lbs.,  hard  and 
strong,  the  heart-wood  being  ol  a  clear  yellow 
color  when  freshly  cut,  but  soon  changing  to 
brownish,  and  the  thin  sap-wood  is  nearly 
white.1  A  yellow  dye  is  made  of  the  heart- 
wood. 

For  botanical  characters  see  generic  descrip¬ 
tion,  this  being  the  only  species.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  280. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  412-443. 


LOCUST.  YELLOW  LOCUST 

Hob  ini  a  Pseudacacia  L. 


Fig.  341.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  some  showing  process  of  dehiscence;  branchlets  in 
winter,  3. 

342.  Trunk  of  tree  at  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 

343.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  295 


This  favorite  tree  attains  the  height  of  /  0 
or  80  ft.  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  3  or  4  ft. 
and  when  isolated  from  the  influence  of  other 
trees  develops  a  rather  narrow  oblong  top  with 
more  or  less  contorted  sinuous  branches.  Its 
natural  home  is  thought  to  be  limited  to  the 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  as  indi¬ 
cated  on  our  map,  but  on  account  of  its  valua¬ 
ble  wood,  the  delicacy  and  beauty  of  its  grace¬ 
ful  foliage  and  fragrant  flowers  it  has  been 
probably  more  extensively  planted  both  in  this 
country  and  Europe  for  ornament  and  use  than 
any  other  North  American  tree,  and  being  pos¬ 
sessed  of  a  hardy  adaptable  constitution  it  has 
become  widely  naturalized  throughout  eastern 
United  States  and  Canada.  Several  nursery 
varieties  are  found  in  cultivation. 

The  wood  of  the  Locust  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft. 
when  absolutely  dry  weighing  45.70  lbs.,  hard, 
strong  and  very  durable,  and  highly  valued 
in  shipbuilding,  for  fence  posts,  in  turnery 
and  especially  for  treenails.  Medicinal  prop¬ 
erties  (tonic,  purgative  and  emetic)  are  found 
in  the  bark  of  the  rootsA 

Leaves  8-14  in.  long  with  glabrous  petioles  and 
stipules  finally  spiny  and  persistent.  7-9  ovate- 
oblong  or  oval  leaflets,  1-2  in.  long,  rounded  at 
both  ends  and  emarginate  and  niucronate  at  apex, 
thin,  glabrous,  dull  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
pubescent  on  the  midrib  beneath  ;  stipels  linear, 
caducous  ;  branchlets  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
flowers  in  late  spring,  white,  in  loose  puberulous 
racemes,  4-5  in.  long,  very  fragrant  and  nectifer- 
ous :  pedicels  about  14  in.  long :  calyx  gibbous, 
the  ’  lowest  lobe  acuminate  and  longest  ;  petals 
white,  standard  blotched  with  yellow  beneath. 
Fruit:  pods  2-4  in.  long,  purplish,  maturing  in 
late  autumn  and  persisting  on  the  leafless  branch- 
lets  late  into  the  winter:  seed  3-10  in.  long.2 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  80. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  443. 


CLAMMY  LOCUST. 

Robinia  viscosa  Vent. 


Fig.  344-  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  half  of  pod  with  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
345-  Small  trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  297 


The  Clammy  Locust  is  a  small  tree,  only 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions  attaining 
the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  and  10  or  12  in.  in 
diameter  of  trunk.  Such  individuals  are  rare 
as  it  is  usually  not  of  half  that  size  and  often 
only  a  large  shrub,  spreading,  as  do  other 
representatives  of  the  genus,  by  underground 
stems  and  forming  considerable  thickets.  As 
an  isolated  tree  it  has  a  rather  open  oblong 
top  with  slender  branches.  Its  branchlets  and 
all  new  growths  are  covered  with  a  shining 
sticky  exudation  and  viscid  hairs,  by  which 
it  may  be  readily  recognized. 

Its  native  home  is  restricted  to  the  high 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  the  in¬ 
teresting  forests  where  only  are  found  the 
Rhododendron,  Kalmia,  Witch  Hazel,  Moun¬ 
tain  Holly,  etc.,  in  tree  forms,  and  there  it  is 
by  no  means  common.  On  account  of  its 
handsome  foliage  and  flowers,  however,  it  has 
been  widely  planted  for  ornamental  purposes 
throughout  eastern  United  States  and  Europe 
and  has  become  naturalized  in  many  locali¬ 
ties,  as  far  north  in  this  country  at  least  as 
the  Canadian  frontier. 

Its  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Yellow 
Locust,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely  dry  weighing 
50.44  lbs.,  but  is  not  of  commercial  import¬ 
ance. 


Leaves  10-12  in.  long  with  slender  sticky 
glandular-hispid  petioles,  11-21  ovate-obion0* 
nearly  glabrous  petiolulate  leaflets  from  1-2  in.  in 
length,  rounded  at  base,  rounded  or  pointed  and 
mueronate  at  apex  ;  stipules  subulate  and  some¬ 
times  delicate  spines  ;  stipels  very  small  and 
Slender  ;  branchlets  and  all  new  growths  glandular 
hispid.  Flowers  (June)  in  rather  dense  oblong 
axillary  racemes,  not  fragrant,  rose-colored,  the 
standard  marked  on  inner  face  with  yellow  blotch. 
F.niJ f ■'  pods.  2-31/2  in.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  thin 
ff,a^U  Br  PIspl<*  w‘th  reniform  seeds  about  %  in. 


PRICKLY  ASH.  TOOTH-ACHE  TREE. 

Xanthoxylum  C  lava- Her  cults  L.1 


Fig.  346.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  clusters  of  fruit,  1  ;  scattered  empty  capsules  and 
seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  bearing  prickles  in  winter,  3.  They  do  not  all  bear  prickles  the  first  season. 

347.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  small  prostrate  trunk  at  base.  Red  River  Valley,  Arkansas. 

348.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  299 


The  Prickly  Ash  is  a  small  tree  rarely  at¬ 
taining  the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  trunk 
12-18  in.  in  diameter,  but  usually  is  much 
smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Its  tendency  when 
isolated  is  to  develop  a  broad  rounded  top  of 
many  spiny  branches,  and  its  peculiar  bluish 
gray  bark  of  trunk  is  sure  to  attract  attention. 
This  is  smooth  and  studded  with  scattered 
barnacle-like  corky  bossess,  each  tipped  with 
a  thick  sharp  spine  which,  however,  finally 
falls  away.  A  fancied  resemblance  in  these 
spiked  trunks  to  the  club  of  Hercules  has  sug¬ 
gested  its  specific  name,  and  the  hooked  spines 
of  its  branches  have  given  it  its  apt  collo¬ 
quial  names  “  Wait-a-bit  ”  and  “  Tear -blanket,'” 
while  its  pungent  bark  has  given  it  the  name 
“  Sting-tongue  ”  among  the  southern  negroes. 
This  property,  too,  as  a  source  of  relief  in 
tooth-ache  has  caused  it  to  be  known  as 
Tooth-ache  tree. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  31.51  lbs.,  soft,  close-grained  and 
of  little  value.  Its  bark,  however,  is  highly 
valued  among  the  southern  negroes  for  the 
medicinal  properties  mentioned  of  the  genus.2 

Leaves  5-15  in.  long,  tardily  deciduous,  glabrous, 
with  more  or  less  spiny  petioles  and  3-9  pairs  of 
ovate-lanceolate,  often  falcate,  subcoriaceous  leaf¬ 
lets,  rounded  and  oblique  at  base,  acute  or  acumi¬ 
nate,  shinv  above,  dull  beneath,  crenate-serrate. 
Flowers  appear  after  the  leaves  in  large  terminal 
compound  cymes;  sepals  minute,  persistent; 
petals  oval,  greenish,  %-ti  in.  long  ;  stamens  5 
with  slender  exserted  filaments;  pistils  3  or  2, 
with  sessile  ovaries  and  short  styles  bearing  _- 
lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  mature  in  early  autumn 
with  oblique-ovoid  pitted  1-seeded  capsule,  the 
seed  after  dehiscence  hanging  outside. 

Var.  fruticosum  Gray,  is  a  shrubby  form  in 
western  Texas  with  short  often  3-foIiate  pubescent 
leaves  and  blunt  coriaceous  leaflets.3 

1.  Syn.  Fagara  Clava-Herculis  (L.)  Small. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  106. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  443. 


WAFER-ASH.  HOP-TREE 

Ptelea  trifoliata  L. 


Fig-  349-  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 
350.  Large  trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  In  cultivation  in  New  York. 

35 1-  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  301 


The  Wafer  Ash  is  more  often  a  shrub  than 
a  tree,  but  is  occasionally  found  attaining  the 
height  of  20  or  25  ft.  with  broad  or  rounded 
top,  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in  diame¬ 
ter.  I  have  seen  it  in  southern  Ontario  with 
a  short  trunk  10  in.  in  diameter,  but  such  a 
size  is  very  exceptional.  Its  dark  green  tri¬ 
foliate  leaves  and  conspicuous  bunches  of  light 
green  wafer-like  fruit  make  it  an  ornamental 
object  in  late  summer,  and  in  winter,  it  is 
hardly  less  conspicuous  on  account  of  the  fruit 
which  persists  seared  and  dry  upon  its  naked 
branches  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 
The  flavor  and  odor  of  its  leaves  and  bark 
when  bruised  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
hop  for  which  it  is  sometimes  used  as  a  sub¬ 
stitute  in  brewing  beer,  and  it  is  from  that 
fact  that  it  takes  its  name  Hop-tree. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  51.84  lbs.,  hard  and 
close-grained.1  An  extract  from  its  bark  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  tonic  in  medicine. 

Leaves  with  3  subsessile  ovate  to  oblong  leaflets, 
varying  from  rounded  to  cuneate  at  base,  acumi¬ 
nate  at  apex,  remotely  crenulate,  pubescent  at 
first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green  above,  glandu¬ 
lar-dotted  beneath.  Flowers  in  mid-summer,  of 
disagreeable  odor.  Fruit  flat,  similar  to  that  of  an 
elm  but  larger-winged  all  around  in  dense  clusters 
and  persisting  on  the  branches  nearly  all  winter.2 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  77. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  441. 


AILANTHUS.  TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 

Ailantlius  glandulosus  desf. 


1  _  "I 

fc  ■  .#5  fg 

*4 

1  n 

1 

3 

L  w  v  /  id 

1P5^0  .  A 

Fig-  3S2-  Branch  bearing  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  samarae,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

353.  Trunk  in  southern  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis. 

354.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  303 


The  Ailanthus  is  a  handsome  naturalized  tret 
sometimes  attaining,  in  its  native  land,  the 
height  of  80  or  100  ft.  with  rather  loose  open  top 
and  trunk  2  to  3  or  more  feet  in  thickness.  Its 
large  plume-like  leaves  are  familiar  objects  in  the 
door-yards  and  parks  of  many  of  our  eastern 
towns,  giving  a  tropical  appearance  scarcely 
equaled  by  any  other  tree  of  like  hardiness. 
Nor  is  its  ornamental  value  in  late  summer 
often  surpassed  by  any  other  tree,  when  its 
frond-like  foliage  is  interspersed  with  large 
bunches  of  brilliantly  colored  fruit.  It  is  par¬ 
ticularly  well  adapted  to  planting  for  shade 
and  ornamental  purposes,  being  a  hardy  tree 
■of  very  rapid  growth  and  little  affected  by  the 
dust  and  smoke  of  cities.  For  this  purpose, 
however,  only  the  pistillate  trees  should  be 
used  as  they  are  of  greater  ornamental  value 
and  their  flowers  are  free  from  the  objection¬ 
able  ordor  found  with  the  staminate  flowers. 
Those  to  most  people  are  ill-scented  and  their 
pollen  is  said  to  aggravate  catarrhal  troubles. 

The  native  habitat  of  the  Ailanthus  is  China 
and  Japan,  where  an  excellent  quality  of  silk 
is  made  from  a  worm  which  lives  upon  its 
foliage.  It  is  widely  naturalized  in  eastern 
United  States. 

The  wood  is  of  medium  hardness  and  of 
coarse  open  grain.1 

Leaves  12-36  in.  long,  with  13-41  stalked  leaf¬ 
lets  which  are  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  oblong, 
2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  acumi¬ 
nate,  entire  but  with  3-4  glandular  teeth  at  base. 
Flowers  (June)  yellowish-green,  in  panicles  often 
1  ft.  or  more  in  length  :  stamens  villous  at  base. 
Fruit  samaras  about  114  in.  long,  spirally  twisted.2 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  4. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  444. 


AMERICAN  SMOKE-TREE.  CHITTAM-WOOD 


Cotinus  Americanus  Nutt.1 


F'g-  355-  Branchlet  with  leaves,  fruit  and  plumose  sterile  pedicels  (an  herbarium  specimen),  i  ; 
assortment  of  fresh  leaves,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

356.  Trunk,  near  Carthage,  Mo. 

357.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  305 


The  American  Smoke-tree  is  a  larger  tree 
than  the  European  species,  as  it  sometimes 
attains  the  height  of  30  or  35  ft.,  with  a  clear 
trunk  12-14  in.  in  thickness  and  firm  spreading 
branches.  The  trunk  divides  at  8  or  10  ft. 
from  the  ground  into  a  few  large  branches,  which 
form  a  broad  open  top.  The  hark  of  trunk  is 
of  a  grayish  color  and  very  rough  with  thin 
oblong  somewhat  imbricated  scales,  it  is  one 
of  the  rarest  American  trees,  being  found  on 
rocky  slopes  singly  or  in  small  groves  scat¬ 
tered  among  other  trees  in  the  limited  re¬ 
gions  indicated  on  the  accompanying  map. 
The  Venetian  tree  with  its  beautiful  plumose 
hunches  of  sterile  pedicels  and  fruit,  making 
its  top  suggestive  of  a  puff  of  smoke  or  spray, 
is  a  familiar  object  in  ornamental  shrubberies. 
It  is  a  tree  vastly  improved  by  selection  and 
propagation  upon  its  native  condition,  and  the 
American  tree,  while  now  less  profuse  in  its 
display  of  “  smoke,”  than  the  European  tree 
may  be  susceptible  of  like  improvement,  while 
it  has  the  additional  advantage  of  greater 
size  and  more  ornamental  foliage. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  eu.  ft.  weighing 
when  absolutely  dry  40.04  lbs.,  soft,  durable 
and  of  a  light  yellow  or  orange  color  and  very 
thin  white  sap-wood  and  is  used  locally  for 
dying  orange  color. - 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate.  4-0  in.  long,  thinisli. 
mostly  petiolate  but.  the  lowermost  of  the  season's 
growth  subsessile.  deeurrent  on  the  petioles, 
rounded  or  omarginato  at  apex,  entire,  glabrous, 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the 
midribs  beneath.  Flowers  (April-May)  %  in. 
across  greenish,  in  panicles  .r>-0  in.  long.  Fruit 
■drupelets  about  V  in.  long  and  produced  sparingly 
■among  the  plumose  steril  pedicels.3 

1.  Syn.  Rhus  cotinoides  Nutt.  Cotinus  coti- 
noides  (Nutt.)  Britt. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  256. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  445. 


STAGHORN  SUMACH.’ 

Rhus  hirta  (L.)  Sudw. 


Fig-  358.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  drupelets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

359.  Trunk  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

360.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the;  Northern  States  and  Canada.  307 


The  Stag-horn  Sumach  is  occasionally  35 
or  40  ft.  in  height,  with  trunk  12-15  in.  in 
diameter  at  base,  but  is  usually  much  smaller 
and  often  forms  extensive  thickets  as  a  shrub 
but  a  few  feet  in  height.  It  usually  has  a 
more  or  less  crooked  or  inclining  trunk  divid¬ 
ing  into  few  large  branches  and  ultimately 
forming  a  broad  flat  or  somewhat  rounded 
open  head.  Its  favorite  home  is  dry  sandy  or 
gravelly  uplands  or  slopes  where  it  grows  in 
abundance  in  northeastern  United  States  and 
Canada,  enlivening  desolate  regions  with  its 
handsome  fern-like  foliage  of  green  interspersed 
with  large  thyrses  of  pale  yellow  male  flowers 
or  later  with  crimson  bunches  of  velvety  fruit. 
Its  autumnal  garb  of  red,  purple  and  yellow 
makes  it  an  even  more  conspicuous  object,  and 
when  leafless  in  autumn  its  velvety  spreading 
branches  are  quite  suggestive  of  the  antlers 
of  a  stag  in  the  velvet  ;  whence  its  name. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  27.15  lbs.,  soft,  and  of  a  golden 
yellow  color  streaked  with  tints  of  brown  and 
green  with  white  sap-wood. 2  The  bark  and 
leaves  are  rich  in  tannin  and  an  infusion  of 
the  tart  fruit  is  used  as  a  gargle. 

Leaves  pinnate,  deciduous,  12-24  in.  long,  vel¬ 
vety  pubescent,  with  11-31  lanceolate  subsessile 
leaflets  rounded  at  base,  long-pointed,  sharply  ser¬ 
rate  (rarely  laciniate)  dark  green  above,  lighter 
and  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  yellow-green,  in 
terminal  dense  compound  panicles,  staminate 
panicles  much  the  largest  ;  hranchlets  velvety 
pubescent.  Frvit  drunes  about  Vs  in.  in  diameter, 
globose,  covpred  with  crimson  acid  hairs  and 
massed  in  compact  nanicles  which  are  conspicuous 
during  the  en'ire  winter  at  the  ends  of  the  velvety 
hranchlets.3 

1.  Rhus  typhina  L. 

2.  A.  W.,  I,  5. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  445. 


DWARF  SUMACH. 

Rhus  copallina  L. 


Fig.  361.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  drupelets,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
362.  Small  trunk  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  300 


The  Dwarf  Sumach,  as  its  name  implies,  is 
a  small  tree  at  best  and  much  more  commonly 
a  shrul)  than  a  tree;  still  it  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  25  or  30  ft.  with  trunk  8  or  10 
in.  in  diameter.  This  is  generally  more  or  less 
leaning  and  divided  into  a  few  large  branches, 
ultimately  forming  a  wide  spreading  top.  Tt 
is  an  abundant  species  covering  dry  gravelly 
slopes  often  to  the  exclusion  of  nearly  every¬ 
thing  else.  Its  singular  and  beautiful  leaves, 
with  rachises  winged  between  the  leaflets,  give 
it  an  individuality  at  once  recognizable,  and 
its  bunches  of  crimson  fruit  add  not  a  little 
to  its  ornamental  value.  In  autumn  it  is 
brilliant  in  various  tints  of  red  and  purple. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
32.86  lbs.,  soft  and  of  a  greenish  brown  color 
with  lighter  sap-wood.  The  bark  and  leaves 
are  rich  in  tannin  and  the  fruit  similar  in 
properties  to  that  of  the  Stag-horn  Sumach. 

/waves  deciduous,  pinnate,  (i-s  in.  long,  with 
pubescent  petiole  anil  rachis,  the  latter  winged 
between  the  leaflets;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  to 
oblong,  subsessile,  entire  or  remotely  serrate 
towards  the  apex,  acute  or  acuminate,  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  in  midsummer,  about  Vk  in.  across,  .yellow- 
green,  in  short  dense  pubescent  terminal  panicles. 
4-li  in.  long;  the  pistillate  considerably  smaller. 
Fruit  in  compact  erect  or  nodding  clusters,  often 
persisting  on  the  branches  through  the  entire 
winter ;  drupe  about  %  in.  across,  compressed, 
crimson,  covered  with  short  acid  hairs ;  stone 
smooth. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray,  is  a  small  tree  of  eastern 
Texas  with  narrower  and  more  falcate  leaflets  and 
larger  hunches  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

Var.  leucantha  (Jacq.  I  de  C.  is  another  form 
found  in  Texas  (near  New  Braunfels)  with  white 
flowers. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  279. 


POISON  SUMACH 

Rhus  vernix  L.1 


F'g’  363.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  one  with  fruit  still 
attached,  2. 

364.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  311 


The  Poison  Sumach  is  generally  stigmatized 
ns  being  the  most  poisonous  American  tree. 
It  rarely  attains  the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.  and 
its  short  trunk,  occasionally  S  or  10  in.  in 
diameter,  forks  near  the  ground  and  sends  up 
a  few  large  branches  which  form  a  wide  open 
top.  It  is  much  more  common  as  a  large 
shrub  than  a  tree.  Fortunately  its  home  is 
exclusively  swamps  and  the  low  miry  banks  of 
streams,  as  though  nature  were  making  an 
effort  to  keep  it  in  places  least  frequented  by 
human  beings,  who  are  easy  victims  to  its 
poisonous  emanations.  Yet,  in  strange  con¬ 
tradiction.  it  is  given  a  foliage  and  pearl-like 
fruit  of  rare  beauty  which  tempt  the  unsus¬ 
pecting,  and  then  it  poisons  him  who  touches, 
unless  he  happens  to  be  immune  as  some  peo¬ 
ple  are.2  It  is  occasionally  found  skirting 
(lie  borders  of  ponds,  where  in  autumn  the 
glory  of  its  brilliant  red  and  orange  tints  A 
doubled  by  reflection  in  their  waters,  and  the 
beauty  of  such  a  scene  is  rarely  forgotten. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighing  27.30  lbs.,  tough  and  of  a 
golden  yellow  color  streaked  with  tints  of 
brown  and  green  and  with  clear  white  sap- 
wood.2 


Leaves  7-14  in.  long  and  with  7-13  short-potio- 
late  ovate-oblong  or  obovate  entire  leaflets  (the 
terminal  one  often  2  or  3-lobed)  obtuse  or  acute 
and  unequal  at  base  and  mostly  acuminate  at  apex, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  prominently 
veined  beneath.  Flowers  (.Tune)  yellow-green,  % 
in.  across,  in  long  loose  axilary  panicles.  Fruit 
ripens  In  September  and  often  hangs  from  leafless 
branches  in  the  winter,  in  long  loose  panicles: 
drupe  compressed  globose,  about  %  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter.  shining  ivory  white  or  grayish  ;  stone 
striated. 

1.  Syn.  Rhus  venenata  deC. 

2.  Drs.  Seward  and  Wakeley,  of  Orange,  N.  J., 
tell  me  that  they  find  in  the  fluid  extract  of 
Orindelia  rnbusta  an  almost  infallible  remedy 
against  the  poisoning  of  Poison  Sumach,  Ivy,  and 
the  allied  species.  They  administer  it  both  as 
an  internal  remedy  (in  doses  of  one  drop  every 
two  hours)  and  as  a  topical  applicant. 


AMERICAN  HOLLY 

Hex  opaca  Ait. 


Fig.  365.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruit  and  nutlets. 

366.  Large  trunk  in  eastern  North  Carolina. 

367.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


H  ANDBOOK  OF  T REES  OF  THE  XORTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA.  313 


The  Holly  is  a  beautiful  evergreen,  whose 
leaves  and  bright  berries  add  to  the  cheer  of 
Christmas  time  in  almost  every  home  through¬ 
out  the  land,  and  are  familiar  objects  to  many 
who  do  not  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  a 
growing  tree,  though  a  common  object  in  the 
forests  of  the  Southern  States.  There  it  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  a  narrow 
pyramidal  top  of  many  horizontal  or  drooping 
lateral  branches  and  a  smooth-barked  trunk 
occasionally  2  or  3  ft.  (rarely  more)  in  diame¬ 
ter. 

It  occupies  well-drained  slopes  and  bottom¬ 
lands  in  company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hick¬ 
ories,  the  Red  Cedar,  YVhitewood,  Magnolias’, 
Hornbeam,  etc.,  rarely  if  ever  forming  exclu¬ 
sive  forests.  Few  trees  equal  it  in  ornamental 
value,  especially  in  late  autumn  and  winter, 
when  its  associates  are  mostly  bare  and  leaf¬ 
less  and  its  bright  red  berries  show  in  strong 
contrast  to  its  dark  green  leaves.  But  alas! 
with  many  a  fine  tree  its  beauty  causes  its 
downfall,  so  great  is  the  demand  for  its  sprays 
for  Christmas  decoration. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
30.20  lbs.,  tough,  close-grained  and  nearly 
white,  and  is  valued  in  turnery,  in  cabinet¬ 
making,  etc.i 

Leaves  persistent,  elliptical  to  obovate,  spiny- 
tipped  and  with  few  spiny  teeth  or  occasionally 
entire,  thick,  coriacious,  dull  dark  green  and  cen¬ 
trally  grooved  above,  paler,  yellowish  green  and 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  the  spring,  from 
the  axils  of  the  new  leaves  or  scattered  at.  the  base 
of  the  growth,  the  staminate  in  3-9-flowered 
cymes,  the  pistillate  singly  or  2-3  together  ;  calyx 
acute,  cilliate.  Fruit:  drupe  subglobose,  ]4  in.  in 
diameter,  red  or  rarely  yellow  :  nutlets  promi¬ 
nently  ribbed.2 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  52. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  445. 


CASSENA.  DAHOON 

Ilex  Cassine  L.1 


Fig.  368.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  fruits,  2  ;  nutlets,  3  ;  tip  of  vigorous 
shoot,  4. 

369.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Okefenokee  Swamp,  Ga. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


15 


The  Cassena  is  a  beautiful  small  tree  of  the 
coast  regions  of  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States,  occasionally  attaining  the  height  of  20 
or  30  ft.  with  broad  rounded  top  and  trunk 
sometimes  12  or  18  in.  in  diameter,  or  is  often 
no  more  than  a  large  shrub.  It  grows  mainly 
in  the  humid  soil  of  swamps  and  about  the 
borders  of  pine  barren  ponds  in  company  with 
the  Cypress.  Ogechee  Lime,  Gums,  Sweet  Bay, 
Water  and  Laurel  Oaks,  Water  Hickory, 
Planer-tree,  etc.  Rare  in  the  northern  part  of 
its  range  it  becomes  common  southward,  reach 
ing  its  largest  size  and  abundance  in  southern 
Alabama,  Georgia  and  Florida.  In  these  re¬ 
gions  it  is  often  known  as  Henderson-wood. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  29.95  lbs.,  tough,  close-grained, 
easily  worked  and  of  a  clear  creamy  white 
color." 

Leaves  persistent,  oblanceolate  or  o'.iovate. 
1  r.,-3  in.  long,  euneato  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  or 
emarginate  (sometimes  rounded  or  retuse)  at  apex 
with  revolute  and  entire  margins  or  very  re¬ 
motely  and  sharply  appressed  serrate  near  apex, 
thick,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubes¬ 
cent  on  midribs  beneath  ;  petioles  short,  stout  and 
usually  pubescent.  Flowers  white,  scarcely  V2  in. 
broad,  in  hairy  pedunculate  clusters  from  the  axils 
mainly  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  the  staminate 
3-9-flowered  and  the  pistillate  usually  3-flowered. 
common  peduncles  nearly  1  in.  long  ;  calyx  lobes 
acute,  ciliate.  Fruit  red  drupes  ripening  in  au¬ 
tumn  and  persisting  until  spring,  subglobose,  14 
in.  in  diameter;  nutlets  prominently  ribbed. 

1.  Syn.  Ilex  Dalioon  Walt. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  276. 


YAUPON. 

Ilex  vomitoria  Ait.1 


Fig.  370.  Branchlets  with  mature  fruit;  scattered  fruits  and  nutlets. 
371.  Trunk  of  small  tree  in  eastern  North  Carolina. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  317 


I'he  Yaupon  is  a  small  tree  occasionally 
attaining  the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.,  with  dense 
top  of  many  branches  and  usually  more  or  less 
inclined  trunk  from  0  to  10  or  12  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter.  It  is  often  shrubby,  sending  up  several 
trunks  from  a  common  base.  It  is  confined 
to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast,  seeming 
to  require  the  influence  of  the  sea  breezes  in 
order  to  maintain  its  existence,  excepting  in 
t lie  lower  Mississippi  valley  where  it  ventures 
farther  inland.  It  is  a  tree  of  rare  beauty  in 
autumn  and  winter,  when  its  brilliant  red 
berries  and  handsome  dark  shining  green  leaves 
on  livid  branchlets  are  sought  for  Christmas 
decorations.  The  leaves  of  the  species  possess 
strong  emetic  properties,  as  implied  in  both 
the  specific  name  and  one  of  the  vernacular 
names  —  Emetic  Holly,  —  which  was  a  fact 
known  to  the  Indians  in  early  days.  From 
these  leaves  they  made  their  “black  drink” 
which  was  used  both  as  a  medicine  and  cere¬ 
monial  drink,  and  to  partake  of  it  they  jour¬ 
neyed  from  far  inland  to  the  coast  at  regular 
intervals. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained  and  of  a  creamy  white  color,  suitable 
for  use  in  turnery,  for  inlaid  work,  etc.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  45.31 

lbs. 

I. races  persistent,  elliptical  or  oblong.  1-2  in. 
long,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenate.  coriaceous, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles 
short  (about  Vs  in.)  and  thick.  Flowers  in  glab¬ 
rous  cymes  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
previous  year,  the  staminate  short-peduncled  and 
several-flowered  ;  the  pistillate  1  or  2-flowered  and 
sessile.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  autumn,  subglo- 
bose,  bright  red,  about  Vi  m.  in  diameter,  often  in 
great  abundance  and  persisting  until  spring  with 
stems  about  Vi  in.  long :  nutlets  obtuse  at  both 
ends  and  prominently  ribbed. 

1.  Syn.  Ilex  Cassini ■  Walt. 


SWAMP  HOLLY.  DECIDUOUS  HOLLY. 

Ilex  decidua  Walt. 


Fig-  372-  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot,  3  ; 
branchlet  in  winter  showing  persistent  fruit  stems  at  base,  4. 

373-  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  319 


The  Deciduous  Holly  throughout  most  of  its 
range  is  only  a  shrub,  but  in  localities  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  particularly  in  Arkansas, 
it  becomes  a  small  straggling  tree  occasionally 
~5  ft.  in  height,  with  crooked  or  inclined  trunk 
C  or  8  in.  in  diameter  and  covered  with  a 
smooth  pale  gray  more  or  less  mottled  bark. 
It  inhabits  swampy  places  overhanging  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  streams  in  company  with 
the  Red-bud,  Prickly  Ash,  Soapberry,  Missis¬ 
sippi  Hackberry,  Rusty  Nannyberry,  Rough - 
leaved  Dogwood,  Cypress,  etc.  In  such  localities 
in  Autumn  it  is  one  of  the  most  beauti¬ 
ful  objects  of  these  interesting  regions,  par¬ 
ticularly  after  the  leaves  have  fallen  and  its 
conspicuous  red  fruit  persists  long  upon  its 
leafless  branches. 

Its  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  46.24  lbs.,  hard,  close- 
grained  and  creamy  white  in  color. 

Leaves  deciduous,  lance-obovate  or  spatulate, 
114-3  in.  long,  cuneate  at  base,  acute,  obtuse  or 
emarginate  at  apex,  crenate,  glabrous  dark  green 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  midribs  beneath 
and  the  petioles  ;  and  branchlets  silvery  gray. 
/  lowers  (May )  mainly  on  growth  of  the  previous 
season,  mostly  in  pairs,  with  slender  pedicels, 
without  bractiets,  those  of  the  staminate  about 
14  in.  long  and  those  of  the  pistillate  shorter ; 
calyx  lobes  triangular.  Fruit  ripening  in  early 
autumn  and  often  persisting  until  spring,  14  in. 
in  diameter,  red,  depressed  globose  with  pedicels 
scarcely  14  in.  long  :  nutlet  ribbed. 


Fig.  374.  Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots,  2  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

375.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  Carolina. 


MOUNTAIN  HOLLY.  LARGE-LEAF  HOLLY. 

Ilex  monticola  Gray. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  321 


The  Mountain  Holly,  as  its  name  implies,  is 
quite  different  from  the  other  Hollies  in  being 
distinctly  a  mountain-loving  tree.  In  the  high 
Alleghanies  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  it  attains  its  largest  size,  here  some 
times  growing  to  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft. 
with  slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyra¬ 
midal  top  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in 
diameter.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  brownish 
gray  color  slightly  roughened  with  lenticels. 
Excepting  in  these  high  altitudes  it  is  usually 
shrubby.  Quite  as  distinct  as  it  is  from  other 
Hollies  in  habitat  is  it  also  in  its  large  leaves, 
which  are  more  suggestive  of  those  of  a 
Plum  than  of  a  Holly,  and  in  its  somewhat 
larger  fruit.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  and  would 
doubtless  be  popular  for  ornamental  planting 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  its  beauty  is 
evanescent,  as  it  drops  both  its  leaves  and  its 
fruit  early. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  fine¬ 
grained  and  nearly  white  but  not  of  commercial 
importance.1 

Leaves  deciduous,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate.  3-5 
in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at.  base,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  apex,  sharply  serrate  with  slender  pointed 
teeth,  membranaceous,  prominently  arcuate- 
veined,  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  some¬ 
what  glabrous  on  the  prominent  veins  beneath  : 
petioles  slender,  about  y,  in.  long.  Flowers  in 
.Tune,  in  few-flowered  cymes  at  the  ends  of  short 
spurs  on  the  growth  of  the  previous  season,  or 
solitary  on  the  new  growth  :  calyx  lobes  acute, 
ciliate.  Fruit  subglobose,  scarlet,  sometimes 
nearly  y2  in,  in  diameter  :  nutlet  prominently 
ribbed. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  252. 


WAHOO.  BURNING-BUSH. 

Euonymvs  atropuvpureus  Jacq. 


Fig.  376.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  (tlie  former  showing  mildew  and  scale.)  ;  fruit  in  various 
stages  of  dehiscence,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

377.  Trunk  of  a  large  tree  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

378.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  interesting  Walioo  is  a  small  tree,  only 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions  attaining 
the  height  of  20  or  25  ft.  with  a  trunk  0  to  8 
in.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  smoothish  mottled 
gray  bark.  When  isolated  from  other  trees 
it  develops  a  wide  flat  top  of  slender  spread¬ 
ing  branches.  Trees  of  this  species,  however, 
are  rare  and  confined  mainly  to  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  its  range.  Elsewhere  it 
is  usually  a  shrub  rather  than  a  tree. 

Its  quite  ordinary  foliage  and  flat  unassum¬ 
ing  flowers  scarcely  attract  attention  during 
the  summer  season,  but  on  the  approach  of 
autumn,  when  its  leaves  assume  a  pale  yellow 
color  and  its  singular  scarlet  purple  fruit  dan¬ 
gles  from  each  branehlet,  it  is  an  object  of 
conspicuous  beauty,  and  we  see  in  it  then  the 
aptness  its  occasional  names  “  Burning-bush  ” 
and  “  Bleeding-heart  Tree,”  as  its  opening  fruit 
reveals  its  blood-red  contents. 

I  he  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing 
when  absolutely  dry  41.08  lbs.,  hard  and  close- 
grained. 

Beans  deciduous,  mostly  oblong.  2-5  in.  long, 
tapering  at  base  and  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex, 
finely  crenate-serrate,  rather  thin,  pubescent,  paler 
beneath;  petioles  about  %  in.  long;  branchlets 
usually  more  or  less  4-angled.  Flowers  about 
in.  across  in  7-15  -flowered  trichotomous  cymes 
with  slender  peduncles  ;  petals  purple,  obovate,  un¬ 
dulate  ;  anthers  purple.  Fruit  ripe  in  October  and 
often  persisting  into  the  winter  about  %  in.  across, 
deeply  :!-4-Iobed,  smooth,  light  purple ;  seed  about 
'A  in.  long  and  covered  with  a  tliin  scarlet  aril.1 

1.  For  genus  see  p.  44(i. 


SUGAR  MAPLE.  HARD  MAPLE.  ROCK  MAPLE. 

Acer  Saccharum  Marsh.1 


pig.  370.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  a  detached  leaf  showing  galls  of  a  mite 
(Eriophyes  acericola  Garni.),  which  commonly  infests  this  tree,  i  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  2. 

380.  Trunk  of  tree.  The  squirrel  was  a  wild  gray  squirrel,  which  on  account  of  scarcity 
of  food  in  the  forest,  resorted  to  the  author’s  grounds,  where  food  and  shelter  were  ottered  it. 
It  remained  all  winter  and  was  photographed  when  about  to  partake  of  a  breakfast. 

381.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  325 


The  stately  Sugar  Maple  in  the  forest  some- 
I  times  attains  the  height  of  100  ft.  or  more 
with  trunk  from  3  to  5  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
when  isolated  develops  a  distinctly  ovoid  or  in 
very  old  trees  a  broad  rounded  top  of  many 
branches  and  dense  foliage.  It  is  without 
doubt  the  most  valuable  hard-wood  tree  in 
America,  taking  into  consideration  the  abun¬ 
dance  of  maple  sugar  it  produces,  the  choice 
figured  woods  and  the  valuable  plain  wood 
excellent  in  manufactures  and  for  fuel  and  rich 
in  potash.  It  is  abundant  on  well-drained 
uplands,  particularly  northward,  in  company 
with  the  Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  Hemlock,  Black 
Cherry,  etc.,  and  sometimes  forms  almost  ex¬ 
clusive  forests. 


Its  clear  sweet  sap  is  gathered  in  early 
spring  and  evaporated  to  make  the  maple 
sugar,  12  or  13  quarts  of  sap  making  a  pound 
of  sugar,  and  3-4  lbs.  to  a  tree  being  an  aver¬ 
age  yield.  I  have  made  23  lbs.  in  one  season 


from  a  single  tree  tapped  but  once,  which  is 
an  exceptionally  good  record  that  I  have  never 
known  surpassed.  The  Bird’s-eye  and  Blister 
Maple  are  almost  exclusively  and  the  Curly 
Maple  largely  products  of  this  tree  —  unac¬ 
countable  freaks  in  the  development  of  indi¬ 
vidual  trees. 

A  cu.  ft.  of  the  wood  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  43. OS  lbs.2 


|  Leaves  3-5-lobod  with  rounded  sinuses  and 
,  acuminate  sparingly  sinuate-toothed,  lobes,  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  pubescent  at  first  and 
I  at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  be¬ 
neath,  turning  yellow  and  scarlet  in  autumn, 
i  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  hairy  ses¬ 
sile  drooping  corymbs  witli  long  slender  greenish 
I  yellow  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate  ;  corolla  none. 
\  Fruit  ripening  in  autumn:  samaras  glabrous,  witli 
slightly  divergent  wings  nearly  1  in.  long.3 

Var.  Rugrlii  Rehd.  is  a  form  commonly  found  in 
the  southern  states,  and  rarely  in  the  northern, 
with  firm  thick  3-lobed  leaves  having  open  rounded 
sinuses  and  entire  acuminate  lobes. 

1.  Syn.  Acer  saccliarinum  Wang.  A.  barb  at  u  in 
Michx. 


2.  A.  W.,  I,  7,  la  and  lb. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  446-447. 


BLACK  MAPLE. 

leer  nigrum  Micbx. 


Fig.  382.  Leaves  and  fruit.  Note  the  presence  of  a  few  small  stipules.  They  are  occasionally 
much  larger.  Branchlet  in  winter. 

383.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Tre.es  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  327 


The  Black  Maple,  like  the  Sugar  Maple,  is 
a  stately  tree  attaining  the  height  of  80  or 
100  ft.  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
also  when  isolated  develops  a  distinct  ovoid  top 
of  upright  branches,  and  these  gradually  bend¬ 
ing  outward  make  in  old  age  a  broad  rounded 
top.  \\  ith  the  country  folk  generally  no  dis¬ 
tinction  is  made  between  this  and  the  true 
Sugar  Maple,  and  its  sap  is  likewise  used  in 
sugar-making,  but  to  the  observer  its  drooping 
concave  leaves  and  other  botanical  features 
indicate  its  distinctness.  It  thrives  best  in  the 
rich  soil  of  river-bottoms  in  company  with  tne 
Silver  and  Red  Maples.  Box  Klder.  Swamp 
White  Oak,  Kingnut  Hickory,  etc.  Like  the 
Sugar  Maple  it  is  a  favorite  shade  tree  owing 
to  its  abundant  foliage,  which  in  autumn  as¬ 
sumes  gorgeous  scarlet,  orange  and  yellow 
tints. 

The  wood  is  hard,  heavy  and  strong,  similar 
to  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple  and  applied  to  the 
same  uses.  A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  43.00  lbs. 

I, rnrcs  mostly  3-lobed  (occasionally  5-lobed) 
with  broad  short  and  generally  acuminate  lobes, 
entire  or  slightly  undulated,  cordate  at  base  with 
lohos  sometimes  overlapping,  tomentose  at  first 
but  at  maturity  glabrous  dull  dark  green  above, 
yellow-green  and  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins 
beneath,  firm  and  with  drooping  sides;  petioles 
stout  and  generally  bearing  stipules  at  the  en¬ 
larged  base.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves 
in  subsessile  hairy  pendent  corymbs  with  slender 
pedicels  2-3  in.  long:  calyx  campanulate  :  corolla 
none;  stamens  7-8;  ovary  pilose.  Fruit  ripening 
in  autumn  :  samaras  glabrous,  with  quite  divergent 
wings  nearly  1  in.  long. 


MOUNTAIN  MAPLE. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam. 


Fig.  384.  Branchlet  with  pair  of  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  detached  leaves  and  samara,  2  ;  section  of 
small  branch  showing  mottled  bark,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

385.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


329 


The  Mountain  Maple  is  the  most  diminutive 
of  our  eastern  Maples,  as  it  rarely  if  ever  at¬ 
tains  a  greater  size  than  25  or  30  ft.  in  height 
with  a  trunk  6  or  8  in.  in  diameter,  and  is 
commonly  rather  a  large  shrub  than  a  tree. 
It  is  rarely  ever  found  isolated,  as  it  seems  to 
require  the  moist  rich  loam  and  shade  of  the 
forest,  and  does  not  grow  naturally  away  from 
them. 

It  is  probably  the  most  abundant  of  the 
shrubs  and  small  trees  that  clothe  the  banks 
of  mountain  streams  and  overhang  their  spark¬ 
ling  waters  throughout  the  northern  states  and 
Canada.  Their  comely  leaves  and  upright 
stems  of  pale  flowers  are  as  intimately  asso 
ciated  with  these  retreats  in  early  summer  as 
the  songs  of  the  Hermit-Thrush  and  Catbird 
which  live  within  their  shade,  and  in  autumn 
it  is  an  object  of  special  beauty,  its  orange 
and  red  leaves  being  only  surpassed  by  the 
brilliancy  of  its  drooping  clusters  of  scarlet 
keys. 

The  wood  is  little  used  save  as  an  humble 
contribution  to  the  wood  pile  for  fuel.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  33.22 

lbs. 

Leaves  palmatel.v  3-lobed  or  slightly  5-lobed, 
cordate  or  truncate  at  base  the  acute  or  acumi¬ 
nate  lobes  coarsely  crenate-serrate  with  _  pointed 
teeth,  membranous,  conspicuously  reticulated, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  petioles 
slender,  reddish.  Flowers  (June)  about  !4  in.  in 
diameter  in  erect  many-flowered  long-stemmed 
pubescent  compound  racemes  ;  calyx  greenish  yel¬ 
low  ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  yellow  and  longer 
than  the  calyx  lobes  ;  stamens  7-8,  exserted  in  the 
staminate  flowers ;  ovary  hoary  tomentose ;  style 
columnar.  Fruit:  sameras  glabrous  with  broad 
divergent  red  wings  and  fully  grown  by  mid¬ 
summer. 


STRIPED  MAPLE. 

icei ■  Pennsylvanicuni  T. 


Fig.  386.  Section  of  small  branch  showing  striped  bark  and  branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit, 
detached  samara  and  leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 

387.  Large  trunk  with  small  one  to  the  left.  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


1 


The  Striped  Maple,  although  a  larger  tree 
than  the  Mountain  Maple,  with  which  it  is 
generally  associated,  only  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with  a  trunk  8  or  10 
in.  in  thickness,  and  is  often  a  large  shruh. 
This  also  is  a  shade-loving  tree,  being  found 
scattered  through  forests  of  the  Sugar  Maple. 
Yellow  Birch,  Beech,  Hemlock,  Red  Spruce, 
Butternut,  etc.,  but  is  occasionally  found  iso¬ 
lated.  having  then  a  rather  wide  or  rounded 
top  of  upright  and  spreading  branches.  Its 
handsome  large  leaves  and  gracefully  drooping 
stems  of  yellow  flowers,  borne  on  smooth 
striped  branches  of  rare  coloration,  overhang 
the  waters  of  nearly  every  forest-covered 
mountain  stream  within  its  range,  and  in 
northern  regions  are  eagerly  devoured  by 
moose  and  deer,  for  which  reason  it  is  some¬ 
times  called  the  .1/ nose- wood. 

Its  wood  is  of  a  rich  pinkish  brown  color 
with  abundant  lighter  sap-wood  usually  dotted 
and  streaked  with  pith-flecks.  A  cubic  foot 
when  dry  weighs  32.02  lbs.i 

Leaves  palmatel.v  3-lobed  at  apex  with  short 
acuminate  lobes,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  cordate 
or  rounded  at  base,  pubescent  at  first  but  finallj 
glabrous,  yellowish  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
thin,  prominently  veined  turning  pale  yellow  in 
autumn  :  petioles  stout.  Ftaieers,  in  late  spring 
when  the  leaves  are  nearly  full  grown,  bright 
yellow,  about  '/,  in.  across  in  slender  drooping 
racemes  4-(i  in.  long  ;  sepals  shorter  and  natiowei 
than  the  ohovatc  petals:  stamens  7-8.  shorter 
than  the  petals:  ovary  glabrous:  styles  columnar 
and  stigmas  recurved.  Fruit  drooping,  glabrous, 
widely  divergent,  wings  about  %  in.  long,  the 
seed  hearing  portion  pitted  one  side  :  seed  about 
14  in.  long. 

1.  A.  \V„  IV.  70. 


SILVER  MAPLE.  SILVER-LEAF  MAPLE.  WHITE  MAPLE. 

Acer  saccharinum  L. 1 


Fig.  388.  Branchlet  with  mature  fruit  while  the  leaves  are  not  yet  fully  grown,  i  ;  these  are 
surrounded  with  mature  leaves  gathered  later.  Leafless  branchlet  in  -winter,  2.  Note  the 
clustered  flower-buds. 

389.  Trunk  of  large  tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

390.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  333 


This  beautiful  tree  when  growing  in  the 
forest  attains  the  height  of  100  or  120  ft.  with 
trunk  3-5  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  from 
other  trees  it  forms  an  ovoid  top  with  many 
upright  branches  which,  however,  after  a  time 
gradually  incline  outward  and  form  a  rounded 
or  broad  top.  It  thrives  best  in  low  bottom¬ 
lands.  subject  to  occasional  inundation,  in 
company  with  various  Willows,  the  Black  Ash. 
River  Birch.  Red  and  Black  Maples,  Swamp 
White  Oak.  etc.  In  earlier  days  it  lined  the 
banks  of  most  of  the  navigable  streams  of  the 
interior  of  the  eastern  states,  and  early  writers 
tell  us  that  in  it  lay  a  large  part  of  the  charm 
of  their  picturesqueness.  Its  rapid  growth 
and  handsome  incised  leaves,  which  show  suc¬ 
cessively  their  dark  or  white  surfaces  when 
Muttering  in  the  wind,  have  long  made  it  popu¬ 
lar  for  ornamental  planting.  Several  nursery 
varieties  have  appeared.  Sugar  of  excellent 
quality  is  made  from  its  sap,  though  it  requires 
more  to  make  a  pound  than  does  that  of  the 
Sugar  Maple. 

Its  wood  is  strong,  rather  hard,  easily 
worked,  of  very  fine  grain,  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture,  etc.  A  cu.  ft.,  when 
absolutely  dry,  weighs  32.84  lbs.  Curly  Maple 
is  occasionally  produced  by  this  tree.2 

Leaves  deeply  5-lobed  with  narrow  sinuses  and 
acuminate  and  irregularly  coarsely  dentate  lobes, 
truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  5-t  in.  long, 
green  above,  silvery  white  and  often  pubescent 
beneath ;  pale  yellow  in  autumn ;  pedicels  long, 
slender  and  often  red.  Flowers  in  very  early 
spring  before  the  leaves,  in  dense  sessile  axillary 
fascicles,  greenish  yellow  \  corolla  none  ,  stamens 
3-7  ;  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  ripening  in  May,  the 
samaras  large  114-2  in.  long,  falcate,  divergent, 
prominently  veined. 

1.  Syn.  Acer  dasycarpum  Ehrh. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  26  and  26o. 


I'ig-  39 1  -  Mature  fruit  while  the  leaves  are  very  immature,  i  ;  mature  leaves  gathered  later  in  the 
season,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter  showing  clusters  of  flower-buds  and  leaf-buds,  3. 

392.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


RED  MAPLE.  SCARLET  MAPLE.  SOFT  MAPLE. 

Acer  rubrum  L. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tiie  Noethers'  States  and  Canada. 


The  Red  Maple  sometimes  attains  the  height 
of  100  ft.  or  more,  when  growing  in  the  forest, 
with  a  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  and  when 
growing  away  from  the  influence  of  other  trees 
develops  an  oval  or  rounded  top.  It  inhabits 
chiefly  bottom-lands  and  the  banks  of  streams 
and  swamps  in  company  in  the  north  with  the 
Black  and  Red  Ash,  Arbor  Vitae,  Hornbeam, 
Tamarack,  etc.,  and  in  places  forms  almost  ex¬ 
clusive  forests.  It  is  one  of  the  first  trees  to 
show  its  autumnal  colors  of  brilliant  scarlet 
and  is  then  a  very  conspicuous  and  beautiful 
object.  The  swelling  of  its  buds  in  late  winter 
is  one  of  the  first  evidences  of  approaching 
spring,  and  its  early  flowers  open  and  offer 
their  abundant  nectar  as  early  as  it  is  warm 
enough  for  the  bees  to  visit  them.  Even  before 
the  leaves  appear  in  southern  regions  the  tree 
is  gorgeous  with  its  crimson  full-grown  sa¬ 
maras,  though  in  northern  regions  they  do 
not  attain  full  size  until  after  the  leaves  ap¬ 
pear. 

The  wood  is  extensively  used  in  manufacture 
of  furniture,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely  dry 
weighing  38.50  lbs.,  and  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  Curly  Maple  of  commerce  comes  from 
this  tree.1  Maple  sugar  is  also  made  from  its 
sap  though  as  the  sap  is  not  as  sweet  as  that 
of  the  Sugar  Maple  it  requires  more  to  make 
a  pound  of  sugar. 

Leaves  2-0  in.  long,  3-5-lobed,  with  shallow  acute 
sinuses  and  irregularly  doubly  serrate  acute  or 
acuminate  lobes,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base, 
pubescent  at  first,  al  maturity  glabrous  green 
above,  whitish  and  mostly  glabrous  beneath,  bright 
scarlet  in  autumn  ;  petioles  slender.  Flowers  In 
earliest  spring  before  the  leaves,  scarlet  or  yellow- 
tinted,  in  lateral  fascicles ;  petals  oblong-linear : 
ovary  glabrous.  Fruit  on  drooping  pedicels  2-4 
in.  long,  divergent,  glabrous,  nearly  1  in.  long. 

Var.  tridcus  Wood-  is  a  form  in  coast  region 
from  N.  ,T.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  having  leaves  mostly 
smaller,  more  obovate,  narrow  and  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  3-lobed  (or  lateral  lobes  some¬ 
times  suppressed)  dark  green  above,  much  lighter 
and  glaucous  beneath,  thickish  ;  fruit  smaller, 
sometimes  yellowish. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  53. 

2.  Syn.  A.  Carolinianum  Walt. 


BOX  ELDER.  ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Acer  Negundo  L.1 


P'g-  393-  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  from  staminate  tree,  2 ;  do,  from 
pistillate  tree,  3.  They  are  sometimes  less  glaucous  than  here  shown. 

394.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree,  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  337 


The  Box-Elder  attains  a  height  of  from  50  to 
75  ft.  with  rather  wide-spreading  top  and  short 
trunk  2-4  ft.  in  diameter.  It  ranges  from  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  the  limits  of  tree  growth  on  the  western 
planes.  Occupying  the  banks  of  streams,  lake 
shores  and  low  bottom-lands,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  generally  distributed  and  abundant  trees 
throughout  all  this  range,  but  is  rare  east  of 
the  Alleghanies.  Its  handsome  foliage,  rapidity 
of  growth  and  unusual  ability  to  withstand 
drouth  make  it  very  popular  for  planting  as 
a  shade-tree  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  mid¬ 
continental  regions,  where  it  ornaments  the 
streets  and  door-yards  of  many  homes.  Several 
nursery  varieties  have  appeared  which  have 
won  popularity  both  in  this  and  European 
countries. 

The  wood  of  the  Box-Elder  is  light,  a  eu,  ft. 
when  absolutely  dry  weighing  26.97  lbs.,  soft, 
close-grained,  easily  worked  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden-ware,  lumber  for  in¬ 
terior  finishing  and  paper  pulp.2  From  its  sap 
sugar  is  sometimes  made. 


Leaves  3-5-foliate  with  ovate  to  oval  leaflets, 
from  cuneate  to  subeordate  and  entire  at  base,  re¬ 
motely  and  irregularly  serrate  or  lobed  above, 
tomentose  at  first  but  at  maturity  green  above, 
paler  and  hairy  in  the  axils  beneath,  thin,  turning 
yellow  in  the  autumn.  Flowers  dioecious,  very 
small,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  yellowish 
green  ;  the  staminate  in  fascicles  with  very  slender 
pedicels  1-2  in.  long  :  the  pistillate  in  narrow 
racemes.  Fruit:  samaras,  glabrous,  l%-2  in. 
long,  somewhat  incurved,  in  drooping  racemes  6-8 
in.  long,  falling  in  autumn  but  stems  commonly 
persisting  until  spring. 

Var.  Calif orniea  ( T.  &  (1.)  Sarg.,  is  tri-foliate 
witli  more  coarsely  dentate  leaflets,  pale  tomentose 
beneath. 

1.  Syn.  Negundo  aceroides  Moench. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  54. 


HORSE  CHESTNUT. 

Mscalus  Hippocastanum  L. 


Fig-  395-  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  opened  capsules  beneath,  i  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  2. 

396.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  beneath.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

397.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  339 


The  Horse-Chestnut  has  long  been  one  of  the 
most  popular  shade  trees  of  both  Europe  and 
America.  Its  native  home  is  said  to  be  south¬ 
ern  Asia,  from  the  Himalaya  Mts.  to  Greece, 
from  whence  it  was  introduced  into  this  coun¬ 
try  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and 
it  has  become  naturalized  in  many  places.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  its  genus,  some¬ 
times  attaining  the  height  of  75  or  80  ft.  with 
trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter.  Its  formal  round 
pyramidal  top  is  one  of  the  most  familiar  ob¬ 
jects  among  the  trees  of  the  parks  and  street- 
sides  of  all  the  eastern  cities,  and  few  trees 
equal  it  in  beauty  wThen,  in  the  month  of  May, 
its  dome  of  tender  green  handsome  leaves  is 
beset  with  showy  pyramids  of  white  flowers 
mottled  with  red.  Many  garden  varieties  have 
appeared;  as  forms  with  variegated  and  lacini- 
ate  leaves,  red-tinted  and  double  flowers,  etc. 
It  is  said  that  the  bitter  principle  of  the  fruit 
can  be  removed  with  fresh  water  and  it  is  then 
palatable  and  nutritious.  The  bark  is  rich  in 
tannin  and  is  used  in  medicine. 

The  light  close-grained  wood  is  suitable  for 
the  uses  for  which  the  Fetid  Buckeye  is  applied. 
In  Europe  it  is  employed  as  blind  wood  in 
cabinet  making,  for  moulds,  etc.1 

Leaves  with  petioles  4-7  in.  long  and  5-7 
(usually  7)  sessile  obovate  leaflets,  cuneate  at 
base,  abruptly  acuminate,  irregularly  crenate- 
dentate,  rugose,  thin  and  nearly  glabrous.  Floivers 
in  pyramidal  rather  dense  thyrses,  white  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purple.  Fruit  subglobose,  2-3  in. 
in  diameter,  covered  with  spines;  seed  1-1  (4  in. 
long  with  large  hilum.2 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  6. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  4-17. 


OHIO  BUCKEYE.  FETID  BUCKEYE, 

JEsculvs  glabra  Willd. 


Fig.  398.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
399.  Trunk  with  stem  of  large  grapevine.  Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  341 


This  is  a  medium-size  tree  rarely  attaining 
a  greater  height  than  75  ft.  or  tnickness  of 
trunk  than  2  ft.  and  often  no  more  than  half 
that  size.  When  isolated  it  develops  a  broad 
rounded  umbrageous  top  of  many  branches 
and  thick  straight  branehlets.  It  is  confined 
in  its  distribution  to  low  moist  regions  and 
the  banks  of  streams,  and  is  a  tree  of  hand¬ 
some  aspect  on  account  of  its  star  shaped 
clusters  of  leaflets,  which  in  autumn  turn  yel¬ 
low  before  falling.  When  leafless  in  winter  the 
distinctly  keeled  bud-scales  with  apiculate  free 
tips  and  rather  smaller  buds  readily  distin¬ 
guish  it  from  closely  allied  Yellow  Buckye. 
It  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornamental  pur 
poses  though  ill-favored  on  account  of  the  ill¬ 
smelling  bark  and  foliage  when  bruised  and  is 
not  as  ornamental  as  the  introduced  Horse- 
Chestnut. 

Its  light  wood  weighs  when  absolutely  dry 
28.31  lbs.  per  cubic  foot,  is  soft,  close-grained, 
rather  tough  and  easily  worked.  These  quali¬ 
ties  make  it  in  demand  for  the  manufacture 
of  artificial  limbs,  splints  and  some  kinds 
of  wooden-ware,  and  it.  is  also  used  for  paper- 
pulp.1  The  nuts,  “buckeyes,”  are  often  carried 
in  the  pockets  of  superstitious  people  with  the 
belief  that  they  will  keep  away  the  rheuma¬ 
tism. 

Leaves  with  pptioles  4-6  in.  lone  and  5-7  oval 
or  oblong  leaflets  3-6  in.  long  cuneate  and  entire  at 
base,  acuminate,  finely  unequally  serrate  above,  at 
maturity  glabrous  on  upper  surface,  pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneatli  and  on  the  petioles.  Flowers 
(April-Mav)  yellowish  green,  about  %  in.  lona\ 
mostly  unilateral  in  loose  pubescent  panicles  5-6 
in.  long :  calyx  campanulate :  petals  of  nearly 
equal  length  the  claws  about  equally  as  long  as  the 
calyx  but  the  lateral  pair  broader;  stamens  longer 
than  the  petals,  usually  7.  with  long  curved  fila¬ 
ments  ;  ovary  pubescent  and  armed  with  prickles. 
Fruit  irregularly  obovate  or  subglobose.  1-2  in. 
long,  more  or  less  roughened  with  prickles  ;  seed 
1-1%  in.  wide. 

1.  Syn.  jEsculus  flava  Ait. 

2.  A.  W..  XI,  253. 


YELLOW  BUCKEYE.  SWEET  BUCKEYE 

SEsculus  octandra  Marsh.1 


Fig.  400.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  seeds  and  valves  of  capsules,  2-3  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

401.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  and  Rhododendron  foliage.  Alleghany  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  343 


This  is  the  largest  and  handsomest  of  the 
native  Buckeyes,  attaining  the  height  of  75  to 
90  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  or  more  ft.  in  diameter. 
It  does  not  equal  the  allied  Horse-Chestnut  in 
beauty  of  flower-cluster  or  size  of  leaves,  but 
is  distinctly  a  handsome  tree,  especially  a 
purple-flowered  variety  which  is  known  botan- 
ically  as  var.  hybrida  (de  C.)  Sarg.  The  spe¬ 
cies  is  called  Sweet  Buckeye  not  because  the 
nuts  are  sweet  enough  to  be  eaten  by  man, 
but  they  are  sweeter  than  those  of  the  Fetid 
Buckeye  and  are  eagerly  eaten  by  cattle,  swine, 
etc.  It  is  said  that  flour  made  from  the  nuts 
is  excellent  for  paste,  which  possesses  an  ad¬ 
hesive  power  greater  than  that  of  ordinary 
paste  and  is  less  liable  to  be  eaten  by  insects. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  26.64  lbs.,  soft,  tough,  fine¬ 
grained,  easily  worked  and  applied  to  the  same 
uses  as  is  the  wood  of  the  Fetid  Buckeye.2 

Leaves  with  petioles  4-G  in.  long  and  usually 
5  (sometimes  6  or  7)  obovate-obiong  or  elliptical 
leaflets,  cuneate  at  base  the  lowermost  oblique, 
acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  at  first  but  finally 
nearly  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  duller  and 
hairy  tufted  in  the  axils  beneath.  Flowers  (April- 
May)  IV2  in.  long,  yellow,  in  loose  pubescent 
panicles  5-7  in.  long ;  petals  4,  unequal,  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  stamens  usually  7,  shorter  than 
the  petals ;  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  about  2  in. 
long  smoothish,  with  pale  brown  seed  about  1 V2 
in.  long. 

Var.  hybrida  (de  C.)  Sarg.  (var.  purpurascens 
Gray)  has  pink  or  purple  flowers  and  under  sur¬ 
face  of  the  leaflets,  petioles,  etc.  pale  pubescent. 

1.  Syn.  JEsculus  flora  Ait. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  278. 


WESTERN  SOAPBERRY. 

Sapindus  Drwmmondi  IT.  &  A. 


Fig.  402.  Branchlets  with  leaves  and  fruit  in  October,  1  ;  fruit  cut  into  to  expose  seeds,  2 ; 
separated  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

403.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

404.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  345 


This  interesting  tree  attains  the  height  of 
from  50-75  ft.,  with  trunk  1 %-2  ft.  in  diame¬ 
ter,  clothed  in  a  gray  rough  scaly  bark  and 
strongly  buttressed  at  base.  It  puts  out  but 
few  large  branches  and  along  these  many  short 
contorted  branches,  the  whole  forming  a  top 
of  peculiar  aspect.  Its  dark  green  leaves  with 
sickle-shaped  leaflets  and  large  clusters  of 
golden  translucent  fruit  terminating  each 
branchlet  are  features  of  singular  interest,  and 
in  a  measure  compensate  for  its  ungainly  habit 
of  growth.  On  account  of  a  resemblance  in  its 
fruit  to  that  of  the  China-tree  ( Melia  Aze- 
darach)  it  is  simetimes  called  the  Wild  China- 
tree.  It  inhabits  chiefly  bottom-lands  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Pecan,  Nutmeg  Hickory,  Mis¬ 
sissippi  Hackberry,  Prickly  Ash,  Honey  Locust, 
Drummond  Maple,  etc. 

The  name  Soap-berry  is  applied  to  this  and 
the  allied  trees  on  account  of  detersive  prop¬ 
erties  found  in  the  pulp  of  its  fruits,  which 
when  rubbed  between  the  hands  in  water,  form 
a  lather  and  can  be  used  as  a  substitute  for 
soap. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  50.04  lbs.,  strong  and  splitting 
easily  between  the  rings.  These  are  properties 
which  make  it  valuable  for  splints  in  basket 
making  for  which  it  is  to  some  extent  em¬ 
ployed.1 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  slender  not 
winged  rachises  and  9-11  pairs  of  lanceolate 
usually  falcate  acuminate  short-petiolate  oblique 
entire  leaflets  2-3  in.  long,  acute  at  base,  glabrous 
above,  pubescent,  thickish.  Flowers  (May-.Tune) 
about  3-16  in.  across,  white,  in  terminal  compound 
panicles  6-9  in.  long.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  au¬ 
tumn  and  remaining,  more  or  less  shriveled,  on  the 
branches  until  spring,  oval,  about  %  in.  long, 
yellow,  translucent,  glabrous  and  slightly  if  at  all 
keeled  ;  seed  dark  brown.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  254. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  447-448. 


COMMON  OR  PURGING  BUCKTHORN.  EUROPEAN  WAYTHORN 

Rhamnus  catliartica  L. 


Fig.  405.  Branchlets  with  mature  fruit  and  leaves,  1  ;  detached  fruit,  2  ;  nutlets,  3  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  4. 

406.  Tree  in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo 

407.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  347 


The  Common  or  European  Buckthorn  or 
Waythorn,  sometimes  called  also  the  Rliine- 
berry,  is  an  introduced  tree  in  the  United 
States,  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  many  places  throughout  the 
eastern  states.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe  and 
western  and  northern  Asia.  As  we  find  it  in 
this  country  it  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  26  to  30  ft.,  and  its  short  trunk,  sometimes 
12  or  14  in.  in  diameter,  divides  near  the 
ground  into  large  upright  limbs,  which  develop 
an  oblong  or  spreading  bushy  top  of  crooked 
branches  and  many  small  spiny  branchlets;  or 
it  is  often  only  a  spreading  bush.  It  is  an 
interesting  species  for  shrubberies,  on  account 
of  its  small  distinct  leaves  and  closely  clustered 
black  berries,  and  it  is  also  a  good  hedge  plant, 
on  account  of  its  many  stiff  spiny  branchlets. 
Its  bark  yields  a  medicine  of  strong  cathartic 
properties,  and  is  also  used  in  making  a  yellow 
dye. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  firm,  very  durable, 
of  characteristic  fine  grain  and  yellowish  or 
pinkish  brown  color,  with  narrow  light  yellow 
sap-wood.  It  is  suitable  for  use  in  turnery, 
for  tool-handles,  etc.t 

Leaves  opposite,  deciduous,  broad  ovate  or  oval, 
lVj-3  in.  long,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base, 
obtuse  or  acute,  finely  crenate  serrate,  glabrous, 
with  2-4  pairs  ot  prominent  veins  running  from 
near  the  base  nearly  to  the  apex  ;  winter  buds 
scaly.  Flowrs  (May-June)  about  %  in.  wide,  in 
2-5  axillary  clusters,  4  numerous;  petals  very 
narrow.  Fruit  subglobose,  black,  about  14  in. 
across,  very  bitter  and  containing  3  or  4  nutlets  ; 
seed  sulcate  on  the  back.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  277. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  448. 


YELLOW  BUCKTHORN.  INDIAN  CHERRY 

Rhamnus  Caroliniana  Walt. 


Fig.  408.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit;  detached  fruit  and  nutlets  and  branchlets 
(one  still  retaining  fruit  stems)  in  winter. 

409.  Tree  near  Allenton,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  349 


The  Yellow  Buckthorn  or  Indian  Cherry,  as 
it  is  also  called,  is  a  small  slender  tree  with 
unarmed  branches  sometimes  attaining  the 
hight  of  30  or  35  ft.  with  trunk  6  or  8  in.  in 
diameter.  It  is  more  often,  however,  shrubby 
and  scattered  as  an  undergrowth  through  for¬ 
ests  of  the  Black  Jack,  Post,  Shingle  and  Chin¬ 
quapin  Oaks,  Blue  Ash,  Bumelia,  etc.,  on  rich 
bottom-lands  and  limestone  slopes.  In  these 
situations  its  clear  bright  green  foliage  and 
berries,  varying  from  scarlet  to  black  according 
to  degree  of  ripeness,  are  highly  ornamental 
and  have  occasioned  its  planting  in  ornamental 
shrubberies,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted.  Its 
fruit  is  sweet  and  edible  though  of  no  com¬ 
mercial  importance. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing 
34.04  lbs.,  but  hard  and  close-grained  and  of  a 
rich  brown  color  with  clear  yellow  sap-wood. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  ovate,  2-6  in.  long  with  6 
or  7  pairs  of  veins  arcuate  near  the  margin, 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  (or  some¬ 
times  acuminate)  at  apex,  obscurely  serrate- 
crenate  or  nearly  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  shining  dark  green  with  impressed  veins 
above,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath  ;  petioles 
pubescent  ;  winter  buds  naked.  Flowers  (May- 
June)  perfect,  about  %  in.  broad,  in  pubescent 
umbels  or  some  solitary  on  peduncles  from  %  to 
%  in.  long  ;  calyx  5-lobed  :  petals  5,  enveloping  a 


short  stamen. 

Fruit 

subglobose. 

% 

in.  in 

di- 

ameter. 

ripenin 

g  in 

early 

autumn. 

black 

and 

sweetish 

when 

fully 

ripe 

and 

containing 

2-4 

closely  coherent  nutlets  rounded  on  back. 


BASSWOOD. 

Tilia  Americana  L. 


Fig.  410.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  nutlet  in  section,  2;  leaf  from  vigorous 
shoot,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

41 1.  Tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

412.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  351 


The  Basswood  is  one  of  the  most  abundant 
and  useful  trees  of  eastern  United  States  and 
Canada.  In  forest  growth  it  lias  been  known 
to  attain  the  height  of  125  ft.  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  3  to  4  ft.  or  more  in  diameter. 
When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de¬ 
velops  a  full  ovoid  or  rounded  top  very  un- 
brageous  on  account  of  its  many  branches  and 
large  leaves.  It  inhabits  preferably  rich  moist 
but  well  drained  slopes  and  bottom-lands,  and 
is  a  handsome  and  favorite  tree  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year.  It  is  especially  so  in  midsummer 
when  it  dangles  amid  its  ample  foliage  numer¬ 
ous  clusters  of  yellow  fragrant  flowers,  which 
perfume  the  atmosphere  for  some  distance 
about  the  tree  and  offer  an  abundance  of  nec¬ 
tar  from  which  the  honey  bees  make  their 
choicest  honey.  In  autumn  we  see  in  the  Bass¬ 
wood  a  unique  plan  of  nature  to  aid  in  the 
scattering  of  its  seeds.  Each  cluster  of  a  half 
dozen  or  so  seeds  is  furnished  with  a  special 
seed-leaf,  which  serves  as  a  parachute  and  so 
retards  their  fall  that  the  wind  has  an  op¬ 
portunity  to  carry  them  some  distance  away 
before  striking  the  ground. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing  28.20 
lbs.,  soft  and  tough  and  largely  used  for  fur¬ 
niture,  carriage-building,  wooden  ware,  etc.1 
The  fibrous  inner  bark  furnishes  valuable  bast 
for  mats,  cordage,  etc. 

Leaves  obliquely  oval.  5-10  in.  long,  cordate  at 
base,  abruptly  acuminate,  sharply  glandular- 
serrate,  thick,'  glabrous,  dull  dark  green  above, 
paler  and  glabrous  or  hairy  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath.  Flowers  with  pedunculate  bract 
3-5  in.  long,  cymes  drooping ;  sepals  pubescent  ; 
petals  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals  and  the 
scales.  Fruit  globose-oblong,  y3-V2  in.  in  diameter, 
rufous-tomentose.2 

1.  A.  W„  I,  3. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  118-449. 


LOBLOLLY  BAY. 

Gordonia  Lasianthus  Ell 


Fig.  413- 

414. 

415. 


Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  empty  capsules  after  the  discharge  of  the  seeds. 
Tree  with  leaves  at  base.  Near  Rocky  Point,  N.  C. 

Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  353 


The  Loblolly  Bay  sometimes  attains  the 
height  of  70  or  75  ft.  with  rather  slender 
trunk  rarely  over  18  or  20  in.  in  diameter,  and 
usually  considerably  smaller.  I  have  seen  it  in 
fruiting  condition  both  as  a  shrub  no  more 
than  shoulder  high  and  as  a  tree  of  its  largest 
dimensions  in  the  same  locality.  As  an  iso¬ 
lated  tree  its  habit  is  to  form  a  rather  nar¬ 
row  compact  head,  and  it  is  particularly  a 
handsome  object  on  account  of  its  bright  ever¬ 
green  leaves  and  conspicuous  flowers.  A  strik¬ 
ing  feature  is  its  grayish  or  reddish  brown  bark 
of  trunk  fissured  into  long  broad  rounded 
ridges,  quite  different  from  the  barks  of  other 
trees  with  which  it  is  associated. 

It  inhabits  low  rich  bottom-lands  and  the 
borders  of  swamps  in  company  with  the  Red 
Maple,  Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Bay,  Evergreen 
Magnolia,  Titi,  Devil-wood,  Gums,  Loblolly 
Pine,  etc. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  29.40  lbs.,  soft,  not  strong,  and 
easily  worked. i  The  bark  contains  tannin  and 
is  sometimes  used  for  tanning  purposes. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong,  nearly  sessile, 
cuneate  at  base,  bluntly  acute  at  apex,  appressed 
serrate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  .3-6  in.  long. 
Flowers  opening  for  several  weeks  commencing  in 
July,  2-3  in.  in  diameter,  with  red  peduncles  2-3 
in.  long,  thickest  above ;  sepals  eiliate,  pubescent 
outside;  petals  white,  about  1%  in.  long,  pubescent 
outside ;  ovary  pubescent  ;  style  short.  Fruit: 
pointed  ovoid  capsules,  persisting  after  liberating 
their  seeds.2 

1.  A.  W.,  V,  102. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  4  40. 


HERCULES  CLUB.  ANGELICA  TREE. 

Aralia  spinosa  L. 


Fig.  416.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  greatly  reduced  and  branchlet  in  winter  about 
natural  size. 

417.  Small  trunk  with  foliage  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

418.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  355 


The  Hercules  Club  is  a  small  tree,  rarely  if 
ever  attaining  a  larger  size  than  30  or  35  ft. 
in  height  with  trunk  0  to  9  inches  in  diameter 
and  it  is  often  much  smaller.  It  is  commonly 
a  vigorous  shrub  sending  up  branchless  stems 
from  a  single  base  or  from  stolomferous  roots. 
When  it  attains  the  stature  of  a  tree  it  puts 
out  a  few  spreading  branches  and  forms  a 
rather  flat-topped  head.  Its  beautiful  great 
leaves  are  the  largest  of  all  leaves  in  the  re¬ 
gions  in  which  it  grows,  though  their  many 
small  leaflets  are  commonly  mistaken  to  be 
leaves  and  the  leaf-stems  branchlets.  In  keep¬ 
ing  with  the  great  size  of  its  leaves  are  the 
enormous  bunches  of  innumerable  small  flowers 
succeeded  by  small  blue  berries.  The  leaf- 
stems,  the  great  twigs,  branches  and  even 
the  smaller  trunks  are  beset  with  many  sharp 
stout  curved  prickers,  warning  away  intruders 
who  might  but  for  these  pluck  its  royal  leaves 
and  flower  clusters  or  break  its  brittle  branches. 
It  is  justly  popular  for  ornamental  planting 
and  no  shrubbery  is  considered  well  equipped 
without  it. 

Its  wood  is  light,  very  soft  and  brittle  and 
a  large  hollow  pith-column  occupies  the  centre 
of  the  trunk.1 

Leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  bipinnate, 
2-4  ft.  long  with  long  stout  petioles  armed  with 
prickles  ;  leaflets  broad-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  often  with 
prickles  on  midribs  beneath.  Flowers  (July) 
about  %  in.  across,  in  many  small  umbels,  ar¬ 
ranged  in  a  compound  terminal  panicle  sometimes 
3  or  4  ft.  long :  style  distinct.  Fruit  ripe  in 
August,  3-5-angled,  subglobose,  %  in.  long,  black 
with  purple  juice.2 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  8. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  449-450. 


Ifp  fj 

I  i  f  > 

FLOWERING  DOGWOOD. 

Comas  florida  "L. 


Fig.  419.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  leaves,  fruit  and  young  flower-buds,  1;  isolated  nutlets,  2; 
branchlet  in  winter  showing  flower-buds,  3  ;  do,  showing  leaf-buds,  4. 

420.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

421.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  357 


This  favorite  tree  occasionally  attains  the 
height  of  35  or  40  feet  with  trunk  12  or  IS 
inches  in  diameter,  and  when  away  from  the 
influence  of  other  trees  develops  a  low  spread¬ 
ing  intricately  branched  top.  It  inhabits  rich 
well  drained  soil  along  the  banks  of  streams 
and  often  thrives  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 
These  localities  it  enlivens  in  early  spring  with 
its  showy  flower  clusters  strangely  suggestive 
of  so  many  separate  flowers.  It  is  especially 
effective  when  seen  against  a  mass  of  the  flow¬ 
ers  of  the  Red-bud.  with  which  it  is  often 
associated  and  which  flowers  at  the  same  sea¬ 
son.  The  Dogwood  is  again  in  evidence  in 
autumn  on  account  of  the  splendor  of  its  red 
and  purple  garb  and  long-stemmed  close  clus¬ 
ters  of  shining  red  berries. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
50.41  lbs.,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained  and 
admirably  adapted  to  use  in  turnery,  the 
handles  of  tools,  etc.  It  is  the  wood  used 
almost  exclusively  by  metal-spinners  for  forms 
who  purchase  it  from  supply  houses  by  the 
pound.  Its  bitter  bark,  particularly  of  the 
roots,  is  used  in  medicine  on  account  of  its 
astringent  and  aromatic  properties.1 

Leaves  mostly  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
hranchlets,  ovate  to  oval,  euneate  at  base,  acute 
or  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  entire  or  obscurely 
crenate-toothed,  thickish,  dark  green  and  with 
scattered  hairs  above,  pale  and  puberulous  be¬ 
neath  with  prominent  arcuate  veins ;  petioles^ 
short.  Flowers  greenish  yellow  in  dense  heads 
surrounded  by  four  large  white  or  pinkish  (rarely 
red)  petal-like  bracts  from  buds  formed  the  pre¬ 
vious  season,  conspicuous  during  the  winter,  and 
enveloped  by  the  bracts.  Fruit  bright  scarlet 
berries  in  close  heads,  with  mealy  flesh  and  thick- 
walled,  1-few-grooved  stone.2 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  SS. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  450. 


BLUE-FRUITED  DOGWOOD.  ALTERNATE-LEAF  DOGWOOD. 

Comm  alternifolia  L. 


Fig.  422.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

423.  Trunk  of  large  tree,  about  1  ft.  in  diameter,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

424.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  INTorthern  States  and  Canada.  359 


This  is  a  small  northern  tree,  occasionally 


under  most  favorable  conditions,  attaining  the 
height  of  25  or  30  ft.  with  trunk  6  to  8  or 
exceptionally  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  is  com¬ 
monly  a  tall  shrub.  It  inhabits  rich  well- 
drained  soil  along  the  borders  of  forests,  par¬ 
tially  cleared  land  and  fence  rows,  where  its 
peculiar  habit  of  ramification  easily  distin¬ 
guishes  it  from  its  associates.  It  puts  out 
horizontal  and  upward  inclined  strightish 
branches  with  many  upturned  branchlets  on  the 
upper  side  and  but  few  if  any  beneath. 
This  feature  is  best  seen  when  the  tree  is  leaf¬ 
less  and  it  is  then  quite  as  interesting  an  ob¬ 
ject  as  in  summer,  when  it  is  conspicuous  on 
account  of  its  flat  sprays  of  foliage  inter¬ 
spersed  with  clusters  of  white  flowers,  or  later 
red-stemmed  clusters  of  blue  berries. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
41.73  lbs.,  hard  and  very  close-grained,  adapted 
to  use  in  turnery,  etc.t 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets.  ovate  to  oval.  3-5  in.  long, 
wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  long- 
acuminate,  obscurely  erenulate,  pale  tomentose  at 
first,  but  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  glab¬ 
rous  or  nearly  so  above,  pale  and  appressed  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath,  with  prominent  arcuate  veins  ; 
petioles  slender,  pubescent.  Flowers  (May-.Tune! 
creamy  white,  about  V-i  in.  long  in  loose  com¬ 
pound  terminal  cymes  ;  petals  narrow,  rounded  at 
apex  and  reflexed.  Fruit  a  subglobose  blue  drupe, 
%  in.  in  diameter,  depressed  at  apex,  tipped  with 
the  remnant  of  the  style,  in  loose  red-stemmed 
clusters  ;  flesh  thin  and  bitter  and  short  ovoid 
somewhat  pointed  2-eelled  thick-walled  nutlet  with 
many  longitudinal  grooves. 

1.  A.  W.,  IV,  87. 


ROUGH-LEAF  DOGWOOD. 

Comus  asperifolia  Miclix. 


Fig.  425-  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

426.  Large  and  small  trunks  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base.  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  361 


The  Rough-leaved  Dogwood  is  a  small  tree 
only  in  a  limited  portion  of  its  great  range, 
which  extends  from  the  Atlantic  coast  nearly 
to  the  limits  of  tree  growth  on  the  western 
plains  and  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Usually  a  shrub  it  becomes  a  tree  on  the  rich 
bottom-lands  of  southern  Arkansas,  eastern 
Texas  and  northern  Louisiana.  Here,  in  com¬ 
pany  with  the  Pecan  and  Nutmeg  Hickory. 
Prickly  Ash.  Rusty  Nannyberry,  Mississippi 
Hackberry,  Soapberry,  Drummon  and  Red 
Maples,  the  Water  Oak,  etc.,  it  attains  the 
height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  irregular  open  top 
and  trunk  sometimes  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter. 
It  is  an  especially  beautiful  object  in  early 
summer  when  bearing  its  many  clusters  of 
creamy  white  flowers  and  in  autumn  with  its 
red-stemmed  bunches  of  white  berries. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong  and  of  fine 
grain,  adapted  to  use  in  turnery. 

Leaves  mostly  ovate  to  elliptic  and  oval,  acute, 
obtuse  or  almost  rounded  at  base,  long-acuminate, 
with  undulate  nearly  entire  margins,  tomentose  at 
first,  but  at  maturity  dark  green  and  rough  with 
short  stiff  hairs  above,  paler  and  pubescent  or 
glaucous  beneath  :  petioles  slender,  rough  pubes¬ 
cent.  as  is  all  new  growth.  Flowers  (late  spring) 
creamy  white,  in  rather  loose-flowered  terminal 
compound  long-peduncled  cymes :  petals  narrow, 
oblong,  acute  finally  reflexed.  Fruit  subglobose. 
about  14  in.  in  diameter,  white,  tipped  with  the 
remnants  of  the  style  and  in  loose  spreading 
clusters ;  flesh  thin  and  bitter  and  stone  1-2- 
seeded  slightly  several-grooved  lengthwise. 


PEPPERIDGE.  SOUR  GUM.  TUPELO 


Fig.  427.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  (There  are  often  several  more  drupes  in  a 
cluster  than  here  shown)  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

428.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree.  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

429.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  363 


The  Sour  Gum  in  the  forest  occasionally  at¬ 
tain  the  height  of  80  or  100  ft.,  with  trunk  3  to 
5  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  from  the 
influence  of  other  trees  its  habit  of  growth  is 
picturesque,  as  it  sends  out  many  spreading 
pendulous  small  tough  branches,  forming  a 
rounded  or  cylindrical  head.  It  inhabits  gen¬ 
erally  swamps  and  wet  lowlands,  in  company 
with  the  Red  Maple,  Swamp  White  Oak,  Black 
Ash,  Water  Ash  and  other  water-loving  trees, 
but  on  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
is  also  found  on  well  drained  uplands.  Its 
clear  bright  green  foliage  is  an  attractive 
feature  in  summer,  and  its  autumnal  tints,  of 
bright  red  and  purple,  are  scarcely  surpassed 
by  the  tints  of  any  of  the  trees  about  it. 

The  wood  of  the  Sour  Gum  is  rather  light 
and  soft,  of  fine  grain,  tough  and  difficult  to 
split  and  work,  owing  to  its  contorted  fiber. 
These  qualities,  however,  make  it  particularly 
valuable  for  certain  special  uses;  as  for  wheel- 
hubs,  rollers,  wooden-shoes  and  many  other 
articles  of  wooden-ware,  and  it  is  extensively 
used,  when  cut  into  thin  lumber,  for  fruit- 
boxes  and  crates. 2 

leaves  obovate-oblong  to  oval,  2-5  in.  long, 
cuneate  or  sometimes  rounded  at  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  entire,  pubescent  at  first  but 
finally  thick,  firm  and  lustrous  dark  green  above 
and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  ap¬ 
pearing  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  full  grown  on 
slender  pubescent  peduncles  from  y2  to  nearly  2 
in.  long,  the  staminate  in  many-flowered  and  the 
pistillate  in  few-flowered  heads.  Fruit  ripening  in 
October,  2-3  or  more  in  each  cluster,  oblong,  blue- 
black  with  thin  juicy  sour  flesh  and  ovoid  or 
oblong  slightly  flattened  stone  having  10-12  low 
longitudinal  ribs.3 

1.  Syn.  Nyssa  multiflora  Wang. 

2.  A.  W.,  I,  9. 


WATER  GUM.  SOUTHERN  GUM 


Nyssa  biflora  Walt.1 


Fig.  430.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
431.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  in  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  305 


The  Water  Gum  attains  the  height  of  from 
50  to  75  ft.,  witli  trunk  usually  tapering  from 
an  enlarged  base.  It  develops  a  rather  narrow 
top  of  many  small  spreading  branches,  and,  as 
its  name  implies,  it  is  confined  in  its  distribu¬ 
tion  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  water. 
It  occupies  deep  swamps  and  the  margins  of 
ponds  and  streams  in  company  with  the  Cotton 
Gum,  Cypress,  Water,  Laurel  and  Over-cup 
Oaks,  Titi,  Planer-tree,  Forestiera,  etc.  In 
autumn  it  is  a  conspicuous  object  on  account 
of  the  purple  and  red  tints  assumed  by  its 
foliage. 

Its  wood  is  fine-grained,  light,  tough  and 
difficult  to  split  and  work  on  account  of  its 
contorted  and  twisted  fiber.  It  is  applicable  to 
the  same  uses  as  the  wood  of  the  Sour  Gum. 

A  forcible  anecdote  was  once  told  the  author 
to  illustrate  the  crookedness  of  the  grain  of 
this  wood.  It  was  to  the  effect  that  “An 
Irishman  was  up  a  gum-tree  one  day  when  it 
was  struck  by  lightning,  and  he  had  time  to 
climb  down  before  the  lightning  reached  the 
ground,  because  it  had  to  follow  the  grain.” 
The  truth  of  the  story  was  not  vouched  for. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate  and  oblong, 
cuncate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  (occasionally 
acuminate)  at  apex,  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but 
finally  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  : 
petioles  stout.  Flowers  (when  leaves  are  nearly 
grown)  on  slender  hairy  peduncles.  1-1%  in.  long: 
the  pistillate  flowers  usually  in  pairs.  Fruit  in 
pairs  or  occasionally  solitary,  %-%  in.  long,  dark 
blue  with  juicy  acid  flesh  and  distinctly  flattened 
and  ribbed  stone. 

1.  Syn.  ~Syssa  aquatica  L.  (in  part). 


COTTON  GUM.  TUPELO  GUM.  LARGE  TUPELO. 

Nyssa  sylvatica  L.1 


Fig.  432.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1;  isolated  pits,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3 
433-  Trunk  of  a  tree  in  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  367 


This  interesting  semi-aquatic  tree  is  the 
statliest  and  most  useful  of  the  American 
Tupelos,  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  100 
ft.,  with  straight  columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in 
diameter  above  its  wide  base.  This  may  be 
6  or  8  ft.  across  at  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
and  is  usually  hollow.  The  wide  base  is 
nature’s  provision  to  give  the  tree  stability  in 
the  loose  miry  soil  in  which  it  grows.  It  in¬ 
habits  deep  swamps  and  the  margins  of  streams 
and  ponds,  where  its  base  is  covered  with  water 
during  a  considerable  portion  of  the  year. 
Here  its  associates  are  mainly  the  Bald 
Cypress,  Water  Gum,  Planer-tree,  Water  and 
Pumpkin  Ashes,  River  Birch,  Water  Hickory, 
etc.  Among  these  it  is  a  tree  of  striking  ap¬ 
pearance,  with  its  large  lustrous  green  leaves 
and  clusters  of  long-stemmed  fruit,  which  sug¬ 
gest  so  many  small  dates  in  appearance,  but 
the  extreme  opposite  of  them  in  flavor. 

Its  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh¬ 
ing  32.37  lbs.,  soft,  very  close-grained  and  more 
easily  worked  than  that  of  the  other  Tupelos. 
It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden-ware, 
boxes,  fruit-crates,  etc. 2 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oval,  mostly  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  base,  long-acuminate.  Irregularly 
angular-dentate  or  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but 
finally  glabrous  dark  green  above,  pale  and  downy 
pubescent  beneath.  5-10  in.  long:  petioles  l%-2% 
in.  long.  Flowers,  appear  in  March  and  April, 
with  long  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  bud- 
scales  below  the  new  leaves ;  the  staminate  in 
dense  capitate  clusters,  the  pistillate  solitary ; 
style  revolute  into  a  coil.  Fruit  on  slender  droop¬ 
ing  stems,  2-4  in.  long,  obovoid.  tipped  with  the 
remnants  of  the  style,  about  1  in.  long,  dark 
purple  with  pale  dots,  tough  skin  and  narrow 
obovoid  stone,  compressed  and  with  about  10 
sharp  wing-like  longitudinal  ridges. 

1.  Nyssa  uniflora  Wang. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  282. 


ROSE  BAY.  GREAT  LAUREL 

Rhododendron  maximum  L. 


Fig.  434.  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  do,  with  open  capsules,  2. 

435.  Forest  trunk.  Highlands,  N.  C. 

436.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  369 


The  Rose  Bay  is  familiar  as  a  shrub  to  most 
people,  who  never  think  of  it  as  a  tree,  but 
in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  of  Tennessee  and 
North  and  South  Carolina,  it  becomes  a  bushy 
round-topped  tree,  30  to  40  ft.  in  height,  with 
crooked  and  more  or  less  inclined  trunk  10  or 
12  in.  in  diameter.  We  see  in  these  individuals 
the  appropriateness  of  one  of  its  names  — 
(Ireat  Rhododendron.  It  is  rare  and  local,  and 
in  shrubby  form,  in  the  northern  part  of  its 
range,  only  occupying  certain  cold  swamps,  but 
to  the  southward  it  becomes  abundant,  occupy¬ 
ing  mountain-slopes  and  intervales  alike,  and 
is  commonly  scattered  as  an  undergrowth 
through  forests  among  other  trees,  or  in  places 
forming  almost  impenetrable  thickets  of  con¬ 
siderable  extent.  The  beauty  of  the  Rhodo¬ 
dendron  in  flower  is  scarcely  surpassed  by  any 
other  tree  or  shrub  of  the  American  forests, 
and  one’s  first  visit  to  its  haunts  in  the  flower¬ 
ing  season  is  sure  to  be  long  remembered. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained  and  hard,  but  rather 
brittle,  and  useful  in  turnery  for  tool-handles, 
etc.  A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs 
30.28  lbs.1 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
4-12  in.  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  revolute  in  the 
bud.  ferruginous  tomentose  at  first  but  at  ma¬ 
turity  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
thick  and  stiff.  Flowers  (June-.Tuly)  in  10-24- 
tiowered  umbels  4-5  in.  across,  with  slender  pink 
viscid-pubescent  pedicels  springing  from  the  axils 
■of  the  scales  of  the  inflorescence  buds ;  calyx- 
lobes  oblong,  rounded  ;  corolla  campanulate,  gib¬ 
bous  posteriorly,  about  1  in.  long,  varying  from 
rose-color  or  purplish  to  white,  cleft  to  the  middle 
lobes  rounded,  the  upper  one  yellow  spotted  in¬ 
side.  Fruit  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  %  in.  long, 
glandular-hispid,  opening  and  liberating  its  seeds 
in  autumn  and  persisting  during  the  following 
winter.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  284. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  457. 


MOUNTAIN  LAUREL  CALICO-BUSH 

Kalmia  hit i folia  L. 


l'ig-437-  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i;  branchlet  with  leaves  and  flower -buds  for 
the  next  season,  2. 

438.  A  burly  forest  trunk.  Highlands,  N.  C. 

439.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  371 


The  Mountain  Laurel,  like  the  Rhododendron 
with  which  it  is  commonly  associated,  is  gen¬ 
erally  a  shrub  rather  than  a  tree,  excepting  in 
the  heart  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  In  that 
interesting  region,  which  alone  affords  condi¬ 
tions  sufficiently  favorable  for  the  aborescent 
development  of  several  of  our  American  trees, 
the  Mountain  Laurel  is  found  occasionally  30 
or  40  ft.  in  height,  with  compact  rounded  top 
of  ridged  branches.  Its  trunk  is  usually 
crooked  or  inclined,  and  is  sometimes  18  or  20 
in  in  diameter.  To  the  northward  it  pre¬ 
fers  low  rich  bottom-lands,  but  in  the  southern 
part  of  its  range,  where  it  is  more  abundant, 
it  extensively  occupies  rocky  slopes,  forming 
in  places  dense  thickets,  and  is  widely  dis¬ 
tributed  as  an  undergrowth  in  deciduous 
forests.  In  flowering  time  it  is  the  Rhodo¬ 
dendron’s  only  peer  in  beauty  of  floral  dis¬ 
play,  and  it  has  become  deservedly  popular  for 
ornamental  planting. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  rather  hard  and 
brittle,  and  useful  in  turnery.  A  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weighs  44.02  lbs.i  Honey 
gathered  from  flowers  of  this  species  is  said  to 
be  poisonous,  at  least  to  some  extent,  to  per¬ 
sons  eating  it,  though  apparently  not  to  the 
bees. 

Leaves  persistent,  alternate,  opposite  and  in 
threes,  condupllcate,  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblong, 
acute  at  both  ends,  pubescent  at  first  but  at  ma¬ 
turity  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
thick,  rigid.  Flowers  (May-June),  about  %  in. 
in  diameter,  numerous  in  compound  and  crowded 
terminal  corymbs,  3-6  in.  across  :  pedicels  slender, 
erect,  glandular,  pubescent  :  corolla  white  or 
pinkish  and  delicately  penciled  above.  Fruit  a 
depressed-globose  glandular  capsule,  three-six¬ 
teenths  in.  in  diameter  with  persistent  calyx  and 
style.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  259. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  451-452. 


SORREL-TREE.  SOUR-WOOD. 

Oxydendrum  arborewn  (L.)  DC. 


Fisr.  440.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  (to  the  left)  a  cluster  of  empty  capsules 
et  the  preceding  season,  1  ;  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

I41.  I.arge  forest  trunk  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

4'i2.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  373 


The  Sorrel-tree  is  a  handsome  and  interest¬ 
ing  tree,  occasionally  in  the  forest  attaining  t  le 
height  of  50  to  70  ft.  or  more,  with  long  clear 
trunk  IS  or  20  in.  in  diameter.  When  iso¬ 
lated  it  develops  a  rather  irregular  narrow- 
oblong  top,  with  spreading  and  drooping 
branches. 

It  occupies  mainly  well  drained  slopes  and 
ridges,  in  company  with  various  Oaks  and 
Hickories,  the  Sugar  Maple,  Sweet  and  Sour 
Gums,  the  Silver-bell  Tree,  Yellow  Buckeye, 
etc.,  and  attains  its  largest  size  on  the  lower 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Farther 
east,  as  1  have  found  it  along  the  borders  of 
the  Dismal  Swamp  in  Virginia,  it  is  a  small 
slender-stemmed  tree,  often  with  inclined 
trunk,  and  there  thriving  in  moist  soil.  It  i; 
a  distinctly  ornamental  tree  in  summer,  with 
handsome  foliage  and  large  terminal  bunches 
of  tiny  cup-shaped  white  flowers,  and  in 
autumn  with  its  bright  scarlet  foliage. 

It  takes  its  name  from  a  slightly  acidulous 
flavor  of  its  leaves  and  branchlets,  which  are 
tonic,  refrigerant  and  diuretic  in  properties. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  rather  hard  and 
heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh¬ 
ing  40.48  lbs.,  and  is  useful  in  turnery,  for 
tool-handles,  eted 

Leaven  alternate,  deciduous,  revolute  in  the 
hud.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  irregularly  serrulate  with 
slender  teeth,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  and 
glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  (July-August)  numer¬ 
ous,  white,  about  %  in.  long,  in  terminal  panic  ed 
racemes,  with  pubescent  bibraeteolatw  pedicels  : 
calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  persistent;  corolla  cylindri¬ 
cal!  ovoid,  hvpogenous,  with  5  minute  reflexed 
lobes;  stamens  id.  the  filaments  wider  than  the 
anthers  :  disk  thin  :  ovary  5-eelled  with  columnar 
st vie  and  capitate  stigma :  ovules  numerous,  am- 
phitropous.  Fruit  a  5-celled  ovoid  pyramidal 
capsule  with  remnants  of  persistent  style  and 
calyx,  loculicidally  5-valved  :  seeds  numerous,  the 
tesia  pointed  at  both  ends.2 

1.  A.  W.,  Nil,  28.'!. 


For  genus  see  p.  452. 


SPARKLEBERRY.  FARKLEBERRY.  TREE  HUCKLEBERRY 

V actinium  arboreum  (Marsh.)  Nutt. 


F'g-  443-  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  a  vigorous  branchlet  with  leaves  only,  2  ; 
leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn,  3. 

444.  A  forest  trunk  with  Florida  moss  to  the  right  above.  Coast  region,  N.  C. 

445.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  375 


The  Sparkleberry  is  the  largest  and  hand¬ 
somest  of  the  American  Huckleberries.  It  at¬ 
tains  the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.,  with  irregular 
open  top  of  few  slender  contorted  branches  and 
short  trunk.  It  inhabits  moist  bottom-lands 
and  the  borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  and  is 
generally  scattered  through  forests  of  taller 
trees,  in  company  with  the  Wax  Myrtle,  Sweet- 
leaf,  Holly,  Devil-wood,  etc.,  seeming  little 
hampered  by  the  shade.  Nor  does  it  seem  to 
suffer  from  the  burden  of  Florida  Moss 
(Tillandsia) ,  which  it  is  fated  to  carry  where 
that  abounds.  It  extends  its  branchlets  be¬ 
tween  and  beyond  the  gray  locks  of  the 
epiphyte,  to  bear  its  shining  green  leaves  and 
delicate  white  flowers  unhampered,  and  it  is 
then  a  peculiarly  beautiful  object,  thriving  in 
spite  of  adversity.  Its  fruit  is  sweet  and  edible, 
though  rather  dry,  and,  being  retained  on  its 
branches  during  the  winter,  it  affords  food  for 
many  northern  birds  which  winter  in  the 
southern  states. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  heavy,  hard  and 
useful  for  tool-handles,  etc.  A  cubic  foot,  when 
absolutely  dry,  weighs  47.43  lbs.  The  bark  is 
rich  in  tannin. 2 

Leaves  deciduous  northward  but  persistent 
southward,  obovate  to  oval.  V2--V2  in-  long,  sub- 
sessile,  runeate  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex, 
with  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate  and  revolute 
margins,  at  maturity  lustrous  dark  green  above, 
paler  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  beneath,  coriace¬ 
ous.  Flowers  (March-May)  white,  in  leafy- 
bracted  racemes,  with  slender  pedicels  V2  in.  long  : 
corolla  campanulate  with  5  acute  reflexed  lobes  ; 
stamens  10.  with  hairy  filaments.  Fruit  ripe  in 
October,  subglobose,  14  in.  in  diameter,  shining 
black.3 

1.  Syn.  Batodendron  arboreum  Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  238. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  452. 


WOOLLY  BUMELIA.  CHITTIM  WOOD.  BUCKTHORN.  GUM-ELASTIC. 

Bumelia  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Pers. 


Fig.  446.  Branchlets  with  leaves  and  nearly  mature  fruit,  1  ;  detached  fruits,  2  ;  pits,  3  ;  branch- 
lets  in  winter,  4. 

447.  Trunk  of  an  isolated  tree. 

448.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


o  i  i 


The  Woolly  Bumelia  is  a  small  or  medium- 
size  tree,  occasionally  attaining  the  height  of 
50  or  00  ft.  and  2  or  3  ft.  in  thickness  of 
trunk.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  it  de¬ 
velops  a  rounded  or  oblong  rather  open  top,  of 
rigid  branches,  more  or  less  spinescent  with 
thick  sharp  spines.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a 
brownish  gray  color,  reticulated  with  firm 
prominent  ridges. 

To  the  northward  in  its  range  it  inhabits 
usually  well-drained  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  in 
company  with  the  Post,  Black-Jack,  Chin¬ 
quapin  and  other  Oaks,  Mocker-not  and  Shag 
bark  Hickories,  Blue  Ash,  Red-bud,  etc.,  but  in 
the  south  it  occupies  moist  low-lands,  as  well 
as  the  drier  uplands.  A  gum  exudes  from  it 
when  wounded  which  gives  it  the  name  Gum- 
elastic.  It  is  a  clear  viscid  substance,  some¬ 
times  used  domestically. 

Its  wood  is  rather  hard  and  heavy,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  when  absolutely  dry  40.78  lbs., 
tough,  smooth-grained  and  of  marked  charac¬ 
teristic  structure.1 

Leaves  mostly  obovato  or  oblanceolate,  1-2%  in. 
long,  narrow,  cuneate  at  base,  rounded  or  bluntly 
pointed  at  apex,  woolly  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  dark  green  and  glabrous  above  and 
densely  tomentose  beneath  as  are  the  short 
petioles  and  all  new  growth,  tardily  deciduous. 
Flowers  (.July-August)  in  usually  several-flowered 
fascicles  with  pedicels  about  %  in.  long;  calyx 
with  -obtuse  or  rounded  lobes  :  staminodia  ovate, 
acute  denticulate.  Fruit  drupe,  black,  %  in.  or 
less  in  length  ;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  about 
%  in.  long.2 

Var.  rif/ida.  Gray,  is  a  form  found  along  the 
Mexican  boundary  with  rigid  spinescent  branchlets 
and  smaller  thicker  leaves. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI.  200. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  453. 


PERSIMMON. 

Dios  penis  Virginiana  L. 


Fig.  449  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  fruits,  2  ;  seed  split  in  two  to 
show  embryo,  4  ;  fruit  in  cross-section,  5  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  6  (Note  the  tardily  deciduous 
fruit  stems). 

450.  Trunk  with  poison  ivy  vine.  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

451.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  370 


The  Persimmon  tree  ordinarly  does  not  at¬ 
tain  a  greater  height  than  40  or  50  ft.,  but  in 
the  fertile  valleys  of  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois  it  has  been  known  to  attain  100  ft. 
in  height,  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  thickness. 
As  an  isolated  tree  it  develops  a  rather  broad 
rounded  or  flattened  top  with  contorted 
branches.  An  attractive  tree  at  all  seasons, 
it  is  particularly  so  in  autumn,  when  its 
bright  orange-colored  fruit  shows  in  strong  con¬ 
trast  to  its  green  foliage,  or  later  when  con¬ 
spicuous  on  its  otherwise  naked  branches. 
The  fruit  is  rich  in  tannin  and  very  astringent 
until  thoroughly  ripe  and  soft,  when  it  is  ordi¬ 
narily  delicious,  though  individual  trees  differ 
in  quality  of  fruit. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  49.28  lbs.,  hard  and  fine¬ 
grained,  and  is  used  in  turnery  for  small  arti¬ 
cles  of  wooden-ware,  shoe-lasts,  shuttles,  etcA 

Its  fruit  is  often  found  in  the  markets  of 
southern  cities,  when  in  season.  It  is  quite 
variable  in  quality,  and  is  occasionally  found 
comparatively  free  from  astringent  properties. 
By  careful  selection  and  propagation  trees 
bearing  superior  fruit  could  no  doubt  be  se¬ 
cured  worthy  of  propagation. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  and  oval,  obtuse,  3-7 
in.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  acumi¬ 
nate,  pubescent  at  first  but  at  maturity  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath, 
coriaceous.  Flowers  (May-June)  short-peduncu¬ 
late  ;  staminate  in  2-3-flowered  cymes ;  pistillate 
solitary  ;  corolla  greenish  yellow  :  stamens  of  the 
sterile’  flowers  about  16  and  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  rudimentary  and  only  8  :  ovary  nearly 
glabrous,  8-celIed  :  styles  4,  slender.  Fruit  mostly 
depressed  globose,  1-1  %  in.  in  diameter,  pale 
orange,  often  with  red  cheeks,  glaucous,  subtended 
by  the  enlarged  calyx,  persistent  into  the  winter; 
seeds  oblong,  flattened.2 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  61. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  453. 


SWEET-LEAF.  HORSE-SUGAR 

Sytnplocos  tinctoria  (L.)  L’Her. 


Fig.  452.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit.  1  ;  detached  fruit,  2  ;  fruit  in  section,  3  ; 
branchlets  in  winter,  the  one  to  the  left  showing  flower-buds  and  the  other  leaf-buds  only,  4. 
(Note  segmented  pith.) 

453.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base. 

454.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  381 


The  Sweet-leaf  is  a  small  tree  occasionally 
attaining  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with 
rather  wide  open  top  of  slender  branches,  and 
a  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter.  Like  the 
Sparkleberry  and  Wax  Myrtle,  with  which 
it  is  associated,  it  loves  the  shade  of  the  forest, 
and  in  these  localities,  so  shut  away  from  sun¬ 
light  that  we  almost  wonder  at  its  existence, 
its  handsome  foliage  is  as  singular  as  its 
abode.  Each  branchlet  is  upturned  and  bears 
near  its  tip  a  cluster  of  drooping  spreading 
leaves.  Its  identity  can  be  at  once  detected  by 
the  segmented  pith  of  its  branchlets  and  the 
agreeable  somewhat  sweetish  flavor  of  its 
leaves.  It  inhabits  rich  well-drained  but  moist 
soil  of  the  forests  of  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Clulf  states,  from  the  coast  to  an  altitude  of 
about  3,000  ft.  on  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  is  especially  a  pleasing  object  in  early 
spring,  when  its  puts  out  its  whorls  of  delicate 
fragrant  flowers,  at  the  time  when  its  old 
leaves  of  the  preceding  season  are  withering 
and  falling  to  the  ground. 

Its  light  soft  fine-grained  wood  is  easily 
worked  and  would  be  useful  in  turnery,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing,  when  absolutely  dry,  33.19 
Ibs.i  The  leaves  and  fruit  yield  a  yellow  dye 
and  the  bitter  roots  have  tonic  properties. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovato,  mostly  4-0  in.  long, 
cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  obscurely 
crenate,  serrate  or  subentire,  revolute  in  the  bud. 
tomontose  beneath  at  first  but  at  maturity  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneaih. 
subcoriaceous  and  with  arcuate  veins :  petioles 
short,  stout.  Flowers  in  early  spring,  creamy 
white  and  fragrant,  subsessile  in  several-flowered 
clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  pro 
vious  season  ;  calyx  cup-shaped,  puberulous,  with 
rounded  lobes;  corolla  %  in.  long,  oblong,  obtuse, 
each  lobe  bearing  a  cluster  of  exserted  stamens  : 
ovary  3-celled  with  5  nectifevous  glands  opposite 
the  lobes  of  calyx.  Fruit  (August-September)  an 
oblong  nul-like  pubescent  drupe  about  M;  in.  long.1 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  285. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  453-454. 


SILVER-BELL  TREE.  SNOW-DROP  TREE. 


Mohrodendron  Carolinum  (L.)  Britt.1 


Fig.  455.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  not  quite  fully  grown,  1  ;  fruit  with  seed 
exposed,  2  ;  isolated  seed,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

456.  Trunk  about  1  ft.  in  diameter,  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

457-  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  383 


The  Silver-bell  Tree  is  generally  of  small 
stature,  but  on  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  where  several 
other  trees  find  inspiration  for  greatest  de¬ 
velopment,  this  one  lifts  its  head  to  the  height 
of  80  or  90  ft.,  with  straight  columnar  trunk 
3  ft.  in  diameter,  but  such  trees  are  only 
found  in  this  favored  locality;  elsewhere  it  is 
a  much  smaller  tree,  and  is  often  a  large  shrub 
sending  up  several  stems  from  the  ground. 
When  isolated  it  commonly  forms  a  narrow 
rounded  top  of  short  stout  branches.  It  in¬ 
habits  rich  wTell-drained  wooded  slopes  and 
banks  of  streams,  in  company  with  various 
Oaks,  Hickories,  Ashes  and  Magnolias,  Sugar 
Maple,  Sorrel-tree,  Great  Rhododendron, 
Laurel,  Witch  Hazel,  etc.,  and  in  spring,  when 
its  branches  are  fringed  with  many  white  bell¬ 
shaped  flowers,  soon  after  the  unfolding  of  its 
leaves,  it  is  an  object  of  singular  beauty.  In¬ 
deed,  that  its  ornamental  value  is  generally 
appreciated  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is 
often  planted  in  city  parks  and  on  private 
grounds  throughout  the  Atlantic  states. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot,  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighing  35.07  lbs.,  soft,  fine¬ 
grained  and  suitable  for  use  in  turnery,  but 
generally  too  scarce  to  be  of  commercial  im¬ 
portance. 2 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate-oblong.  4-0  in.  long, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  mostly  acuminate  at 
apex,  remotely  serrulate,  pale  tomentose  at  first, 
at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  (Mareh- 
April)  on  drooping  pedicels;  corolla  slightly 
lobed.  about  %  in.  long;  stamens  10-16  with 
glabrous  filaments  ;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  ripening 
in  late  autumn,  4-winged.  1-2  in.  long.3 

1.  Syn.  Halesia  tetraptera  Ellis. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  261. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  454. 


BLACK  ASH.  HOOP  ASH 


Fig.  458.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  from  staminate  tree  in  late 
winter,  2. 

459.  Forest  trunk  showing  small  burls. 

4C0.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  3S5 


The  Black  Ash  is  distinctly  a  northern 
species,  and  in  forests,  under  most  favorable 
conditions,  attains  the  height  of  80-00  ft.,  with 
straight  columnar  trunk  3-4  ft.  in  diameter. 
When  isolated  it  develops  a  rounded  ovoid  top, 
which  may  be  recognized  when  leafless  by  its 
stout  straight  branchlets  (those  of  the  stami- 
nate  tree  being  larger  than  of  the  pistillate) 
and  the  gray  scaly  bark  of  trunk. 

It  inhabits  the  low  banks  of  streams  and  cold 
swamps,  in  company  with  the  Arbor-Vitoe, 
Balsam,  Tamarack,  Silver  Maple,  Black  Spruce, 
etc.,  sometimes  forming  a  considerable  portion 
of  forest  tracts. 

Its  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
dry  weighing  38.37  lbs.,  moderately  hard  and 
strong,  and  is  valued  in  the  manufacture  of 
furniture  and  lumber  for  interior  finishing,  for 
barrel  hoops,  etc.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  splints  for  baskets,  owing  to 
the  facility  with  which  it  splits  between  the 
layers  of  annual  growth.  The  “  Ash  Burl  ” 
veneering  is  a  product  of  this  tree,  being  sliced 
from  the  “knots”  or  burls  which  form  on  its 
trunk  and  larger  branches.  Their  cause  or 
origin  is  not  well  understood. - 

Leaves  10-10  in.  long,  with  7-11  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one 
petiolulate,  rounded  or  cuneate  and  unequal  at 
base,  long-acuminate  at  apex,  sharply  serrate,  to- 
mentose  at  first  but  at  maturity  glabrous  dark 
green  above,  somewhat  paler  and  glabrous  with 
rufous  hairs  along  the  midrib  beneath.  Flowers 
polygamo-dioecious,  calyx  none ;  petals  none  ; 
stamens  2  sometimes  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate 
flowers.  Fruit  samara,  linear-oblong,  1-1  (4  in. 
long.  %  in.  broad,  winged  all  around  and  with 
flattened  faintl.v-veined  body  and  thin  wing 
emarginate  at  apex.3 

1.  Syn.  Fraxinns  sambitcifolia  Lam. 

2.  A.  W.,  Ill,  62. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  454-455. 


WATER  ASH. 

Fraxinus  Caroliniana  Mill.1 


Fig.  461.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2 
462.  A  small  trunk  in  Dismal  Swamp  region,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xoktiiern  States  and  Canada.  3S7 


The  Water  Ash  i9  a  tree  of  medium  stature, 
rarely  larger  than  40  ft.  in  height  and  1  ft.  in 
diameter  of  trunk,  with  usually  a  narrow 
rounded  top  of  slender  branches.  It  inhabits 
deep  swamps  and  the  banks  of  streams  inun¬ 
dated  during  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
year,  and  commonly  in  company  with  the  Bald 
Cypress,  Water  and  Cotton  Gums,  Over-cup, 
Laurel  and  Water  Oaks,  Red  Maple,  Swamp 
Bay,  White  Cedar,  etc.  These  being  generally 
taller  trees  cast  their  shade  on  the  Water  Ashes 
which,  nevertheless,  accept  the  situation  seem¬ 
ingly  without  complaint,  and  thrive  even 
though  deprived  of  their  ciue  allowance  of  sun¬ 
light. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Ash  is  light,  a  cubic 
foot,  when  absolutely  dry,  weighing  22.07  lbs., 
rather  soft,  not  strong  and  of  little  commercial 
importance.^ 

Ijcavrs  7-12  in.  long  with  elongated  petioles  and 
r>-7  rather  remote  long-petiolulate  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  leaflets,  usually  cunneate  or  rounded  at 
base  and  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  closely 
serrate  or  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but  finally 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath;  branchlets  thick.  Flowers  (February 
and  March)  dioecious,  with  calyx  nearly  obsolete 
and  2  to  3  stamens ;  corolla  none ;  pistillate 
flowers  with  cup-shaped  laciniate-lobed  persistent 
calyx.  Fruit:  samara  winged  all  around,  obovate. 
spatulate  or  elliptical,  nearly  2  in.  long,  %-%  in. 
broad,  frequently  3-winged  with  persistent  calyx 
at  base,  compressed  body  and  wing  pinnately 
veined. 

1.  Syn.  Fraxinus  platycarpa  Michx. 

2.  A.  W.,  XII,  2S6. 


BLUE  ASH. 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Miclix, 


Fig.  463.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit.  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter.  2 
464.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  near  Allenton,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Nortiieen  States  and  Canada.  389 


This  interesting  and  rather  uncommon  Ash 
occasionally  attains  the  height  of  120  ft.  or 
more,  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter  in 
the  forests  of  the  rich  valleys  of  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  but  elsewhere  does  not 
often  surpass  75  ft.  in  height  or  2%  ft.  in 
diameter  of  trunk.  Its  peculiar  scaly  bark  i; 
a  feature  which  at  once  distinguishes  it  in  t  ,e 
eye  of  the  woodman,  and  on  very  old  trunks  is 
especially  interesting,  the  long  loose  plates 
giving  it  an  even  more  shaggy  appearance  than 
those  of  the  Shag-bark  Hickory. 

It  inhabits  mostly  dry  limestone  ridges  and 
uplands,  in  company  with  the  White  Ash, 
Texas,  Chinquapin  and  other  Oaks,  Woolly 
Mumelia,  Red-bud,  various  Hickories,  etc.,  and 
is  occasionally  found  in  the  more  moist  bottom¬ 
lands.  It  is  called  the  Blue  Ash  on  account  of 
a  blue  dye  which  may  be  made  by  mascerating 
the  inner  bark  in  water.  The  4-angled  nature 
of  the  twigs  constitute  a  character  by  which 
it  may  be  easily  recognized. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot,  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry,  weighing  44.77  lbs.,  rather  hard  and 
strong  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  floor¬ 
ing,  agricultural  implements,  etcd 

Leaves  8-12  in.  long  with  7-9  ovate-oblong  to 
lanceolate  short-petiolulate  leaflets  3-5  in.  long,  un¬ 
equally  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  long-acumi¬ 
nate,  closely  serrate,  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  glabrous,  dark  yellow  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  or  hairy-tufted  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath.  Flowers  perfect,  in  loose  panicles  : 
calyx  almost  obsolete  :  corolla  none  ;  stamens  2 
with  dark  purple  oblong  anther-cells.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  1-2  in.  long,  winged  all  around, 
parallel-veined  and  the  body  extending  more  than 
half  way  to  the  emarginate  apex. 

1.  A.  W„  XI,  263. 


WHITE  ASH. 

Fraxmus  Americana  I 


Fig.  465.  H ranch  1  e t  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  large  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  2  ;  branch! et 
in  winter,  3. 

406.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  391 


The  White  Ash  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
hardwood  trees  of  the  American  forests,  and 
one  of  the  statliest  representatives  of  its  genus. 
In  the  forests  of  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the 
lower  Ohio  basin  it  has  been  known  to  attain 
the  height  of  120  ft.  and  5-6  ft.  in  diameter  of 
trunk,  but  these  dimensions  are  exceptional. 
It  occupies  rich  slopes  and  bottom-lands,  where 
not  too  moist,  and  is  an  abundant  tree  through¬ 
out  most  of  the  eastern  states  and  Canada. 
When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de¬ 
velops  an  ovoid  or  somewhat  pyramidal  top, 
with  long  slender  lateral  branches.  It  is  a 
tree  of  good  habit  and  handsome  foliage  and 
is  popular  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree. 

The  wood  of  the  White  Ash  is  heavy,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  40.78  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
is  used  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of  tool- 
handles,  agricultural  implements,  cars,  furni¬ 
ture,  etc.1  The  inner  bark  is  used  in  medicine. 

Leaves  8-15  in.  long,  with  5-11  oblong-lance¬ 
olate,  ovate  or  obovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  rounded 
or  cuneate  at  base,  long-acuminate  or  acute  at 
apex,  entire  or  erenate-serrate  at  maturity,  sub- 
coriaceous,  glabrous  dark  green  above,  whitish 
and  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers 
dioecious,  calyx  campanulate.  4-lobed  ( more 
deeply  in  the'  pistillate  flower)  :  petals  none ; 
stamens  2  (sometimes  3).  Fruit:  samara,  1-'-  in. 
in  length  but  sometimes  (in  var.  microcarpa 
Gray)  not  more  than  %  in.,  lanceolate  with  short 
terete  body  and  terminal  wing  more  than  twice  its 
length. 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  10. 


BILTMORE  ASH. 

Fraxinus  Biltmoreana  Beadle. 


Fig.  467.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 

468.  Trunk  of  forest  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

For  the  specimens  of  leaves,  fruit  and  winter  branchlet  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  393 


The  Biltmore  Ash  is  a,  tree  of  medium  size, 
not  often  surpassing  40  or  50  ft.  in  height  or 
12  or  15  in.  in  thickness  of  trunk,  and  when 
not  crowded  by  other  trees  develops  an  open 
symmetrical  ovoid  or  rounded  top,  of  stout 
spreading  branches.  Its  bark  is  of  a  dark- 
gray  color,  fissured  in  rather  narrow  somewhat 
reticulate  ridges,  very  much  resembling  that  of 
the  White  Ash,  as  it  does  also  in  the  quality 
of  its  wood  and  other  characters,  excepting  the 
amount  of  pubescence  of  its  foliage  and  branch- 
lets.  It  inhabits  the  rich  well-drained  soil  of 
slopes  and  the  banks  of  streams,  or  occasionally 
low-lands,  of  the  foot-hill  region  of  the  Alle¬ 
ghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  to  North¬ 
ern  Georgia  and  Alabama.  For  its  discovery 
we  are  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle,  Botanist 
at  the  Biltmore  forest  estate  of  Mr.  Geo.  W. 
Vanderbilt,  where  it  is  a  common  tree,  and 
he  has  appropriate!}'  given  it  the  name  of  the 


estate. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough  and 
of  a  pinkish  brown  color,  with  abundant  lighter 
sap-wood,  and  is  suitable  for  the  uses  to  which 
the  White  Ash  wood  is  applied.i 

Leaves  10-ir>  in.  long,  with  7-9  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate  somewhat  falcate  long- 
petiolulate  leaflets.  3-7  in.  long,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  base,  acuminate,  with  entire  or  ob¬ 
scurely  denticulate  margins  and  at  maturity  firm 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  especially 
on  the  veins  beneath  ;  brancblets  velvety  pubescent. 
Flowers  early  in  May,  in  rather  compact  pubescent 
panicles.  Fruit:  samaras  114-1%  in.  long,  linear 
or  linear-spatulate  with  wing  2  or  3  times  as 
long  and  very  slightly  decurrent  upon  the  nearly 
terete  narrowly  elliptic  seed-bearing  portion. 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  287. 


GREEN  ASH. 

Fraxinus  lance olata  Borck.1 


Fig.  469.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
470.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree.  Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Xcrtiiekn  States  and  Canada. 


395 


This  handsome  tree  rarely  attains  a  greater 
size  than  60-70  ft.  in  height,  and  2-3  ft.  in 
diameter  of  trunk.  When  isolated  it  develops 
a  broad  rounded  top,  of  slender  spreading 
branches. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams,  lake-shores 
and  bottom-lands  over  the  greater  part  of  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and, 
in  the  western  part  of  its  range,  it  so  closely 
approximates  the  Red  Ash  in  characters  that 
it  is  considered  by  some  botanists  to  be  a 
variety  of  that  species,  though  it  is  very  dis¬ 
tinct  from  it  in  regions  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  Comparatively  uncommon  east  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  it  is  very  common  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  Being  a  very  hardy  tree, 
of  rapid  growth  and  desirable  habit,  it  is  ex¬ 
tensively  planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree 
in  many  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  central 
states. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso¬ 
lutely  dry  weighing  44.35  lbs.,  hard  and 
strong,  and  adapted  to  the  same  uses  as  that 
of  the  White  Ash,  no  distinction  being  made 
between  them  in  commerce.2 

Leaves  8-12  in.  long  with  petiole  and  raekis 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  5-9  oblong-lanceolate  to 
ovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  cuneate  at  base,  acumi¬ 
nate  at  apex,  usually  sharply  serrate  at  ma¬ 
turity.  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  bright  green  both 
sides'  or  slightly  lighter  beneath  :  branchlets  gray, 
terete,  glabrous  with  pale  lenticels.  Flowers 
dioecious,  without  petals.  Fruit  samara.  1-2  in. 
long,  with  terete  body  tapering  from  the  base, 
tipped  with  a  spatulate  or  lanceolate  wing  de¬ 
current  about  half  way  down  the  body. 

1.  Syn.  Fraxinus  viridis  Michx.  f.  Fraxinus 
Pennsylvanica  var.  lanceolata  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W„  XI,  262. 


RED  ASH. 

Fraximis  P ennsylvanica  Marsh.1 


Fig.  471.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
472.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


The  Red  Ash  is  ;i  tree  of  medium  size,  rarely 
attaining  a  greater  height  than  40-00  ft.  or  a 
greater  thickness  of  trunk  than  2  ft.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  broad- 
ovoid  or  somewhat  pyramidal  top  similar  to 
that  of  the  White  Ash,  which  it  also  resembles 
in  character  of  bark,  it  inhabits  low  rich 
bottom-lands  and  the  margins  of  swamps  and 
streams,  in  company  with  the  Hackberry,  Elms, 
Swamp,  Pin  and  Water  Oaks,  Bitter-nut 
Hickory,  Red  and  Silver  Maples,  Sweet  and 
Sour  Gums,  etc.  It  is  not  generally  distin¬ 
guished  by  the  common  people  from  the  White 
Ash,  which,  however,  is  more  a  tree  of  up¬ 
land  regions  and  a  tree  of  more  vigorous 
growth  and  ornamental  character.  The  Red 
Ash  is  said  to  take  its  name  from  the  reddish 
color  of  the  inner  hark  of  the  branches. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  when 
dry  weighing  38.96  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
applied  to  the  same  uses  as  is  that  of  the 
White  Ash,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  it  in 
quality.2 

Leaves  7-12  in.  long,  with  velvety  pubescent 
petioles  and  rachises,  and  7-9  oblong-lanceolate  or 
■ovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  unequally  cuneate  at 
base,  usually  acuminate  at  apex,  obscurely  serrate 
or  entire  below,  tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity 
lustrous  yellow-green  above  paler  and  tomentose 
beneath  ;  branchlets  velvety  but  sometimes  becom¬ 
ing  glabrous  by  the  close  of  the  first  season. 
Flowers  dioecious,  petals  wanting ;  stamens  suit- 
tended  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Fruit:  samara. 
1-2  in.  long,  with  slender  terete  tapering  body, 
margined  above  by  the  thin  decurrent  linear  or 
spatulate  wing  which  about  equals  it  in  length. 

1.  Syn.  Fraxinus  pubescens  Earn. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  31. 


PUMPKIN  ASH. 

Fraxinus  profunda  Bush. 


1' 'P-473.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 

474-  Trunk  in  swamp  bordering  St.  Francis  River,  Mo.  Small  Cypress  knees  in  background. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  300 


The  Pumpkin  Ash  is  a  large  tree  as  found 
in  the  swampy  bottom-lands  of  easter.i 
Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri,  where  it 
attains  the  height  of  100  ft.  or  more,  with 
columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter  above 
its  wide  base. 

It  inhabits  deep  swamps,  the  banks  of 
sloughs  and  streams  of  eastern  Arkansas  and 
southeastern  Missouri,  and  of  the  valley  of  the 
Appalachicola  River  in  western  Florida.  It 
occupies  these  localities,  inundated  during  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  year,  in  company 
with  the  Bald  Cypress,  Leitneria,  Cotton  and 
Water  Gums,  Planer-tree,  Swamp  Poplar, 
Water  Locust,  etc.  The  singular  name, 
Pumpkin  Ash,  by  which  it  is  popularly  known, 
is  said  to  be  given  to  it  on  account  of  its  wide 
swollen  base  which  gives  it  Stability  in  the 
soft  miry  ooze  in  which  it  grows.  The  oc¬ 
currence  of  the  Pumpkin  Ash.  Leitnaria  and 
certain  other  Floridian  species  in  southeastern 
Missouri  and  eastern  Arkansas  indicates  an 
interesting  extension  of  the  Floridian  flora 
into  those  regions  which  is  noteworthy,  espe¬ 
cially  as  few,  if  any,  of  these  species  have  been 
found  in  the  intermediate  regions. 

Leaves  large.  9-18  in.  long,  leaflets  7-9.  lanceo¬ 
late  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  usually  inequilateral, 
entire  or  nearly  so.  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base, 
acuminate,  hairy  tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  branchlets  and  all  new  growths  densely 
pubescent.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  with 
a  campanulate  obscurely  4-toothed  calyx  :  sta¬ 
mens  2-3 ;  pistillate  calyx  larger,  deeply  4-Iobed, 
accrescent  and  persistent.  Fruit:  samaras, 
linear-oblong.  2-3  in.  long  with  wing  decurrent  to 
below  the  middle  of  the  terete  thick  seed  bearing 
portion. 


FRINGE-TREE.  OLD-MAN’S'BEARD  TREE. 

Ohio  nautilus  Yirginica  L. 


i  ...  ..  j 

i 

FT  1 

- 

, 

r  s 

1 .  ..  ¥1 

f 

• 

m 
i  : 

t 

%  wL 

v 

A  ^ 

Pig-  475-  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  fruits  with  pits  exposed,  2  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

476.  Trunk,  with  leaves  at  base,  of  a  transplanted  tree  in  New  York. 

477.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  401 


The  beautiful  Fr  inge-tree  rarely  attains  a 
greater  size  than  25  or  30  ft.  in  height  and 
8  to  10  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  is  often 
a  shrub  sending  up  several  stout  spreading 
stems  from  a  common  base.  When  isolated  it 
develops  a  low  rounded  or  oblong  top  of  tortu¬ 
ous  branches.  It  inhabits  rich  moist  soil  of 
sheltered  ravines  and  the  banks  of  streams, 
and  is  a  tree  of  singular  beauty  in  May  and 
June,  when  its  light  green  foliage  is  inter¬ 
spersed  with  numerous  tassel-like  or  fringe-like 
flowers  of  snowy  whiteness,  very  different  from 
the  flowers  of  all  other  trees. 

There  are  several  names  by  which  the  tree 
is  known,  as  Old  Man’s  Beard,  Grandfather 
Graybeard,  Sunflower  Tree,  Snow-flower  Tree, 
Flowering  Ash,  etc.,  all  alluding  to  its  singular 
flowers.  On  account  of  these  and  its  hand-ome 
foliage  it  is  popular  as  an  ornamental  shade- 
tree  throughout  eastern  United  States  and 
Europe,  and  proves  hardy  considerably  north 
ot  its  native  range. 

The  wood  is  moderately  light,  a  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weighing  39.71  lbs.,  hard 
and  close-grained,  though  of  no  commericial 
importance.  The  bark  is  used  in  medicine  as 
a  tonic,  aperient  and  diuretic. 

Leaves  oblong  or  sometimes  ovate  or  obovate, 
4-8  in.  long,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  entire,  when  they  unfold 
glabrous  above,  velvety  pubescent  beneath,  at  ma¬ 
turity  dark-green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  except 
on  the  conspicuous  arcuate  veins  beneath.  Flowers 
(May-.Tune),  delicate,  fragrant,  in  slender  drooping 
panicles  with  sessile  leaf-like  persistent  bracts : 
petals  1  in.  long,  white,  purple-spotted  within  at 
base.  Fruit  ripe  in  September.  %-%  in.  long, 
dark  blue  with  glaucous  bloom  and  thin  pulp1 

1.  For  genus  see  p.  455. 


FORESTIERA.  SWAMP  PRIVET, 


Forestiera  acuminata  Poir.1 


Fig.  478.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  scattered  detached  fruits,  1  ;  fruit  in  section,  2 ; 
isolated  pits,  3  ;  vigorous  branchlet  bearing  leaves.  4  :  leafless  branchlets  in  winter,  5. 

479.  Trunk  of  tree  near  mouth  of  River  des  Peres,  Mo. 

480.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  403 


The  Forestiera  or  Swamp  Privet  is  a  low 
wide-spreading  tree  occasionally  25  ft.  in 
height  and  1  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  It  often 
is  no  more  than  a  small  shrub  in  stature,  sand¬ 
ing  up  from  the  ground  several  crooked  or  in¬ 
clined  stems.  It  inhabits  low  banks  of  streams, 
lake-shores  and  deep  swamps  subject  to  occa¬ 
sional  inundation,  in  company  with  various 
Willows,  the  Button-bush,  Planer-tree,  Bald 
Cypress,  Gums,  Water  Locusts,  Water  Hickory, 
Deciduous  Holly,  etc.,  or  often  occupying  ex¬ 
clusively  tracts  of  low  river  banks  and  swamps 
of  considerable  extent.  Many  such  regions  in 
the  southern  states  are  beautified  by  the  rich 
green  masses  of  its  abundant  foliage. 

The  wood  of  the  Forestiera  is  rather  light, 
a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing 
39.54  lbs.,  hard,  strong,  of  close  grain  and  suit¬ 
able  for  use  in  turnery. 2 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval  to  ovate-elliptical,  2-5 
in.  long,  about  equally  acuminate  or  acute  at  both 
ends,  glabrous,  crenate-serrate  or  entire,  especially 
at  base ;  petioles  slender,  about  %  in.  long. 
Flowers  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves,  the 
staminate  in  dense  close  clusters ;  the  pistillate 
mostly  in  short  panicles ;  calyx  wanting.  Fruit 
an  oblong  to  linear-oblong  wrinkled  and  pitted 
drupe,  from  %  to  %  in.  long,  dark  blue  at  ma¬ 
turity,  with  coriaceous  longitudinally  ribbed  and 
fibrous  pit.3 

1.  Syn.  Adelia  acuminata  Michx. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  111. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  455. 


COMMON  CATALPA. 

Catalpa  Catalpa  Karst.1 


Fig.  481.  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  much  reduced,  and  isolated  seeds  and  winter 
branchlet  about  natural  size. 

482.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree. 

483.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  405 


The  Common  Catalpa  rarely  attains  a 
greater  height  than  50  or  60  ft.,  and  its  short 
stout  trunk  is  sometimes  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter. 
Its  habit  is  to  form  a  wide  rounded  top,  of 
few  spreading  crooked  branches  and  thick  up 
right  branchlets.  It  is  late  in  spring,  after 
the  leaves  of  most  of  the  trees  are  well  along, 
when  this  tree  opens  its  bads  and  unfolds  its 
ample  leaves,  and  these  are  soon  after  fol¬ 
lowed  by  its  beautiful  pyramids  of  llowers, 
which  are  scarcely  equaled  in  size  and  at¬ 
tractiveness  by  those  of  any  other  American 
tree.  As  we  contemplate  the  mass  of  heart- 
shaped  leaves  interspersed  with  these  great 
pyramids  of  handsome  flowers  we  do  not 
wonder  that  it  is  extensively  planted  for  orna¬ 
ment  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 
Through  this  agency  it  has  become  widely 
naturalized  throughout  eastern  United  States, 
far  outside  of  its  native  habitat.  The  limit 
of  its  natural  range  cannot  be  determined  with 
certainty,  but  its  supposed  limits  are  indicated 
on  the  acompanying  map. 

The  wood  is  soft,  coarse-grained  and  durable, 
and  valued  for  fence-posts,  rails,  etc.  A  cubic 
foot,  when  absolutely  dry,  weighs  27.88  lbs. 2 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  6-12  in.  long,  cordate  at 
base,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  with  1  or  2 
lateral  lobes,  strong-scented,  pale  tomentose  at 
first,  at  maturity  light  green  and  glabrous  a  ho  re. 
paler,  pubescent  and  with  dark  glands  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  terete  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  blades.  Flowers  numerous 
in  large  panicles,  8-10  in.  long  and  broad  ;  corolla 
nearly  2  in.  in  length,  and  1  Mj  in.  broad  cam- 
panul'ate,  white  thickly  spotted  within  on  lower 
side  with  yellow  and  purple :  lower  lobe  entire. 
Fruit:  capsule  10-20  in.  long,  %-%  in.  thick,  thin- 
walled  :  seeds  about  14  in.  wide  with  gray  wings 
terminating  mostly  in  pointed  tufts  of  hairs.3 

1.  Syn.  Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt. 

2.  A.  W.,  IV,  89. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  456. 


HARDY  CATALPA.  WESTERN  CATALPA.  CATAWBA'TREE. 

Catalpa  speciosa  Warder. 


Fig.  484.  Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  a  capsule  opening  to  liberate  seeds,  2  ;  detached 
seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

4S5.  Trunk  of  a  small  tree  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the:  Northern  States  and  Canada.  407 


The  Hardy  Catalpa,  in  the  fertile  bottom¬ 
lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin,  has  been  known 
to  attain  the  height  of  120  ft.,  when  growing 
in  the  forest,  with  straight  columnar  trunk  3 
or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  but  it  is  usually  a  con¬ 
siderably  smaller  tree,  and  when  isolated  from 
others  develops  a  broad  top  of  spreading 
branches. 

It  is  quite  as  handsome  a  tree  as  the  Common 
Catalpa  when  in  flower,  and,  though  the 
pyramids  of  flowers  are  smaller  and  of  fewer 
flowers,  the  individual  flowers  are  distinctly 
larger.  Like  the  other  species,  too,  its  long 
capsular  pods  swing  from  its  leafless  branches 
long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen,  and,  when 
they  open  and  liberate  their  light  buoyant 
seeds,  the  wind  has  opportunity  to  carry  them 
far  from  the  parent  tree  before  striking  the 
ground. 

Its  light  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot,  when 
absolutely  dry,  weighs  25.96  lbs.,  is  exceed¬ 
ingly  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  and  is 
proving  to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  trees 
to  grow,  at  least  in  the  middle  west,  for  fence- 
posts,  railway  ties,  telegraph  poles,  etc.  Large 
plantations  of  the  trees  are  being  planted  espe¬ 
cially  for  these  uses. 

Leaves  broad-ovate.  8-14  in.  long,  cordate  at 
base,  long-pointed,  entire  or  with  1  or  2  lateral 
lobes,  not  unpleasantly  scented,  at  maturity 
glabrous  dark  green  above,  pubescent  and  with 
dark  glands  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath. 
Flowers  in  few-flowered  panicles,  5-8  in.  long  and 
broad:  corolla  campanulate,  about  2%  in.  wide, 
sparingly  spotted  with  yellow  and  purple  within, 
lower  lobe  emarginate.  Fruit:  capsule  8-20  in. 
long,  Mi-%  in.  thick,  thick-walled:  seeds  about  Y.t 
in.  wide  with  light  brown  rounded  wings  terminat¬ 
ing  in  a  mostly  wide  fringe  of  hairs. 


BUTTON-BUSH.  BUTTON-WILLOW, 

C ephalanthus  occidentalis  L. 


Fig.  486.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  fruit-head  disintegrating  and  scattered 
akenes,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

487.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Lake  Kirkendall,  Red  River  valley.  Ark. 

488.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  409 


The  Bottom-bush  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  its  vast  range,  extending  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  could  only  be  called  a 
shrub,  rarely  becoming  a  small  tree  in  favor¬ 
able  situations.  In  southern  Arkansas  and 
eastern  Texas,  however,  it  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.,  with  an  irregular 
top  of  crooked  spreading  or  upright  branches 
and  a  clear  often  leaning  trunk  1  ft.  in  diameter. 

It  inhabits  the  borders  of  sluggish  streams, 
swamps  and  bayous,  venturing  farther  out  into 
the  water  than  most  of  its  neighbors.  In 
southern  Arkansas,  where  it  attains  its  largest 
dimensions,  it  is  found  skirting  the  borders  of 
river-bottom  ponds,  in  company  with  the 
Swamp  Privet,  Planer-tree,  Water  Locust  and 
various  Willows.  In  these  regions  it  is  com¬ 
monly  called  the  Button  I Villow  —  a  name 
given  to  it  on  account  of  the  company  it  ke^ps 
rather  than  any  relationship  to  the  true 
Willows. 

Its  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  and  is  said  to  pos¬ 
sess  medicinal  properties. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  4-7  in.  long,  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  membrane- 
aceous,  entire,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with 
prominent  light  yellow  arcuate  veins  beneath  ; 
petioles  stout,  V2  to  %  in.  long  and  between  them 
are  small  triangular  stipules.  Flowers  white, 
very  fragrant  and  nectiferous,  in  panicled  heads 
about  1  in.  in  diameter ;  calyx  longer  than  the 
ovary ;  anthers  nearly  sessile  and  discharging 
their  pollen  before  the  flower  opens.  Fruit  in 
heads  %  in.  or  less  in  diameter.1 

1.  For  genus  see  p.  456. 


PAULOWNIA.  PRINCESS-TREE. 

Paulownia  tomentosa  (Tliunb.)  Bailey. 


Fig.  489.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  and  (to  the  right)  empty  capsules,  1  ;  fruit 
in  longitudinal  section  to  show  placentas  and  seeds,  2  ;  do,  in  cross-section,  3  ;  an  open  capsule 
liberating  its  many  small  seeds,  4 ;  cluster  of  flower-buds  for  the  next  season's  flowers,  5  ; 
branchlet  in  winter  cut  to  show  segmented  pith,  6. 

490.  Trunk  with  empty  capsules  at  base. 

401.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  411 


The  Paulownia  is  a  beautiful  tree,  intro¬ 
duced  into  this  country  from  China  and  Japan 
for  ornamental  purposes,  and  has  become  thor¬ 
oughly  naturalized  in  localities,  where  the 
climate  is  not  too  severe.  It  is  wide-spreading 
in  habit  of  growth,  its  short  thick  trunk,  some¬ 
times  2-3  ft.  in  diameter,  usually  dividing 
within  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into  few 
large  branches,  which  form  a  wide  and  often 
flat-topped  open  head,  if  there  is  sufficient  room 
for  lateral  development. 

It  is  a  remarkable  tree  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.  When  leafless,  in  winter,  it  bears  large 
upright  clusters  of  naked  dower-buds,  which 
developed  the  previous  season  to  open  early 
in  the  following  spring,  with  the  unfolding  of 
the  velvety  young  leaves,  and  then  become  so 
many  beautiful  pyramids  of  long  blue  flowers. 
These  are  delightfully  fragrant,  and  the  whole 
atmosphere  for  some  distance  from  the  tree  is 
redolent  with  their  perfume;  but,  alas!  their 
duration  is  far  too  short,  and  the  ground 
within  only  a  day  or  two  is  strewn  with  their 
withering  corollas.  In  summer  the  tree  is  at¬ 
tractive  on  account  of  its  big  heart-shaped 
leaves,  which  cast  an  abundance  of  shade. 
After  these  fall,  in  the  autumn,  the  clusters  of 
fruit-pods,  suggestive  of  so  many  miniature 
bishop’s  miters,  open  and  liberate  to  the  winds 
innumerable  small  filmy-winged  seeds.  The 
clusters  of  empty  blackened  pods  then  persist 
and  rattle  on  the  leafless  branches  during  the 
following  winter  or  longer,  when  they  detract 
somewhat  from  the  ornamental  value  of  the 
tree  ‘unless  removed.  Such  is  the  yearly  pro¬ 
gram  of  the  Paulownia  in  climates  south  of 
about  the  latitude  of  New  York  City,  which 
limits  the  boundary  of  its  naturalization. 
Farther  north  its  flower-buds  usually  winter- 
kill.  but  it  can  be  and  often  is  grown  as  an 
ornamental  foliage  plant  as  far  north  as 
Montreal.  For  this  use  it  is  generally  cut 
back  to  the  ground  every  year,  excepting  a 
single  shoot,  and  this  puts  out  great  leaves  a 
foot  or  two  across,  and  sometimes  attains  a 
height  of  10  to  12  ft.  or  more  in  a  single 
season,  presenting  a  peculiarly  tropical  ap¬ 
pearance. 

The  wood  of  the  Paulownia  is  soft,  light, 
easily  worked,  yielding  a  satiny  surface,  and 
of  a  purple  brown  color  with  thin  sap-wood. 
It  is  highly  valued  in  Oriental  countries.2 

1.  Syn.  Pauloicnia  impcriaHs  S.  &  Z. 

1!.  A.  W.,  XII.  288. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  45~. 


BLACK  HAW.  SWEET  HAW.  SHEEP-BERRY.  STAG-BUSH 

Viburnum  prunifolium,  L. 


Fig.  492.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  one  in  section,  3  ;  branchlets 
in  winter,  4.  The  two  large  terminal  buds  are  flower-buds. 

493.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base  and  poison  ivy  foliage  in  background.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

494.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  tiie.  Northern  States  and  Canada.  413 


The  Black  or  Sweet  Haw  is  a  low  bushy  tree, 
sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  25  or  30  ft. 
with  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  and  is 
often  shrubby,  especially  in  the  northern  part 
of  its  range.  It  develops  a  wide  rounded  top 
of  many  rigid  branches  and  frequent  spur-like 
branch  lets,  and  its  trunk  is  often  crooked  or 
inclined. 

It  inhabits  mainly  dry  rocky  hill  sides  and 
uplands,  frequently  along  fence  rows  and  road¬ 
sides,  where  its  seeds  have  been  dropped  by 
the  birds.  Rarer  to  the  westward  it  is  espe¬ 
cially  common  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast. 
Like  the  other  arborescent  representatives  of 
the  genus,  its  glossy  leaves  and  numerous 
clusters  of  white  flowers  and  ornamental  fruit 
have  made  this  tree  popular  for  ornamental 
planting,  in  parks  and  private  grounds  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

The  fruit  is  very  sweet  and  occasionally 
eaten  by  children,  but  is  of  no  practical  im¬ 
portance. 

Its  close-grained  hard  wood  is  unimportant 
commercially,  but  the  bark  is  used  in  medicine, 
as  it  possesses  neurotic,  antispasmodic,  tonic 
and  diuretic  properties. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  occasionally  obovate. 
1-3  in.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base  and  obtuse 
or  acutish  at  apex,  finely  serrate,  at  maturity 
firm,  coriaceous,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  beneath  ;  petioles  about  %  in.  long, 
grooved  and  nearly  terete  or  on  vigorous  shoots 
slightly  margined.  Flower s  white,  %  in.  wide,  in 
severai-ra.ved  cymes  2-4  in.  across.  Fruit,  ripe  in 
October,  oval  or  subglobose,  glaucous,  blue-black 
in  red-stemmed  few-fruited  clusters  ;  stone  flat  or 
slightly  convex  one  side,  blackish.1 

1.  For  genus  see  p.  457. 


RUSTY  NANNYBERRY.  SOUTHERN  NANNYBERRY 


Fig.  495.  Vigorous  branchlet  with  leaves  only,  1;  branchlet  with  leaves  and  fully  grown  fruit; 
but  still  green  in  color,  2;  fruit  in  section,  3;  isolated  pit,  4;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

496.  Trunk  of  tree  in  coast  region  of  North  Carolina. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  415 


The  Rusty  Nannyberry  is  the  largest  Ameri¬ 
can  representative  of  the  genus,  attaining  the 
height  of  40  ft.,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12 
or  18  in.  in  diameter,  but  it  is  generally  a 
smaller  tree  and  is  sometimes  shrubby,  sending 
up  from  the  ground  several  stems.  The  bark 
of  trunk,  like  that  of  the  other  arborescent 
Viburnums,  is  fissured  into  more  or  less  pro¬ 
nounced  squares,  by  a  transverse  checking  of 
its  prominent  longtitudinal  ridges. 

When  isolated  it  develops  a  rather  wide  ir¬ 
regular  open  top,  and,  with  its  ample  shining 
leaves  and  large  flower  clusters,  it  is  a  tree  of 
unusual  beauty  in  spring-time;  and  hardly  less 
so  later  in  autumn,  when  bearing  its  conspicu¬ 
ous  fruit.  It  is  well  worthy  of  being  planted 
for  ornamental  purposes,  in  parks  and  private 
grounds,  and  has  been  found  to  be  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  heavy  and  hard, 
but,  as  is  the  case  with  the  northern  Nanny- 
berry,  the  heart-wood  possesses  such  a  strong, 
disagreeable  odor  as  to  render  it  undesirable 
for  most  uses,  even  if  it  were  procurable  in 
quantities.  The  disagreeable  odor  of  the  wood 
is  communicated  to  the  smoke  when  burning. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptical  and  obovate,  rounded 
or  obtuse  at  base  and  mostly  obtuse  or  occasionally 
acute  at  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  at  ma¬ 
turity  coriaceous  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  with  rufous  hairs  on  midrib  and  prominent 
veins  beneath  and  the  wide  grooved  and  margined 
petioles.  Flowers  %  in-  in  diameter,  in  com¬ 
pound  rusty-pubescent  cymes  sometimes  5  or  6  in. 
across.  Fruit ,  ripe  in  October,  oblong,  blue  with 
glaucous  bloom,  about  %  in.  long,  in  few-fruited 
clusters  with  drooping  red  stems ;  stone  flat, 
nearly  orbicular. 

'  1.  Syn.  Viburnum  rcfotnmentosum  Small. 


NORTHERN  NANNY-BERRY  OR  SHEEP-BERRY. 

Viburnum  Lentago  L. 


Fig.  497.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  1  ;  isolated  pits,  two  in  section,  2  ;  branchlets  with 
vigorous  leaves,  3  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  4.  The  two  large  uppermost  buds  are  flower-buds  ;  the 
others  leaf-buds. 

498.  Trunk  of  a  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.  Cattle  rubbing  against  this  trunk  have  broken 
off  most  of  the  square  plates  commonly  found  on  the  bark  of  this  species. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  417 


The  Northern  Nanny-berry  is  at  best  a  small 
tree,  only  under  most  favorable  conditions  at¬ 
taining  the  height  of  25  or  30  ft.,  with  trunk 
8  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  and  is  commonly  only 
a  shrub.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  wide  rounded  top  with  tough  tortu¬ 
ous  branches.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  dark- 
brown  color  and  fissured  into  prominent  ridges, 
which  are  more  or  less  divided  by  transverse 
fissures. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams,  margins  of 
swamps  and  low  rich  bottom-lands,  or 
•sparingly  hill-sides  where  there  is  an  abun¬ 
dance  of  moisture,  and  in  these  localities,  in 
the  month  of  May,  its  lustrous  green  leaves 
and  large  clusters  of  small  white  flowers  are 
sure  to  elicit  admiration  from  even  the  casual 
observer.  Its  blue-black  fruit  in  autumn  pre¬ 
sents  a  new  phase  of  beauty,  which  the  country 
children  consider  as  also  of  utility,  for  they 
delight  in  eating  the  sweet  fruit.  It  is  then 
that  the  appropriateness  of  its  names —  Wild- 
Raisin  Tree  and  Sweet-berry  —  is  apparent. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  hard  and  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  45.51  lbs.,  and  the  yellow¬ 
ish  brown  heart-wood  is  of  very  disagreeable 
and  remarkably  persistent  odor,  suggestive  of 
the  odor  of  rancid  butter. 

9 

Lea  res  ovate  to  oval,  2  Vi  to  5  in.  long,  mostly 
rounded  at  base  and  acuminate  at  apex,  sharply 
serrate,  at  maturity  lustrous  dark  green  above, 
yellowish  green  and  with  minute  black  dots  be¬ 
neath  :  petioles  wide,  grooved  above,  the  lower¬ 
most  wavy  margined,  rufous-tomentose.  Flowers 
14  >n.  broad  in  several-ra.ved  cymes,  3-5  in.  across. 
Fruit,  ripe  in  September,  oblong,  on  drooping 
pedicels  in  red  stemmed  clusters  with  thick  blue- 
black  glaucous  skin  ;  stone  very  flat,  oval  or 
orbicular. 


I oak,'.  , 


SYNOPSIS 


OF  THE  FAMILIES  AND  GENERA  REPRESENTED  IN  THIS  WORK  WITH 

ANALYTICAL  KEYS 

LEADING  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


CLASS  I.  GYMNOSPERMJE. 

The  class  of  plants  known  as  Gymnosperm.ce  is  of  very  ancient  origin,  being  represented 
among  the  fossils  of  the  Silurian  Age  and  most  numerously  among  those  of  the  Triassic.  It  is 
now  represented  by  not  more  than  four  hundred  and  fifty  species,  which  have  the  following 
characters  in  common  :  They  are  flowering  plants  in  which  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  borne 
naked  upon  an  open  scale  (not  inclosed  in  an  ovary.)  and  are  trees  and  shrubs  mainly  with 
resinous  juice,  chiefly  parallel-veined  leaves  and  stems,  consisting  of  bark,  wood  and  pith, 
increasing  in  thickness  by  annual  layers  of  the  wood  externally  and  of  the  bark  internally. 

It  consists  of  three  families,  viz.  :  Goniferce,  Genetacece.  and  Cycadacece,  the  latter  two  being 

confined  chiefly  to  tropical  and  south  temperate  regions. 

PINE  FAMILY.  CONIFERS. 

A  family  of  trees  and  few  shrubs  with  resinous  juice  and  cell-walls  of  wood  marked  with 
circular  discs.  It  is  of  greatest  economic  value  and  world-wide  distribution,  but  chiefly  in 
north  temperate  regions.  Among  its  representatives  are  trees,  notably  the  Sequoias,  which 

are  considered  to  be  of  the  greatest  longevity  of  all  living  organisms.  It  consists  of  thirty-one 

genera  of  which  thirteen  are  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Leaves  narrow  or  scale-like,  clustered  or  alternate,  parallel-veined  and  generally  persistent ; 
buds  scaly.  Flowers  in  catkins  or  solitary  with  an  involucre  of  enlarged  hud-scales,  unisexual 
and  monoecious  (dioecious  in  Juniperus)  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla;  anthers  2-celled  ; 
pistillate  flowers  bearing  on  the  inner  face  of  each  scale  2  or  more  ovules  and  becoming  in 
Fruit  a  woody  cone  or  rarely  a  berry  or  drupe  :  seeds  often  winged,  with  coat  of  two  layers ; 
embryo  axial  in  copious  albumen  ;  cotyledons  2  or  several. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a  Scales  of  cones  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts,  numerous,  spirally  arranged  and  each  bearing 
at  its  base  above  2  seeds  (Abietinea s). 

b  Cones  requiring  2  years  to  mature  ;  leaves  needle-shaped  in  2-5-leaved  axillary  fascicles 
(solitary  in  one  species)  sheathed  at  base  with  membranous  scales,  persistent. 

Pinus. 

b2  Cones  maturing  in  one  season  ;  leaves 

c  In  many-leaved  fascicles  on  lateral  spurs,  deciduous .  Larix. 

c2  Solitary,  scattered,  persistent  and  linear  or  4-sided;  cones 

d  Pendent  and  scales  persistent  on  the  axes  ;  branchlets  rough  with  woody  persistent 
bases  of  the  leaves 

e  Leaves  sessile,  4-sided  or  flattened  above  and  stomatiferous  all  sides  or  above  only. 

Pieea. 

e2  Leaves  petiolate,  flattened  and  stomatiferous  below  only .  Tsuga. 

d2  Erect  on  the  branchlets  and  scales  falling  away  from  persistent  axes  at  maturity  ; 

leaves  leaving  flat- or  depressed  leaf-scars .  Abies. 

a2  Scales  of  the  cones  without  bracts 

b  Numerous,  spirally  arranged  and  forming  a  woody  cone;  leaves  linear  (sometimes  scale¬ 
like)  alternate  ( Taxodice )  and  deciduous .  Taxodium. 

b2  Few,  decussate;  leaves  decussate  or  in  3-ranks  and  often  of  2  forms  (Cupressinece)  ; 
fruit  a 

c  Woody  cone  ;  leaves  all  scale-like  ;  cones 

[418.1 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  419 


d  Oblong;  scales  8-12, . oblong,  each  bearing  2  equally  2-winged  seeds. 

Thuya. 

d2  Subglobose,  with  peltate  scales  each  bearing  2  seeds  and  maturing  in  one  season. 

Chamaecyparis. 

c2  Berry,  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales  of  the  flower..  Juniperus. 

THE  PINES.  Genus  PINUS  L. 

The  Pines  are  trees  and  a  few  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  chiefly  of  temperate 
regions.  Many  of  its  representatives  are  of  greatest  economic  value.  About  eighty  species 
are  recognized  of  which  thirty-four  are  natives  of  the  United  States,  ten  being  represented 
in  the  northeastern  states. 

Leaves  evergreen,  needle-shaped,  from  slender  buds,  in  clusters  of  2-5  together  (solitary 
in  one  species),  from  the  axils  of  scale-like  primary  leaves  each  cluster  invested  at  its  base 
with  a  sheath  of  thin,  membranous  scales.  Flowers  appearing  in  spring,  monoecious.  Sterile 
flowers  in  catkins,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season  :  stamens  numerous  with 
very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like  connective;  anther-cells,  2,  opening  lengthwise;  pollen 
grains  triple.  Fertile  flowers  in  conical  or  cylindrical  spikes  —  cones  —  consisting  of 
imbricated,  carpellary  scales,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract  and  bearing  at  its  base 
within  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules.  Fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year,  a  cone 
formed  of  the  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  which  are  woody,  often  thickened  or  awned  at  the 
apex,  persistent,  when  ripe  dry  and  spreading  to  liberate  the  two  nut-like  and  usually  winged 
seeds  ;  cotyledons  3-12  linear. 

The  name  is  a  Latin  word  from  Celtic  pin  or  pen,  a  crag. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of 

a  Five;  cones  with  thin  unarmed  scales .  P.  Strobus. 

a2  Three;  cones  with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  armed  with  a  prickle;  cones 
b  Subterminal  and  deciduous  above  the  basal  scales 

c  Four  to  six  inches  long,  heavy;  buds  brown . 

c2  Six  to  ten  inches  long,  not  heavy;  buds  white . 

b2  Lateral  and  symmetrical ;  cones 

c  Long-ovoid  with  stout  prickles;  leaves  G-9  in.  long.. 
c2  Ovoid  with  slender  prickles  ;  leaves 

Three  to  five  inches  long . 

Six  to  eight  inches  long . 

a3  Two  ;  cones 

b  Subterminal;  scales  thickened  and  unarmed . 

b2  Lateral  ;  scales 

c  Unarmed,  or  with  very  weak  or  deciduous  prickles ;  cones  small,  incurved. 

P.  divaricata. 

c2  Armed  with 

d  Slender  prickles  ;  leaves 

e  Three  to  four  in.  long .  P.  echinata. 

e2  One  to  two  in.  long .  P.  Virginiana. 

d2  Very  thick  stout  spines .  P.  pungens. 

For  species  see  pp.  2-19  and  the  following: 

Long-leaf  Pine.  P.  palustris  Mill.  An  important  timber  tree  of  the  southern  states  and 
has  been  reported  as  occurring  very  sparingly  as  far  north  as  southeastern  Virginia.  Leaves 
8-18  in.  long,  dark  green,  densely  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  arranged  in  3  s,  with 
persistent  sheaths.  Flowers:  staminate  rose-purple;  pistillate  close  to  the  apex  of  the  shoot. 
Fruit:  cones  cylindric-ovoid,  6-10  in.  long,  somewhat  curved,  subsessile.  with  scales  thickened 
near  apex  by  a  transverse  ridge  and  bearing  a  short  recurved  prickle  ;  cones  deciduous  within 
the  base,  a  few  basal  scales  being  left  attached  to  the  stem  ;  seeds  about  %  in.  long  with  long 
wing  very  oblique  at  apex. 

Pond  Pine,  I',  serotina  Michx.  A  tree  of  the  southern  states  required  to  be  mentioned 
here  only  from  the  fact  that  its  northernmost  representatives  are  said  to  have  been  found  in 
southeastern  Virginia,  where,  however,  it  is  very  scarce.  Leaves  in  3  s.  6-8  in.  long,  rather 
slender,  glaucous,  stomatose  all  sides.  Fruit:  cones  lateral,  subglobose  to  ovoid.  2-2%  in.  long, 
subsessile,  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  bearing  a  minute  prickle ;  seeds  about  %  in.  long, 
including  wing  %  in.  long. 

THE  LARCHES  OR  TAMARACKS.  Genus  LARIX.  Adanson. 

A  genus  of  nine  species  of  trees  of  northern  and  mountainous  regions  of  the  northern 

hemisphere  producing  durable  and  valuable  lumber  and  other  products.  Three  representatives 

are  North  American,  two  inhabiting  the  western  side  of  the  continent  and  one  the  eastern. 

Leaves  awl-shaped,  three-angled  (or  four-angled  in  Larix  Lyalii),  soft,  deciduous,  in 
clusters  of  many  each  from  lateral  scaly  spurs,  excepting  on  the  shoots  of  the  season  where  they 


P.  ponderosa  scopulorum. 
P.  palustris. 

P.  Taeda. 

P.  rigida. 

P.  serotina. 

P.  resinosa. 


Coni  kkr.e. 


420 


appear  singly,  remote  and  in  spiral  arrangement.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves'  the 
staminate  solitary,  globose,  yellow,  terminating  lateral  sealv  buds  or  spurs  on  the  growths 
ot  previous  seasons;  anthers  numerous,  spirally  arranged,  2-celled  with  pointed  connectives' 
pollen  grains  simple,  globular;  pistillate  flowers  pinkish  green  with  stalked  scales  in  the  axils 
or  longer  scarlet  bracts  and  each  bearing  two  ovules.  Fruit  and  ovoid-oblong  erect  short- 
stalked  cone,  maturing  the  first  season,  with  thin  concave  scales  smallest  and  sterile  near  the 
ends;  seeds  nearly  triangular  and  shorter  than  their  wings;  cotyledons  six. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Larch. 

For  species  sec  pp.  20-21. 


THE  SPRUCES.  Genus  PICEA  Link. 

This  genus  consists  of  eighteen  species  of  trees  confined  to  the  north  temperate  and 
subarctic  regions,  sometimes  forming  extensive  tracts  of  valuable  forests.  Seven  species  are 
natives  of  North  America,  three  in  the  Atlantic  states,  one  is  confined  to  the  heart  of  the 
•Rocky  Mountains  and  the  others  mainly  to  the  Pacific  slope. 

Leaves  linear,  4-sided  and  stomatiferous  all  sides  (in  the  eastern  species)  or  flattened 
:anu  stomatiferous  mostly  on  the  upper  side,  scattered  and  pointing  outward  and  toward  the 
end  ot  the  twig  but  simetimes  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  those  of  the  lower  side, 
articulated  to  prominent  persistent  bases.  Flowers  terminal  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves: 
staminate  long-stalked,  on  the  branehlets  of  the  previous  year  ;  anthers  with  produced  rounded 
connective  and  cells  opening  lengthwise:  pistillate  oblong,  each  scale  in  the  axis  of  a  bract 
anu  beai  ing  two  ovules  at  its  base.  Fruit  ovoid  or  cylindrical  cones,  pendent  mostly  from 
the  uppermost  branches,  maturing  the  first  year  with  thin  unarmed  persistent  scales  and  small 
not  exserted  bracts ;  seed  pointed-ovoid  with  ample  membranous  wing ;  cotvledons  four  to 
sixteen. 

J'icea  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Spruce. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


a.  Branehlets  glabrous,  glaucous:  cones  oblong-cylindric  and  scales 

b  Narrow,  elongated  and  erose  at  apex:  leaves  rigid  and  spinescent.  ...  P.  Parryana. 

b-  Wide  and  entire  at  apex;  leaves  soft  and  flexible .  p.  Canadensis. 

a3  Branehlets  pubescent,  brownish  :  cones 

b  Ovate-oblong,  with  very  short  slightly,  if  at  all,  incurved  stalks,  subentire  scales  and 
dark  yellowish  green  foliage .  p.  rubens. 


bJ  Ovate  with  incurved  stalks  and  erose-margined  scales;  leaves  blue-green. 


For  species  see  pp.  22-29. 


P.  Mariana. 


THE  HEMLOCKS.  Genus  TSUGA  Carr. 

Tall  somewhat  pyramidal  trees  of  the  temperate  regions  of  North  America,  Japan,  China 
and  the  Himilaya  Mountains,  with  horizontal  and  drooping  branches,  slender  twigs  and 
graceful  flat  sprays  of  foliage.  Seven  species  are  known  of  which  four  are  inhabitants  of 
North  America,  two  of  the  Atlantic  and  two  of  the  Pacific  states. 

Leaves  linear,  sliort-petiolate  and  articulated  to  persistent  bases,  flat  in  most  species, 
mostly  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  white  stomatose  beneath 
(but  not  2-ranked  and  stomatose  both  above  and  below  in  one  species  I  with  a  single  dorsal 
resin-duct,  evergreen.  Flowers  in  middle  spring,  monoecious;  the  sterile  subglobose  clusters 
of  stamens  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  the  stipes  surrounded  by 
numeious  bud-scales;  anthers  tipped  with  a  short  spur  or  knob  and  cells  opening  transversely'; 
pistillate  aments  terminal  on  the  branehlets  of  the  previous  year,  erect ;  bracts  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  scales. 

Tsurja  is  the  Japanese  name  of  the  Hemlock-tree. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


'Cones  less  than  1 
'Cones  more  than 


in.  long,  with  orbicular  scales  expanding  but  little  at  maturi 

T. 

1  in.  long  with  oblong  scales  widely  divergent  at  maturity. 

T. 

For  species  see  pp.  20-32. 


ty. 

Canadensis. 

Caroliniana. 


THE  FIRS.  Genus  ABIES  Link. 

Trees  of  generally  strict  pyramidal  habit  of  growth  with  branches  in  whorls  and  bark 
of  trunks  when  young  containing  numerous  resin-vesicles.  There  are  twenty-four  known 
species,  all  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  chiefly  of  northern  regions.  Ten  are 
found  in  North  America  north  of  Mexico,  eight  in  the  Pacific  coast  and  Rocky  Mountain 
regions  and  two  in  the  Atlantic  states. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  12 1 


Leaves  sessile,  those  of  young  trees  and  sterile  branches  usually  flat  (four-sided  in  Abies 
magnifica)  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  centrally  grooved  above,  spirally  arranged,  but 
generally  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  their  bases  and  stomatiferous  only  below  ;  leaves 
of  leading  shoots  and  fertile  branches  crowded,  incurved  and  more  or  less  quadrangular,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  apex,  and  sometimes  stomatiferous  above,  persistent  for  eight  or  ten  years  and 
when  falling  away  leaving  a  circular  flat  scar;  resin-ducts  2;  branch-buds  usually  resin 
coated.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year  and  confined  to  the  upper 
branches:  the  staminate  in  abundance  on  the  lower  side  of  branchlets,  oblong  with  stipe, 
surrounded  at  base  with  bud  scales;  anther-cells  2,  extrorse,  opening  transversely  and  con¬ 
nective  terminating  in  a  knob  :  pistillate  flowers  erect  on  upper  side  of  branchlet  and  usually 
only  those  of  the  topmost  branches,  globose  or  cylindrical-oblong;  scales  numerous,  imbricated 
and  shorter  than  their  mucronate  bracts.  Cones  erect,  ovoid  to  cylindrical-oblong,  maturing 
the  first  year,  with  numerous  broad  thin  imbricated  scales,  each  bearing  2  seeds  and  springing 
from  the  axil  of  a  thin  membranous  bract  which  with  the  scale  and  seeds  falls  away  at 
maturity  from  the  straight  persistent  axis;  seed  furnished  with  resin  vesicles  and  a  large 
membranous  oblique  wing  at  apex;  cotyledons  4-10,  shorter  than  radicle. 

Abies  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Fir-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


Bracts  of  cones  shorter  than  their  scales  and  inclosed .  A.  balsamea. 

Bracts  of  cones  much  longer  than  their  scales  and  reflexed .  A.  Fraseri. 


For  species  sec  pp.  3.J-37. 

THE  BALD  CYPRESS.  Genus  TAXODIUM  Rich. 

The  genus  Taxodium  consists  of  two  or  three  species  of  resinous  trees  of  great  economic 
value  and  polymorfic  habits  of  growth.  One  is  found  on  the  table-lands  of  Mexico  and  indi¬ 
viduals  of  this  species  are  remarkable  for  their  enormous  size  and  age. 

Leaves  deciduous  in  our  species,  spirally  arranged  and  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  flat  linear- 
lanceolate  and  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked,  smooth,  pale,  and  with  obscure  midrib  and 
stomatose  beneath  :  and  scale-like  and  oppressed.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  before 
the  leaves,  unisexual  from  buds  formed  the  previous  year ;  the  staminate  numerous  in  long 
terminal  drooping  panicled  spikes  with  (5-8  stamens  having  broad  yellow  peltate  connectives  and 
2-valved  anthers ;  pistillate  aments  ovoid  and  appearing  singly  or  few  together  near  the  ends  of 
branchlets  of  the  previous  year  and  consisting  of  a  few  bractless  scales  each  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  at  its  base.  Cones  globose  or  nearly  so,  short-stalked,  maturing  the  first  year;  scales 
thick  woody,  rhomboidal,  valvate,  and  bearing  each  two  seeds  and  large  glands  filled  with  liquid 
resin;  seeds  irregularly  triangular-pyramidal,  with  coriaceous  or  woody  coat:  cotyledons  4-!>. 

The  name  Taxodium  is  from  Greek  words  indicating  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those 
of  the  Yew-tree. 

For  species  sec  pp.  38-39. 


THE  ARBQR-VITZES.  Genus  THUYA  L. 


Important  evergreen  trees  of  few  species  with  very  durable  wood,  pyramidal  head,  resinous 
juice  and  handsome  frond-like  flat  2-ranked  sprays  of  foliage.  They  are  coufined  to  the 
northern  regions  of  North  America,  Japan  and  eastern  Asia.  Two  are  North  American,  one 
a  valuable  timber-tree  of  the  Pacific  slope  and  the  other  widely  distributed  in  the  Atlantic 


states  and  Canada. 

Leaves  small,  decussate,  closely  imbricated  in  4  ranks,  scale-like,  stomatiferous  and 
rounded  or  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  those  on  ultimate  shoots  obtuse  and  compressed  forming 
a  flat  spray  and  those  on  larger  twigs  more  spreading  and  acute  or  subulate  on  seedlings. 
Flowers  very  small,  monoecious,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  usually  on  different  branchlets,  stami¬ 
nate  subglobose  with  4-(i  opposite  filaments  having  peltate  connectives  bearing  each  4-<i  anther- 
cells:  pistillate  with  8-12  opposite  scales  each  with  2  erect  ovules.  Cones  small,  ovoid-oblong, 
maturing  the  first  season,  with  few  thin  oblong  leathery  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  only 
the  2  or  3  middle  pairs  fertile;  seeds  usually  2  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  oblong,  compressed 
and  usually  with  lateral  wings  not  united  at  apex:  cotyledons  2. 

Thuya  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  coniferous  tree  and  applied  by  Linnaeus  to 
this  genus. 

For  species  sec  pp.  4O—J1I. 


THE  COAST  CEDARS.  Genus  CHAM/ECYPARIS  Spach. 

Tall  evergreen  pyramidal  trees  with  resinous  juice,  fragrant  valuable  wood,  foliage  in 
flat  open  fan-like  sprays  with  some  of  the  branchlets  deciduous.  A  half  dozen  species  are 
known  confined  to  North  America,  Japan  and  Formosa,  with  many  abnormal  forms  due  to 
the  gardener's  art.  Of  the  North  American  species  two  are  confined  to  the  Pacific  and  one  to 
the  Atlantic  coast  regions. 


422 


AnGIOSPEKMjE. 


Leaven  very  small,  opposite,  in  four  ranks,  scale-like  and '  oppressed  or  more  spreading 
on  older  twigs  and  subulate  on  vigorous  sterile  shoots.  Flowers  in  early  spring,  minute, 
monoecious,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  on  different  branchlets ;  staminate  oblong  with  several 
decussate  stamens  having  ovate  connectives  decreasing  in  size  from  below  upwards,  and  each 
bearing  usually  two  globose  anther-cells;  pistillate  subglobose  with  decussate  peltate  scales 
each  bearing  two  to  five  erect  ovules.  Cones  small,  globose,  erect,  maturing  the  first  season 
but  persisting  on  the  branchlets  after  discharging  their  seed,  with  thick  peltate  scales  having 
central  bosses  or  points  and  each  bearing  at  its  base  one  to  five  erect  compressed  laterally¬ 
winged  seeds ;  cotyledons  two. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  roots  meaning  “  a  lotc  Cypress." 

For  species  see  pp.  Jf2-Jf3. 


THE  JUNIPERS.  Genus  JUNIPER  L. 

Evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere  having  pungent  aromatic  juice, 
generally  fibrous  bark  and  very  durable  light  odorous  wood.  About  thirty-five  speciees  are 
known.  In  the  New  World  they  are  distributed  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  highlands  of 
Mexico.  Lower  California  and  the  West  Indies  in  eleven  arborescent  species  and  one  or  two 
shrubby’.  Two  only  of  the  arborescent  and  one  of  the  shrubby  species  are  found  in  north¬ 
eastern  United  States. 

Leaves  of  two  sorts,  viz..,  opposite,  scale-like,  with  gland-like  disk  and  appressed  in  four 
ranks,  or  subulate  and  free  in  whorls  of  three,  sessile,  sharp-pointed,  without  gland,  convex 
below,  concave  and  stomatiferous  above  —  both  forms  sometimes  on  the  same  plant.  Flowers 
small,  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  oblong,  terminal  or  axillary,  the  staminate  yellow, 
with  peltate  scales  each  bearing  2-0  globose  anther-cells  attached  to  its  base;  the  pistillate 
consisting  of  2-0  opposite  or  ternate  fleshy  pointed  scales  each  bearing  one  or  two  erect  ovules. 
Fruit  berry-like  by  a  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales  of  the  flower,  blue-black  or  red  with  white 
bloom,  smooth  or  marked  with  points  of  the  flower-scales,  closed  or  open,  containing  usually 
one  to  six  bony  wingless  seeds  and  requiring  one  to  three  years  to  attain  maturity ;  coty¬ 
ledons  2-ii. 

Juniperus  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Juniper. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Leaves  of  2  kinds,  both  scale-like  and  subulate  ;  flowers  terminal  ;  buds  naked 


Maturing  its  fruit  in  autumn  of  the  first  season .  J.  Virginiana. 

Maturing  its  fruit  in  autumn  of  second  season .  J.  scopulorum. 

a’  Leaves  all  subulate;  flowers  axillary;  buds  scaly .  J.  communis. 


For  species  see  pp.  and  the  following: 

Western  Red  Cedar,  J.  scopulorum  Sarg.  A  tree  very  similar  to  the  eastern  Red  Cedar 
but  with  somewhat  larger  fruit,  containing  usually  2  seeds  and  maturing  at  the  close  of  the 
second  season. 


CLASS  II.  AN GIOSPERM JE. 

In  distinction  from  the  class  of  plants  known  as  the  Gymnospcrmce  we  now  take  up 
Class  II,  the  Angiospermce,  which  includes  all  other  Flowering  Plants.  Its  representatives 
are  thought  to  be  of  more  recent  origin  than  those  of  the  Gymnospermce  and  are  characterized 
by  having  flowers  in  which  the  ovules  are  borne  in  a  closed  cavity  (the  ovary)  which  becomes 
the  fruit  at  maturity. 

The  Class  is  divided  into  two  subclasses,  viz.,  Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons.  The 
former  are  plants  in  which  the  embryo  contains  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed  leaf,  the  leaves 
are  parallel-veined,  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  in  3s  and  the  stems  consist  of  a  mass  of 
soft,  pith-like  tissue  (parenchyma)  permeated  with  wire-like  bundles  of  woody  tissue  (fibro- 
vascular  bundles).  The  Palms,  Yuccas,  etc.,  are  tree  representatives  of  this  subclass,  all 
being  confined  to  warm  climates. 

Subclass  2.  DYCOTYLEDONS. 

These  are  plants  in  which  the  embryo  contains  two  cotyledons,  the  leaves  are  netted- 
veined.  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  mostly  in  4s  or  5s  and  the  stems  consist  of  bark,  wood  and 
pith,  increasing  by  annual  layers  of  wood  inside  the  baik.  They  comprise  by  far  the  greater 
part  of  the  flowering  plants  including  all  of  the  trees  of  northern  temperate  regions  excepting 
those  of  the  class  Gymnospermte.  The  subclass  is  divided  into  Apetalw,  Polypetalce  and 
Gamopetalcc,  which  we  will  take  up  in  order. 

Division  1.  APETAL.ZE. 

Flowering  plants  in  which  the  corolla  and  also  the  calyx  sometimes  is  wanting. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


423 


WALNUT  FAMILY.  JUGLANDACEyE. 

A  family  of  six  genera  and  about  thirty-five  species  of  important  trees  with  aromatic 
bark  and  watery  juice,  mostly  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Two  genera 
are  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  long  grooved  petioles  exstipulate,  the 
leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so  excepting  the  terminal  one  which  is  usually  long-stalked.  Flowers 
monoecious,  opening  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  lateral 
aments  on  the  growth  of  the  previous  season  ;  calyx  3  to  6-lobed,  each  in  the  axil  of  and 
adnate  to  a  bract;  stamens  several  with  short  distinct  filaments  and  longitudinally  dehiscent 
anthers;  pistillate  in  spikes  or  solitary  terminating  the  new  growth,  bracteate  and  usually 
two-bracteolate :  calyx  3-5-lobed ;  ovary  inferior  and  1-celled  or  incompletely  3-4-celled  and 
containing  a  solitary  erect  orthotropous  ovule;  style  short  with  2  plumose  stigmas.  Fruit 
a  bony  incompletely  2-4-celled  nut  inclosed  in  an  indehiscent  or  4-valved  exocarp  ;  seed  without 
albumen,  large,  solitary,  2-lobed,  fleshy  and  very  oily ;  cotyledons  2-lobed,  corrugated  or 
sinuose ;  radicle  minute,  superior,  at  apex  of  nut. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Husk  of  fruit  indehiscent;  nut  mostly  sculptured;  staminate  aments  simple;  pith  segmented. 

Juglans. 

Husk  4-valved  •  nut  not  sculptured  ;  staminate  aments  branched  ;  pith  not  segmented. 

Hicoria. 


THE  WALNUTS  AND  BUTTERNUTS.  Genus  JUGLANS  L. 

Trees  with  dark  colored  durable  heart-wood,  furrowed  bark,  stout  branchlets,  laminated 
pith  and  edible  nuts.  Ten  species  are  known,  four  of  which  are  natives  of  the  United  States, 
two  of  the  northern  Atlantic  states,  one  of  the  southwestern  states  and  one  of  the  Pacific 
coast  region. 

Leaves  with  stout  pubescent  petioles  and  11-17  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets  which 
are  mostly  from  2  to  4  inches  long,  rounded  and  unequal  at  base,  finely  serrate  except  at  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  and  clammy  pubescent  at  least  when  young,  rugose  above ;  leat-buds 
superposed.  Flowers  staminate  'in  thick  drooping  cylindrical  aments  3-5  in.  long  or  more; 
valvx  usually  tl-lobed.  light  yellowish  green,  puberulous  outside;  stamens  8-40  with  nearly 
sessile  dark' brown  anthers;  pistillate  flowers  in  few-flowered  spikes  at  the  ends  ot  the 
shoots  of  the  season  with  villous  laciniated  involucre ;  calyx  4-lobed ;  petals  4.  alternate 
with  the  sepals  and  adnate  to  the  ovary;  pistil  with  very  short  style;  two  plumose  stigmas 
and  usually  2-eelled  ovary.  Fruit  globose  or  ovoid  with  fibrous  somewhat  fleshy  indehiscent 
exocarp  and  an  ovoid  or' flattened  globose  hard  thick-walled  rugose  or  sculptured  indehiscent 
endocarp  (nut)  which  is  2-4-celled  at  base;  seed  deeply  lobed. 

The  name  is  of  Latin  derivation  meaning  nut  of  Jove. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Fruit  subglobose,  papillose  (not  viscid)  ;  leaflets  15-23.  ..... .  . . 

Fruit  pointed-ovoid,  viscid-pubescent;  leaflets  11-17,  viscid-pubescent 

For  species  sec  pp.  48—51. 


J.  nigra. 

J.  cinerea. 


THE  HICKORIES.  Genus  HICORIA  Raf. 


The  Hickories  are  confined  to  the  temperate  regions  of  eastern  North  America  ranging 
from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  There  are  about 
a  dozen  species,  all  being  found  within  the  United  States  excepting  one.  Their  wood  is  very 
strong,  flexible  and  more  valuable  than  any  other  woods  for  certain  uses.  They  have  smooth 
gray  bark  when  young,  but  with  age  become  fissured  into  hard  plates  and  scales.  The  branches 


are  tough  and  flexible  and  the  pith  solid. 

Leaves  with  thick  and  firm  ovate  to  obovate  leaflets,  increasing  in  size  from  below  up¬ 
wards  often  glandular-dotted,  usually  unequal  at  base,  and  acuminate  at  apex,  serrate,  veins 
commonly  forking  near  the  margins.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  slender,  drooping  and 
usually  i'n  tin  •ees  with  common  peduncle  from  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  at  the  base  of  the  shoots 
of  the  season  or  in  clusters  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  near  the  summit  of  the 
growth  of  the  previous  season,  the  lateral  branches  from  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts; 
calvx  ‘>-3- lobed  adnate  to  the  bracts;  stamens  3-10  with  ovate-oblong  hairy  anthers;  pistillate 
flowers  sessile,’  in  mostly  2-10-flowered  terminal  spikes :  calyx  unequally  4-lobed ;  stigmas 
short-napillose.  Fruit  subglobose,  oblong,  ovoid  or  pyriform,  with  husk  (epicarp)  woody  at 
maturity  and  separating  more  or  less  completely  into  4  valves,  the  sutures  alternate  with 


424 


J  UGLAHDACE.E.  MyRICACEAE. 


those  of  the  nut  and  falling  away  at  maturity;  nut  with  bony  crustaceous  shell  (endocarp), 
4-ceIled  at  base,  2-celled  at  apex;  seed  lobed  and  variously  grooved,  oily  and  usually  edible, 
sometimes  bitter. 

The  name  is  from  the  popular  name  which  is  of  American  Indian  origin. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Bud  scales  few,  valvate ;  sutures  of  fruit  winged,  lateral  leaflets  more  or  less  lanceolate 
and  falcate. 

b  Nut  compressed  and  kernel  usually  bitter;  shell 


Smooth  and  pale .  H.  minima. 

Rugose,  angled,  chocolate-color  .  H.  aquatica. 

b2  Nut  not  compressed;  seed  edible .  H.  Pecan. 


a1  Bud-scales  numerous,  imbricated;  lateral  leaflets  slightly  if  at  all  falcate,  broader;  sutures 
not  prominent  (or  slightly  so  in  H.  villosa) 
b  Husk  of  fruit  usually  thick,  splitting  to  base 

c  Bark  exfoliating  in  long  loose  plates  —  shaggy;  nuts  whitish  thick-shelled 


Leaflets  mostly  3-5  and  nut  rounded  at  base .  H.  ovata. 

Leaflets  mostly  7-9  and  nut  pointed  at  base .  H.  laciniosa. 

c2  Bark  in  close  rough  ridges,  not  shaggy :  leaflets  7-9 :  foliage  fragrant  and  stellate- 
pubescent ;  nut  usually  Bridged  and  with  thick  brownish  shell..  H.  alba. 

Husk  of  fruit  thin  and  usually  not  splitting  freely  to  the  base, 
c  Fruit  nearly  globose  and  nut  small  with  thin  shell  and  bark  of  old  trunks  exfoliating 
in  long  narrow  strips 

Nut  little  flattened;  middle  lobe  of  stamina te  calyx  short .  H.  mierocarpa. 

Nut  much  flattened  :  middle  lobe  of  calyx  long .  H.  borealis. 

c2  Fruit  obovoid  or  pyriform  with  smooth  thick-shelled  nut ;  bark  close 

Foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so .  H.  glabra. 

Foliage  provided  beneath  with  silvery  peltate  scales .  H.  villosa. 


For  species  see  pp.  52-69  and  the  following: 

Northern  Hickory.  II.  borealis  Ashe.  This  is  a  name  recently  given  to  certain  small 

Hickories  found  on  dry  uplands  in  Michigan  near  the  Detroit  River,  which  are  allied  to  H. 

mierocarpa.  but  differing  from  it  mainly  in  having  a  longer  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate 
calyx  and  fruit  more  flattened,  with  very  thin  rugose  husk  usually  not  splitting.  The  extent 
of  their  distribution  is  not  yet  determined. 

SWEET  GALE  FAMILY.  MYRICACE/E. 

Small  aromatic  trees  and  shrubs  with  astringent  bark  and  of  about  forty  species  grouped 
in  two  genera  only  one  of  which  is  arborescent.  They  are  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the 
temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  mostly  resin-dotted  and  fragrant,  revolute  in  the  bud,  persistent; 
buds  small  and  scaly.  Flowers  in  early  spring  in  oblong  aments  from  the  exils  of  the  leaves 
of  the  previous  year,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts;  perianth  want¬ 
ing  ;  staminate  with  4  to  several  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  scale  with  slender 

filaments  united  at  base;  anthers  erect,  introrse,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pistillate 
flowers  single  or  in  pairs,  with  1-celled  ovary,  short  style,  2  filiform  stigmas;  ovule  solitary, 
erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  small  subglobose  drupe  covered  with  waxy  exudation  ;  seed  erect 
with  straight  embryo,  plano-convex  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

THE  BAYBERRIES.  Genus  MYRICA  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  seven  species  are  represented  in  America  and  of  these  three 
only  are  trees.  One  is  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast  region  and  the  other  two  are  inhabitants 
of  southeastern  United  States,  one  of  these  extending  northward  into  Virginia  or  in  shrubby 
form  farther  north. 

Leaves  serrate,  dentate  or  entire,  exstipulate,  mostly  resin-dotted.  Flowers:  ovary 
subtended  by  2-4  short  bractlets.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  covered  with  waxy  exudations. 

The  name  Myrica,  thought  to  come  from  a  word  meaning  to  perfume,  is  the  ancient 
Greek  name  of  some  fragrant  shrub,  and  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus. 

For  species  see  pp.  70-71. 

CORK-WOOD  FAMILY.  LEITNERIACEtE. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a  single  genus  and  species,  with  exceedingly  light  wood,  of 
southern  United  States  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Francis  River  in  southeastern  Missouri  and 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River  in  Texas. 

Leaves  3-8  in.  long,  deciduous,  alternate,  petiolate.  involute  in  the  bud,  oblong  or 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  firm,  rugose-reticulate,  at 
maturity  lustrous  bright  green  above  villous  pubescent  below  as  are  the  petioles  and  branch- 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  42 


;> 


lets.  Flowers  dioecious  in  erect  tomentose  aments,  expanding  before  the  leaves;  staminate 
aments  about  1  in.  long  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets ;  perianth  wanting  stamens  3-12, 
inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  scales,  with  distinct  filaments  and  oblong  introrse  2-celled  longi¬ 
tudinally  dehiscent  anthers ;  pistillate  aments  smaller,  with  perianth  consisting  of  small 
scales;  ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  an  elongated  flatteneed  recurved  style,  stigmatic  on 
inner  face:  ovule  solitary,  laterally  attached,  ascending.  Fruit  an  elongated  compressed  dry 
drupe,  solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  with  thin-walled  nutlet ;  seed  flatteened  with  oblong 
blackish  hilum,  fleshy  albumen,  erect  embryo  and  flat  cordate  cotyledons. 

THE  CORKWOOD.  Genus  LEITNERIA  Chapman. 

The  genus  is  characterized  as  above  and  contains  a  single  species.  It  was  named  after 
Dr.  E.  F.  Leitner,  a  German  naturalist  who  was  killed  in  Florida  during  the  Seminole  war. 

For  species  see  pp.  72-7 3. 

WILLOW  FAMILY.  SALICACE^. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  soft  light  wood,  brittle  twigs,  bitter  bark  and  of  wide  distribution, 
chiefly  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  They  are  grouped  in  two  genera,  having  the  following 
characters  in  common  : 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  alternate  and  with  stipules  (sometimes  minute  and  caducous  > . 
Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves,  in  aments,  from  axillary  buds, 
a  single  small  flower  appearing  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  of  the  ament,  perianth  wanting : 
stamens  2-many,  subtended  by  a  disk  and  with  introrse  2-celled  anthers  longitudinally 
dehiscent  ;  pistil  with  short  style,  2-4-lobed  stigma  and  1-celled  ovary  having  2-4  parietal 
placenta*  and  numerous  anatropous  ovules.  Fruit  a  1-celled  2-4-valved  ovoid  capsule,  bearing 
numerous  minute  seeds  surrounded  by  long  silky  white  hairs  and  containing  short  radicle. 


flat  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  aments  entire;  stamens  2-10  and  buds  with  a  single  scale .  Salix. 

Scale  of  the  aments  incised;  stamens  numerous  and  buds  with  several  scales.  ..  .  Populus. 


THE  WILLOWS.  Genus  SALIX  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  100  or  170  species  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the  northern  and 
a  few  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  They  grow  generally  along  the  banks  of  streams  and 
in  low  moist  soil  from  the  Arctic  regions  to  the  tropics.  Numerous  natural  hybrids  also 
occur.  About  70  species  are  found  in  North  America  and  of  these  21  are  recognized  as 
trees  of  which  9  or  10  species  are  found  in  the  northeastern  states.  Resides  these  we  have 
two  or  three  natualized  arborescent  species. 

Leaves  commonly  lanceolate  but  ranging  from  obovate  to  linear  :  petioles  short,  some¬ 
times  glandular  at  apex  and  more  or  less  covering  the  bud  ;  stipules  oblique,  serrate,  large  and 
persistent  (especially  so  on  young  shoots)  or  small  and  deciduous:  winter  buds  covered 
with  a  single  scale  of  two  coats,  the  inner  thin  and  membranous.  Flowers  in  aments  with 
entire  or  glandular  dentate  bracts  and  disk  gland-like,  minute  and  nectiferous ;  stamens  2-12 
(mostly  2 1  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  scale,  with  slender  and  mostly  free  filaments  and 
small  oblong  anthers:  pistillate  aments  usually  erect  or  spreading;  ovary  sessile  or  short 
stipitate  with  short  style,  2  short  more  or  less  recurved  2-cleft  stigmas  and  containing  4-8 
ovules  on  each  of  the'  2  placentas.  Fruit  an  acuminate  capsule  dehiscent  by  2  recurved 
valves :  seeds  minute,  dark  brown. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Stamens  3-7.  with  filaments  hairy  at  base;  aments  terminating  leafy  branchlets  and  with 


light  yellow  caducous  scales 
b  Petioles  not  glandular ;  leaves 

c  Pale  or  whitish  beneath,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate 

With  longer  petioles  mostly  V>  in.  or  more  long .  S.  amygdaloides. 

With  very  short  petioles  mostly  less  than  %  in.  long .  S.  longipes. 

c3  Green  beneath,  narrow-lanceolate,  long-pointed:  petioles  short...  S.  nigra. 

V  Petioles  glandular  ;  leaves  taper-pointed 


Lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  thickish  and  finely  serrate. 

S.  lucida. 

Dull  dark  green  (not  lustrous)  above,  pale  beneath,  thinnish  and  more  coarsely  serrate. 

S.  fragilis. 

a3  Stamens  usually  2. 

b  Aments  both  terminal  and  axillary:  leaves  l'near-lanceolate  and  remotely  denticulate: 

filaments  hairy  at  base:  bracts  vellow,  caducous .  §•  fluviatilis. 

b!  Aments  terminal  on  lateral  branchlets. 


426 


SaLICACE/E. 


c  Capsules  glabrous :  leaves  _  balsamifera 

d  Oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex . . . .  ^abvlSnica 

d2  Linear-lanceolate;  branchlets  long  and  pendent. .  »•  Uabyiomca. 

d3  Lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  ;  branchlets  not  pendent, 

6  (Tl bright  op  reddish  yellow;  leaves  glaucous  beneath .  S.  vitellina. 

Light  brown;  leaves  silky  pubescent . . 

e-  Brownish  pubescent  . . . •  •  •  •  •  •  •  ••• 

c-  CaDsules  hairy;  style  short;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblon„,  acute  . 

Glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath;  branchlets  usually  glabrous;  pedicel  ^s°^r>sho  1 

I '  u  bea  e  e  n  t b  e  n  e  a  t  h  ;  branchlets  pubescent;  pedicel  of  ovary  longer^  ^g^biana. 

For  species  see  pp.  lJf—93  and  the  following . 

Balsam  Willow.  Salix  halsainifera  Barr.  A  species  of  boreal  distribution  ranging 
from  about  the  latitude  of  Mt.  Washington  northward  and  usually  shrubby,  but  in  the 

vicinity  of  Ft.  Kent,  Me.,  has  been  found  to  attain  the  height  of  25  ft.  with  trunk  12-14  in. 
in  diamater.  It  is  characterized  as  follows  : 

r  piiintip  to  ovate  2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  usually  acute  or 

ob tuse  at  apeL  finely  glandulaT-ser.ate,  thin  at  first,  finally  rigid,  glabrous,  dark  green  above 
pa  ei  glaucous  and  *  prominently  reticulated  beneath ;  stipules  usually  none;  Proles  sleMei 
m  less  in  length  Flowers:  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves  on  leafy-bracted 

branchlets  the  stem  nate  dense  ;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments  ;  pistillate  rather  loose  :  scales 
colored. ^  villous  persistent ;’ style  very  short.  Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid,  long-stalked. 
WiTTTir  Wtttow  Salix  alba  L.  A  large  European  tree  willow  sparingly  escaped  in 

ibis  countrv  and  differs  from  the  8.  vitellina  mainly  in  having  more  ashy  gray  and  silky 

this  countij  and  uineis  JW"1  effect  to  its  foliage,  and  more  brownish  branchlets 

Va v.^tuzrul e  a  '  K  o  c  h . ,  also  occasionally  found,  has  more  glabrous  dull  bluish  green  leaves  and 

°llUprRP  Wtttow  8alix  BebUnana  Sarg.  (8.  rostrata  Rich.).  A  large  shrub  or  small  bushy 
Blbb  willow,  kaaxveoo  a  trunk  6  or  8  in.  in  diameter,  ranging  from  Pennsyl¬ 

vania®  to  the ^  Arctic  regions,  fid  from  the  St.  Lawrence  Riper  to  Alaska,  and  in  botanical 
vania  to  the  A  s  ’  ,  ,  e  „„  Q2-93)  but  differs  in  having  leaves  uusally  tomen- 

tose  ‘or  '  pubescent  beneath ;  pedicel  of  the  ovary  longer  than  the  scale  and  branchlets  pubes¬ 
cent. 

THE  POPLARS  AND  COTTONWOODS.  Genus  POPULUS  L. 

Trees  of  usually  large  size,  rapid  growth,  with  scaly  and  usually  resin-coated  buds  and 
bark  pale  at  first  but  furrowed  when  old  and  rich  in  tannin.  The  sticky  resin  of  these  buds 
is  gathered  by  honey  bees  for  sealing  crevices  in  their  hives,  the  material  which  bee-keepers 
call  “propolis.”  About  twenty-five  species  are  recognized  of  which  approximately  half  are 
natives  of  North  America  ranging  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  the  Arctic  Circle 

to  the  tropics. 

The  Poplars  are  the  oldest  known  dicotyledonous  plants,  being  represented  among  the 
fossils  of  the  cretaceous  formations. 

T cares  lance-ovate  to  orbicular  or  deltoid,  involute  in  the  bud  usually  with  long  stalks 

£3  BBS 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Poplar. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Buds  coated  with  a  sticky  resin  ;  leaves 

b  Broadly  deltoid,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex  deltoides 

Very  wide-cordate  to  truncate  at  base  ;  buds  large . ■  •  . .  deltoides. 

Very  wide-cuneate  to  truncate  at  base;  buds  comparatively  small. ^  dilatata> 

b’  Rhombic-lanceolate,  green  both  sides,  long-pointed .  £ 

b;  Ovate-lanceolate,  green  both  sides,  short-petiolate .  ^  angustitona. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  427 

Broad-ovate,  cordate  at  base,  pale  or  rusty  beneath .  p.  candicans 

b  Ovate,  pale  or  rusty  beneath,  rounded  or  wide  cuneate  at  base,  finely  crenate-se’rrate 

b  Heart-shaped,  large,  abrupt  at  apex,  crenate-serrate  and  petioles  slightly  if  at  all 

natteneci  .  .  . . .  p  hfitcro  Ti  11 

Buds  not  resin-coated  ;  leaves  orbicular-ovate  ;  petioles  long  and  '  P  y  a. 

b  Flattened  laterally  {Aspens)  and  edges  of  leaves 

Finely  crenate-serrate  ;  buds  glabrous .  P.  tremuloides. 

,  „  Coarsely  dentate;  buds  scurfy-pubescent .  p  erandidpnta+n 

b-  Slightly  if  at  all  flattened  ;  leaves  densely  white-tomentose  beneath.  P.'  alba. 

For  species  see  pp.  97-113  and  the  following: 

European  Black  Foplar.  P.  nigra  L.  A  large  wide-spreading  European  tree  and  nearlv 
a  century  ag-o  was  reported  (as  P.  Hudsonica  Michx.  and  P.  betulifolia  Pursh.)  as  naturalized 
in  this  country,  but  it  is  rare  in  a  naturalized  state.  The  characters  given  below  are  of  the 
typical  1  nigra,  and  are  equally  applicable  to  the  Lombardy  Poplar  (var.  Italica )  except  as 
noted  in  the  consideration  of  that  tree.  Leaves  broad-deltoid,  wide-cuneate  or  almost  truncate 
at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  crenate,  pubescent  at  first  but  finally  glabrous,  firm,  the 
blade  usually  wider  than  long;  petioles  long,  slender  and  laterally  compressed.  Flowers- 
•staminate  aments  1  %-3  in.  becoming  longer;  stamens  about  20;  pistillate  aments  2-3  in  long 
becoming  longer.  Fruit:  capsules  oblong,  obtuse,  short-stalked. 


BIRCH  FAMILY.  BETULACEyE. 

Trees  and  a  few'  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere  commonly  with  fragrant  aromatic 
properties  and  grouped  in  six  genera  of  which  five  are  found  in  North  America.  They  have 
the  following  characters  in  common  : 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  petioled,  pinniveined,  obliquely  plicate  in  venation,  deciduous- 
■stipules  fugacious  :  branchlets  terete.  Flowers  in  early  spring  before  or  with  the  unfolding  of 
the  leaves,  monoecious ;  the  staminate  in  elongated  pendulous  lateral  aments,  in  the  axils 
ot  the  bracts  ot  which  are  borne  1-3  small  flowers,  with  or  without  calvx  and  2-20  small 
■erect  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  with  distinct  filaments  and  2-celled  extrorse  anthers 
opening  longitudinally  ;  pistillate  flowers  in  short  spike-like  or  capitate  aments,  from  lateral  buds 
with  or  without  calyx,  with  2-celled  ovary  and  2-cleft  or  bifurcate  style  stigmatic  at  the  apex 
or  on  the  inner  surfaces  of  the  branches  and  a  single  anatropous  pendulous  ovule  in  each 
cell  ot  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  mostly  1-celled  1-seeded  nut  or  samara;  seed  solitary 
suspended,  without  albumen,  with  large  and  fleshy  cotyledons  and  short  radicle. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

n  Autlet  wingless,  from  the  axils  of  deciduous  scales  and  more  or  less  inclosed  in  an 
involucre  ;  staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  ament  and  without 
calyx;  involucre  of  fruit 

b  Flat,  open,  3-cleft  and  foliaceous  ;  staminate  aments  in  winter  inclosed  with  bud-scales.* 

b-  A  closed  bladder-like  sac;  staminate  aments  in  winter  naked .  Ostrya.U*' 

a-  Nutlet  more  or  less  winged,  in  the  axils  of  persistent  scales  and  without  involucre- 
staminate  flowers  3-0  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  aments  and  with  calvx  •’ 
bracts  ot  the  fruiting  aments  ’ 

b  Three-lobed,  thin  and  deciduous;  stamens  2  with  2-branched  filaments;  winter  buds 

covered  with  scales  .  Betula. 

b-  Erose  or  5-lobed.  thickened,  woody  and  persistent;  wings  of  nutlet  more  or  less  reduced- 
winter  buds  naked  .  Alnus. 


THE  HORNBEAMS.  Genus  CARPINUS  L. 

Trees  of  about  a  dozen  species  with  smooth  gray  Beech-like  bark,  furrowed  and  ridged 
trunks,  and  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  only  one  is  found  native  in  North 
America.  The  following  are  the  generic  characters: 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  nearly  straight  prominent  veins.  Flowers  in 
April;  staminate  aments  _  pendulous  and  with  prominent  nearly  sessile  broad  ovate  acute 
scales,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  found  the  naked  flowers  consisting  of  several  stamens  with 
short  slender  two-branched  filaments,  each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  half-anther  hairy  at 
apex :  pistillate  aments  slender,  few-flowered  and  terminal  on  leafy  branchlets  of  the  year, 
v  ith  small  deciduous  scales,  each  subtended  by  a  pair  of  flowers  which  are  furnished  each 
with  a  small  acute  bract  and  pair  of  bractlets :  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary;  stigmas  2,  subulate. 
rrint  a  small  compressed  ovoid  prominently  ribbed  nut,  tipped  with  calyx-lobes  and  attached 
at  its  base  until  maturity  to  a  large  foliaceous  3-lobed  pale-green  involucre  formed  from  the 
enlarged  bract  and  bractlets  of  the  flower. 

Carpinus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  European  Hornbeam. 

For  species  see  pp.  llJf—115. 


428 


BeTULACEuE. 


THE  HOP-HORNBEAM.  Genus  OSTRYA  Scop. 

Trees  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  scaly  bark,  slender 
terete  branchlets  and  hard  rather  close-grained  wood.  Four  species  are  known,  two  of  which  are 
North  American.  One  of  them  (O.  Knowltoni  Cov.),  as  far  as  known,  is  found  only  in  the 
Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  River  in  Arizona,  and  the  other  is  a  common  tree  widely  dis¬ 
tributed  throughout  the  eastern  United  States  and  Canada. 

Leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  plaited  on  the  nearly  straight  veins. 
Flowers  expanding  before  the  leaves;  staminate  aments  in  clusters  of  a  few  each  with  short 
stalks  or  sessile,  developed  the  previous  season  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  and  naked  and 
conspicuous  during  the  winter;  stamens  3-4,  crowded  on  a  receptacle  at  the  base  of  a  broad 
ovate  pointed  concave  scale  longer  than  the  stamens;  filaments  short,  2-branched,  each  branch 
bearing  a  1-eelled  half-anther  hairy  at  apex  :  pistillate  flowers  in  small  loose  suberect  aments 
terminating  leafy  shoots  and  with  large  pointed  deciduous  scales  at  the  base  of  each  of  which 
are  2  flowers  each  surrounded  with  a  tubular  persistent  accrescent  involucre ;  calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary  ;  style  2-branched.  Fruit  an  ovoid  flattened  pointed  nutlet,  inclosed  in  an  enlarged 
pale  membranous  closed  sac  formed  by  the  enlarged  involucre  and  these  together  forming  a 
strobile  very  much  resembling  a  hop,  suspended  by  a  slender  stem. 

Ostrya  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  European  species. 

For  species  see  pp.  116-117. 


THE  BIRCHES.  Genus  BETULA  L. 

The  Birches  constitute  a  considerable  and  important  part  of  the  forests  of  the  Northern 
Hemisphere  of  both  the  Old  and  the  New  Worlds.  Although  a  few  are  shrubby  species  most 
of  them  are  large  and  handsome  and  often  aromatic  forest  trees,  some  of  exceptional  ornamental 
value  with  more  or  less  laminate  and  resinous  bark,  very  tough  slender  twigs  and  copious 
watery  and  slightly  saccharine  sap. 

Leaves  serrate,  dentate,  or  sometimes  ineisely  lobed,  usually  thin,  from  scaly  pointed 
sessile  buds;  stipules  scarious  and  fugacious.  Flowers  unfolding  with  or  before  the  leaves; 
the  staminate  in  pendulous  often  clustered  sessile  aments  which  form  the  previous  season  and 
remain  erect  and  naked  during  the  winter  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  and  rapidly 
develop  expanding  their  golden  flowers  in  early  spring;  scales  broad-ovate  with  the  two  lateral 
flowers  adnate  to  their  bases ;  calyx  membranous,  usually  4-lobed ;  stamens  2  with  short 
2-parted  filaments,  each  filament  bearing  and  anther-cell ;  pistillate  aments  small  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  usually  peduncled,  terminating  short  lateral  2-leaved  branchlets  and  with  closely 
imbricated  3-lobed  persistent  accrescent  scales  ;  calyx  wanting  ;  pistil  with  compressed  sessile 
ovary  and  2  spreading  persistent  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  erect,  inclined  or 
pendulous  strobiles  with  thin  woody  3-lobed  scales  and  3  laterally  winged  nutlets  to  each 
scale  and  these  with  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  central  axis  of  the  strobile  at  maturity. 

Betula  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Birch-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Branchlets,  etc.,  not  aromatic;  strobiles 

b  Cylindrical,  with  long  slender  peduncles  ;  wings  broader  than  nutlet ;  scales 

c  Pubescent,  lateral  lobes  broad  and  recurved ;  bark  not  easily  separable  into  layers : 
leaves  with  long  slender  petioles,  long  acuminate  and 

Deltoid,  wide  and  mostly  truncated  at  base,  bright  green .  B.  populifolia. 

Ovate,  mostly  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  base,  dull  blue-green..  B.  coerulea. 

c2  Glabrous  with  spreading  lateral  lobes;  leaves  mostly  ovate  and  rounded  at  base:  bark 

creamy  white  and  separating  freely  into  layers .  B.  papyracea. 

b2  Oblong,  slender,  peduncled,  mostly  erect  and  lobes  of  scales  linear-oblong:  leaves  acute. 

B.  nigra. 

a2  B  ranchlets  and  inner  bark  aromatic :  strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  subsessile,  erect ;  wings  not 
broader  than  nutlet :  leaves  sharply 

b  Serrate ;  scales  of  stobiles  short  glabrous  and  with  rounded  lateral  lobes ;  bark  dark 

brown  and  scaly .  B.  lenta. 

b!  Doubly  serrate,  scales  longer  and  with  oblong  lobes  ;  bark  yellow  or  silvery  and  laminate. 

B.  lutea. 

For  species  see  pp.  118-127  and  the  following : 

Blue  Birch,  Betula  coerulea  Blanch.  A  small  tree  occasionally  30  ft.  in  height  with 
trunk  8-10  in.  in  diameter  recently  described  as  found  in  southern  Vermont  and  northern 
Maine  and  may  be  found  elsewhere  in  New  England.  It  resembles  the  B.  populifolia  but 
is  said  to  differ  in  having  leaves  rather  ovate  in  outline,  more  cuneate  at  base  and  with  dull 
bluish  green  upper  surfaces.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  described  as  being  more  lustrous  and  of  a 
pinkish  white  color. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  429 


THE  ALDERS.  Genus  ALNUS  G.ertn. 


The  Alders  are  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  twenty  species  with  astringent  bark  and  durable 


wood,  inhabiting  the  north  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  and  ranging  among  the 
mountains  of  the  New  World  into  the  tropics.  Nine  species  aie  natives  of  North  America  of 


which  six  are  recognized  as  trees,  five  of  these  inhabiting  the  Pacific  slope,  and  one  is  a  local 
species  of  the  Atlantic  states.  Besides  these  there  is  also  one  species  from  the  Old  World 


naturalized  in  localities  in  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  serrate  or  dentate  and  falling  in  autumn  without  change  of  color;  buds  naked, 
stipitate.  Flowers  both  kinds  in  cymose  stalked  aments  which  appear  during  the  previous 
season  and.  remaining  dormant  during  the  winter,  develop  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves,  or, 
in  oue  American  species,  in  late  summer;  staminate  aments  pendulous  with  peltate  scales. 
3-tj  flowers  in  the  axils  of  each  scale  and  each  subtended  by  minute  bractlets;  calyx  4-parted  ; 
stamens  usually  4,  with  short  simple  filaments;  pistillate  aments  ovoid-oblong,  erect,  with 
thick  scales  and  in  the  axils  of  each  are  two  flowers  without  perianth  and  subtended  each 
by  2-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary  sessile  2-celled  ;  styles  2.  Fruit:  nutlet  small,  compressed, 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style  and  bearing  lateral  wings  which  are  sometimes  reduced 
to  a  mere  membranous  border,  2  nutlets  in  the  axils  of  each  scale:  scales  thick  woody,  erose 
or  5-toothed  at  apex  and  persistent,  forming  a  strobile. 

A l uus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Alder. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


Leaves  oblong,  lustrous  bright  green  above;  aments  expanding  in  autumn.  ...  A.  inaritima. 
Leaves  orbicular-obovate,  dull  greeu  and  glabrous  ;  aments  expanding  in  very  early  spring. 

A.  glutinosa. 


For  species  see  pp.  128—131. 


BEECH  FAMILY.  FAGACE 7E. 

Trees  of  great  economic  value  and  some  shrubs  of  wide  distribution,  mainly  throughout 
the  northern  hemisphere.  There  are  nearly  400  known  species  grouped  in  six  genera,  five  of 
which  are  represented  in  North  America.  Of  these  one  is  generally  distributed  throughout 
the  United  States,  two  others  are  represented  in  the  Atlantic  states  only,  and  the  remaining 
two  are  confined  to  the  Pacific  slope. 

Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinniveined  and  with  narrow  caducous  stipules.  Flowers 
monoecious,  small :  the  staminate  in  aments  or  heads  with  4-8-lobed  calyx  and  4-20  stamens 
with  slender  distinct  filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening  lengthwise;  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  clusters  or  spikes  subtended  by  a  scaly  involucre  which 
becomes  woody  in  the  fruit:  calyx  4-8-lobed.  adnate ;  ovary  3-7-celled  with  1-2  pendulous 
anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  but  usually  only  one  ovule  of  one  of  the  cells  maturing,  and 
as  many  linear  styles  as  there  are  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  nut  subtended  or  enveloped  by  an 
involucral  covering  and  with  a  coriaceous  or  bony  exocarp.  1-celled  by  abortion  and  containing 
a  single  membranous-coated  seed  without  albumen  ;  cotyledons  fleshy  ;  radicle  short,  superior. 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a  Nut  sharply  triangular;  staminate  flowers  in  globose  long-stalked  heads .  Fagus. 

a2  Nut  globose  and  more  or  less  flattened  at  base:  staminate  flowers  in  aments;  nut 

Inclosed  in  a  prickly  dehiscent  burr;  aments  suberect .  Castanea. 

Subtended  by  a  scaly,  woody  involucral  cup .  Quercus. 


THE  BEECHES.  Genus  FAGUS  L. 

Trees  with  smooth  gray  bark,  hard  close-grained  wood  and  long  pointed  buds.  About 
a  half  dozen  species  are  known,  all  confined  to  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
and  one  only  is  found  in  North  America. 

Leaves  convex  and  plicate  on  the  veins  in  the  bud,  firm,  deciduous,  serrate  with  straight 
veins-  stipules  linear-lanceolate;  petioles  short.  Flowers  expanding  with  or  soon  after  the 
leaves'-  the  staminate  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season  in  many-flowered  drooping  heads 
with  long  ‘Mil-acted  peduncles;  pedicels  short;  calyx  campanulate,  greenish  yellow,  imbricated 
in  estivation  4-8-lobed  :  stamens  8-1(5,  longer  than  the  calyx,  inserted  on  its  base  and  with 
greenish  anthers-  pistillate  in  2-4-flowered  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  and 
surround'd  bv  numerous  awl-shaped  bracts  of  which  the  outermost  are  longer  and  caducous 
and  the  iimer  are  united  so  ns  to  form  a  4-lobed  burr-like  covering:  calyx  4  or  5-lobed.  villous, 
adnate  to  the  3-celled  and  3-angled  ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  and  with  3  filiform  and 
recurved  stylos.  Fruit  a  sharply  3-angled  ovoid  nut.  with  thin  lustrous  brown  coriaceous 
shell  and  inclosed  usually  in  pairs  in  a  4-valved  burr;  seed  (with  the  abortive  ovules) 
suspended,  oily,  edible  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

Fagus  is  the  Gieek  derivation  alluding  to  the  edible  quality  of  the  nuts. 

For  species  see  pp.  132-133. 


430 


Fagaceje. 


THE  CHESTNUTS.  Genus  CASTANEA  Adams. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  astringent  watery  juice,  edible  nuts 
and  very  porous  wood  and  of  great  economic  value.  Four  or  five  species  are  known  and  of 
these  two  are  trees  of  eastern  United  States  and  one  a  shrub  of  the  southern  states. 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  and  with  straight 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  monoecious;  the  staminate 
in  interrupted  erect  axillary  aments,  several  flowers  together  in  the  axils  of  small  caducous 
bracts ;  calyx  campanulate,  pale  yellow,  puberulous,  with  0  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  10-20.  with  long  exserted  filiform  filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers,  pistillate  flowers 
mostly  at  the  bases  of  the  upper  staminate  (androgynous)  aments,  sessile,  and  usually  2  or  3 
together,  surrounded  with  an  involucre  of  many  acute  green  bracts ;  calyx  urn-shaped  and 
with  6  minute  sterile  stamens ;  ovary  6-celled,  with  (1  spreading  white  linear  styles  and  2 
ovules  in  each.  Fruit  maturing  in  autumn,  nuts  1-3  together,  with  a  globose  mostly  4-valved 
woody  burr-like  involucre,  very  prickly  with  stiff  branching  spines  outside  and  velvety  pubescent 
inside  ;  nut  flattened  by  mutual  compression,  short,  ovoid,  pointed  and  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  with  chestnut-brown  coriaceous  shell,  lustrous  below,  pubescent  above  and  with 
large  pale  scar  at  base  ;  seed  solitary  by  abortion  and  marked  by  the  abortive  ovules  at  apex, 
large,  starchy  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

Castanea  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Chestnut-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


Nuts  2-3  in  an  involucre,  compressed  ;  leaves  green  and  glabrous  both  sides.  ...  C.  dentata. 

Nuts  solitary,  not  compressed;  leaves  pale  tomentose  beneath .  C.  pumila. 

For  species  see  pp.  1S//-1S7. 


THE  OAKS.  Genus  QUERCUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  nearly  300  species  of  the  north  temperate  regions  and  high  altitudes 
of  the  tropics.  From  its  representatives  come  some  of  our  best  hard  woods,  barks  extensively 
used  for  tanning  purposes  and  the  corks  of  commerce.  The  acorns  of  many  species  are  an 
important  article  of  food  for  hogs,  etc.,  and  in  some  countries  also  for  man.  Oak-galls  of 
commerce  develop  on  the  branches  of  certain  species  and  many  dyes  and  other  products  may 
also  be  recorded  among  the  products  of  the  genus.  About  fifty  Oaks  are  natives  of  the  United 
States  and  more  than  half  of  these  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  deciduous  or  persistent,  arranged  in  five  ranks,  pinnately  veined  and  often  pinnately 
lobed,  sometimes  entire  and  sometimes  variable  on  the  same  branch ;  stipules  searious  and 
caducous  or  occasionally  persistent.  Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves ;  the 
staminate  in  clustered  slender  drooping  catkins,  from  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bud-scales  of  the 
previous  year  or  leaves  of  the  present  year,  a  single  flower  in  the  axil  of  each  caducous  scale  of 
the  ament  ;  calyx  yellowish  green,  campanulate,  deeply  G-lobed  ;  stamens  4-12,  with  filiform 
exserted  filaments  and  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  sj)ikes 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  caducous  bract  and  two 
bractlets  ;  calyx  urn-shaped,  with  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  and  limb  of  6  short  lobes  ;  ovary 
mostly  3-eelled  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  and  3  short  or  elongated  styles,  each  flower  nearly 
enveloped  by  a  scaly  imbricated  accrescent  involucre.  Fruit  and  ovoid-oblong  or  subglobose 
1-eelled  nut  (acorn  )  maturing  in  1  or  2  years,  with  coriaceous  shell  having  large  circular  scar 
at  base,  each  nut  subtended  or  more  or  less  enveloped  in  a  woody  cup  of  imbricated  and  more 
or  less  united  scales  ;  seed  solitary  and  bearing  abortive  ovules  at  base  or  apex  ;  cotyledons 
usually  plano-convex  and  entire. 

(Juercus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Oak-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Acorns  maturing  in  autumn  of  the  second  year;  shells  hairy  inside;  abortive  ovules  at 
apex ;  stamens  4-G ;  styles  elongated  ;  leaves  or  their  lobes  bristle-tipped,  deciduous 
( Black  Oaks) 

b  Leaves  pinnately  lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud  and 

c  Green  both  sides  ;  cup  of  acorn 

d  Saucer-shaped,  shallow  and  wide  ;  cups 

e  %-1  in.  wide,  rather  thick  and  not  more  than  y4  investing  the  acorns;  leaves 

Dull  green  above  and  lobes  widest  at  base .  Q.  rubra. 

Lustrous  green,  lobes  wide  at  apex .  Q.  Texana. 

e’  %-%  in.  wide,  thin;  leaves  lustrous  with  lobes  spreading  and  wide  towards  apex; 

acorn  short-globose .  Q.  palustris. 

d:  Turbinate  with 

e  Small  closely  oppressed  scales 

f  Acorn  elliptical;  cup  %-ys  in.  wide,  leaves  lustrous .  Q.  ellipsoidalis. 

f2  Acorn  ovoid  ;  cups  mostly  more  than  Vo  in.  wide  ;  leaves  dull  green  and 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the;  Northern  States  and  Canada.  431 


With  broad  rounded  sinuses;  inner  bark  reddish .  Q.  coccinea. 

With  narrow  sinuses . . .  Q*  borealis. 

e2  Seales  larger,  loosely  imbricated  and  free  at  margin  of  cup;  leaves  obovate  with 

narrower  sinuses:  inner  bark  yellowish .  Q*  vellutma. 

c3  Leaves  whitish  tomentose  beneath  and  mostly  with 

d  Short  broad  lobes;  leaves  mostly  obovate .  Q-  nana. 

d3  Elongated  and  more  or  less  falcate  lobes  ;  leaves 

Rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  obovate  to  oblong  with  3-5  mostly  linear  or  triangular 

lobes .  Q*  digitata. 

Cuneate,  ovate  or  oblong  with  5-11  mostly  falcate  lobes.  ...  Q.  pagodaefolia. 

b2  Leaves  3-5-lobed  near  the  apex  or  entire,  obovate  or  spatulate 

Wide-obovate,  cuneate,  rusty  pubescent  beneath .  Q*  Marilandica. 

Spatulate-obovate,  glabrous  .  Q*  nigra. 

b3  Leaves  usually  entire  and  lanceolate  to  oblong,  involute  in  the  bud  and 

Linear-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous .  Q-  Phellos. 

Oblanceolate  to  oblong,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  beneath 

Q.  laurifolia. 

Oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong  or  ovate,  pubescent  beneath .  Q.  inibricaria. 

a2  Acorns  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  first  year ;  shells  glabrous  inside ;  abortive  ovules 
basal;  stamens  6-8;  styles  short  (White  Oaks).  , 

b  Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  lyrate-pinatifid  with  lobes  rounded  at  apex  (not  bristle-tipped) 

deciduous  .  , 

c  Glabrous  beneath,  obliquely  3-9-lobed  and  conduplieate  m  the  bud  ;  cup  shallow. 

Q.  alba. 

c2  Pubescent  beneath  and  stellate  pubescent  above,  usually  5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Q.  minor. 

c*  White  tomentose  beneath 

Lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  cup  fringed  with  free  ends  of  scales .  Q-  macrocarpa. 

Deeply  5-9-lobed  ;  cup  not  fringed  and  nearly  inclosing  the  nut  Q.  lyrata. 
b2  Leaves  coarsely  crenate-toothed  ., 

c  Fruit  with  peduncles  much  longer  than  petioles .  Q-  platanoiaes. 

c  Fruit  with  peduncles  shorter  than  or  about  equal  to  the  petiole ;  leaves  whitish 
tomentose  beneath 

Bark  scaly  whitish  . .  Q-  Michauxii. 

Bark  firmly  ridged,  grayish  brown .  Q*  rrinns. 

b”  Leaves  coarsely  repand-serrate,  lanceolate  to  obovate; 

Tall  trees  .  Q-  acuminata. 

Shrubs  or  very  small  trees .  Q-  prinoides. 

b*  Leaves  mostly  entire,  thick  and  evergreen .  Q.  virgmiana. 


For  species  see  pp.  138—181  and  the  following : 

Bear  Oak,  Barren  Oak  or  Scrub  Oak,  Q.  nana  Sarg.  (Syn.  Q.  ilicifolia  Wang..  Q. 
pumila  Sudw. ).  This  is  an  intricately  branched  shrub  ranging  from  Maine  to  Virginia, 
chiefly  coastwise,  occupying  sandy  barrens  and  hillsides  and  sometimes  forming  vast  and 
almost  impenetrable  thickets.  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis  has  found  it  on  the  Pine  Barrens  of  New 
Jersey  assuming  the  habit  of  a  small  wide-topped  tree  .18  or  20  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  •>  or  6 
in.  iii  diameter.  It  is  characterized  as  follows:  Leaves  mostly  obovate.  2-.i  m.  long  with 
3-7  (usually  5)  short  spreading  bristle-tipped  lobes,  cuneate,  more  or  less  pubescent  at  first, 
at  maturity  thick  firm  lustrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubescent  beneath  :  petioles  short. 
Flo rvers  staminate  aments  hairy,  often  persisting  late  into  the  summer  ;  pistillate  flowers  with 
red  recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  borne  in  great  abundance,  mostly  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or 
nearly  so  ;  acorns  globose-ovoid,  about  y2  in.  long  and  half  invested  by  the  usually  turbinate 
cup  of  small  closely'  imbricated  scales. 

Scrub  Chestnut  Oak.  Q.  prinoides  Willd.  A  shrubby  oak  distributed  from  Maine  to 
North  Carolina  and  westward  into  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  Texas,  occupying  rocky  slopes  and 
dry  sand v  uplands  and  is  usuallv  only  a  stolaniferous  shrub  from  2-5  feet  in  height.  _  West 
of  (lie  Mississippi  River  it  sometimes  assumes  a  tree-like  habit  of  growth  but  only  attaining  a 
height  of  10  or  15  ft.  with  trunk  4  or  5  in.  in  diameter.  In  botanical  characters  it  closely 
resembles  Q.  acuminata,  but  with  smaller  and  more  remotely  lobed  leaves  and  shorter  petioles, 
and  acorns  with  deeper  cups  and  more  turgid  scales. 

Gray  Oak,  Q.  borealis  Michx.  f.  (also  Q.  ambigua  Michx.  f.L  A  large  tree,  occasionally 
found  from  Ontario  and  Quebec  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  bearing  leaves  like 
Q.  rubra  and  fruit  like  Q.  coccinea.  It  is  considered  by  some  a  distinct  species  and  by  others, 
and  probably  more  correctly',  only  an  aberrant  form  of  Q.  rubra. 

Many  natural  hybrids  are  found  among  the  Oaks,  some  of  which  have  been  named  and 
described’ by  early  botanists  as  d^tinct  species.  The;>-  i-aritv  and  local  distribution,  however, 
and  occurrence  only  in  localities  where  certain  other  Oaks  whose  characters  they  more  oi  less 
share  in  common  occur  seem  conclusive  evidence  of  hybridization.  The  following  cases  have 
been  noted  : 

Q.  Rudkini  Britton  =  Q.  Marilandica  X  Q ■  Phellos. 

0.  Brittoni  IV.  T.  Davis  =  Q.  Marilandica  X  Q.  nana. 

Q.  heterophylla  Michx.  =  Q.  Phellos  X  Q.  rubra. 

Q.  Leana  Nutt.  =  Q.  inibricaria  X  (?.  rclutina. 

Q.  tridentata  Engelm.  =  O.  iinhOcaria  X  Q.  Marilandica. 

Other  hybrids  have  been  found  which  have  not  been  named. 


432 


UlMACE/E. 


ELM  FAMILY.  ULMACK/K. 


Trees  and  shrubs  with  tough  wood  and  of  about  one  hundred  and  forty  species  grouped 
in  thirteen  genera  and  widely  distributed  throughout  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Five  genera  are  represented  in  the  United  States,  and  three  of  these  by  tiees 


of  the  eastern  and  southern  states.  They  are  characterized  as  follows  : 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  petolate,  alternate,  in  two  ranks,  serrate,  pinnately  veined, 
unequal  at  base,  conduplicate  in  the  bud  and  with  usually  fugacious  stipules ,  buds  w  ith 
several  scales.  Flower s  small,  perfect,  monoecious  or  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate 
solitary  :  calyx  regular,  4-9-parted  or  lobed  ;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
calvx  and  opposite  them,  with  straight  exserted  Aliments  and  mtrorse  2-celled  anthers  opening 
longitudinally ;  ovary  1-celled  with  solitary,  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovule  suspended 
from  apex  of  the  cell;  styles  two.  Fruit  a  samera,  drupe  or  nut;  seed  with  little  or  no 
■albumen,  straight  or  curved  embryo,  and  usually  flat  cotyledons. 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a  Fruit  a  samara;  flowers  perfect  and  usually  expanding  before  the  leaves - 

a-  Fruit  papillose  nut-like;  flowers  polygamous,  expanding  with  the  leaves . 

a3  Fruit  a  drupe;  flowers  on  the  new  growth  of  the  season . 


Ulmus. 

Planera. 

Celtis. 


THE  ELMS.  Genus  ULMUS  L. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs  with  scaly  ridged  bark,  heavy  tough  wood  and  somewhat  zigzag 
'branchlets,  and  of  about  eighteen  species,  of  which  six  or  seven  are  found  in  eastern  United 
States  and  four  of  these  in  the  northeastern  states.  None  are  found  in  the  Pacific  states. 

Lean's  inequilateral,  straight- veined  and  simply  or  doubly  serrate;  stipules  scarious 
caducous;  buds  with  several  closely  imbricated  scales  in  2  ranks.  Flowers  ax/*  ,aL 

buds  on  twigs  of  the  previous  season's  growth  and  usually  expanding  before  the  leaves  (or  m 
autumn  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season!,  mostly  perfect  and  in  fascicles  or 
racemes  with  bibracteolate  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  membranaceous  peisistent  with 
4-9  imbricated  lobes:  stamens  5-6,  exserted  with  slender  filaments  and  oblong  anthers  ;  ovary 
sessile  or  stalked,  compressed  with  2  divergent  styles  stigmatic  on  inner  faces,  1-celled  and 
containing  a  single  amphitropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  flat  orbicular  or  oblong  ^ranaceous 
1-seeded  samara  winged  all  around  (or  excepting  apex),  subtended  bj  the  witheied  ca  1}  x 
and  sometimes  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles;  seed  compressed  with  straight  embijo 
and  no  albumen. 

Ulmus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Llm. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  above  and  samara  with  wing-like  ciliate  margin 

b  A  S  Samara  &w  it  if  <g  1  abr  ous  sides;  buds  glabrous  and  bluntly  pointed..  U.  Americana. 

Samara  hairy  on  sides;  buds  acuminate  and  puberulous . S?!  anil 

b=  Narrower  than  seed  portion;  branchlets  corky  winged;  samaia  nanow,  ^t^pitete 

a3  Leaves'  very  rough  above  :,  'samara ‘not  ciliate  ;‘  buds  rusty-tomentose .  ...  U.  puliescens. 

For  species  see  pp.  182-189. 

THE  PLANER  TREE.  Genus  PLANERA  Gmelin, 

A  genus  of  a  single  species  of  small  trees  of  southeastern  United  States  and  the  lower 
Mississippi  valley,  resembling  the  Elms.  The  characters  are  given  in  the  description  of  species. 

It  is  named  after  John  Jacob  Planer,  a  German  Professor  of  Botany  of  the  eighteenth 

century.  .  , 

For  species  . sec  pp.  190—191. 

THE  HACKBERRIES.  Genus  CELTIS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  fifty  or  sixty  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.  Four  species  are  found  in  North  America,  two  being  shrubs  of  the 
southern  states  and  southward  and  the  other  two  trees  entitled  to  consideration  here. 

Leaves  pointed,  inequilateral  pinnately-veined  or  sometimes  3-5-veined  at  bare ;  stipules 
membranous  caducous.  Flowers  polygamo-monuecious.  small,  appearing  with  the  unfoldin, 
nf  the  leaves  or  soon  after  on  the  branchlets  of  the  year,  pedicellate ;  the  stammate  n 
fascicles  near  the  base  of  the  shoot  and  the  pistillate  solitary  or  few  together  from  the  axils 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  433 


■of  the  upper  leaves:  calyx  deeply  5-7-lobed,  deciduous;  stamens  incurved  in  the  bud  and  in 
the  staminate  flowers  erect  and  exserted.  those  of  the  perfect  flowers  remaining  short, 
ovary  sessile,  ovoid  and  crowned  by  two  diverging  reflexed  styles,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  faces; 
ovule  anatropous.  Fruit  a  sub-globose  drupe,  with  firm  skin,  thin  sweetish  flesh  and  bony 
or  rugose  pit ;  seed  with  curved  embryo  and  scanty  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Leaves  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate .  C.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so .  C.  Mississippiensis. 

For  species  sec  pp.  192-195. 


MULBERRY  FAMILY.  MORACEaE. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  over  nine  hundred  species,  generally  with  milky  juice  and 
natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  They  are  grouped  in  fifty-four  genera  of  which 
four  are  represented  in  North  American  trees,  three  being  indigenous  and  the  fourth  a 
naturalized  species. 

Leaves  conduplicate  or  involute  in  the  bud.  petiolate,  alternate,  deciduous,  with  caducous 
stipules  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  in  ament-like 
spikes  or  heads,  from  the  axils  of  caducous  bud-scales  or  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  shoots 
of  the  season;  calyx  3-5-lobed  or  parted;  corolla  none;  stamens  1  to  4.  inserted  on  the 
bases  of  the  calyx-lobes;  ovary  superior.  1-2-celled ;  styles  1-2;  ovules  solitary,  anatropous 
and  pendulous.  Fruit  an  aggregation  of  drupelets,  each  inclosed  in  the  thick  fleshy  calyx. 

KEY  TO  TIIE  GENERA. 

Roth  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  spikes ;  leaves  dentate  and  lobed  ;  compound  fruit 


oblong . .  Morus. 

Staminate  flowers  racemose;  pistillate  capitate 

Leaves  crenate-serrate,  velvety  and  on  vigorous  shoots,  lobed .  Broussonetia. 

Leaves  entire,  glabrous,  not  lobed .  Toxylon. 


THE  MULBERRIES.  Genus  MORUS  L. 

Trees  of  eight  or  ten  species,  with  milky  juice  and  mostly  of  the  tropical  and  north 
temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Two  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States,  one  being 
found  along  the  Mexican  frontier  and  the  other  in  most  of  the  Atlantic  states.  A  third 
is  a  species  introduced  from  Japan  and  eastern  Asia  and  extensively  naturalized  in  eastern 
United  States. 

Leaves  serrate-dentate  and  sometimes  3-.r>-lobed  or  mitten-shaped,  all  forms  often  on 
the  same  tree,  3-nerved  at  base.  Flowers  small,  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves 
or  soon  after ;  the  staminate  in  cylindrical,  pedunculate  ament-like  spikes ;  calyx  deeply 
4- lobed  :  stamens  4.  opposite  the  calyx  lobes,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  out  elastically 
(thereby  scattering  the  pollen)  and  becoming  exserted;  anthers  2-celled.  introrse,  longitud¬ 
inally  dehiscent :  pistillate  flowers  sessile,  in  shorter  compact  spikes :  calyx  4-parted,  with 
thick  persistent  lobes  enveloping  the  flattened  ovoid  ovary  which  is  crowned  with  two  white 
spreading  stigmas.  Fruit  a  blackberry-like  aggregation  of  drupelets  ( sincarp ).  each  tipped 
with  the  remnants  of  the  styles  and  formed  by  the  nutlet  enveloped  by  the  succulent  enlarged 
and  colored  calyx;  seed  pendulous  with  curved  embryo  and  scanty  albumen. 

Morus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Mulberry-tree. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Leaves  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  purple . . 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  both  sides;  fruit  usually  white. 

For  species  sec  pp.  196-199. 


M.  rubra. 
M.  alba. 


THE  PAPER  MULBERRY.  Genus  BROUSSONETIA  Vent. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  three  or  four  species  with  milky  juice  and  natives  of  eastern  Asia, 
one  species  being  widely  naturalized  in  eastern  United  States. 

Leaves  both  alternate  and  opposite,  entire  or  toothed,  serrate,  without  lobes  or  variously 
1-5-lobed.  petioled,  3-nerved  at  base.  Flowers  dioecious,  staminate  in  cylindrical  nodding 
ament-like  soikes  ;  calyx  4-parted;  stamens  4;  pistillate  flowers  capitate  with  tubular  perianth, 
stalked  ovary  and  2-cleft  style.  Fruit  in  a  globular  head  and  nutlet  exserted  with  enlarged 
red  fleshy  stipe  and  perianth. 

Named  in  honor  of  T.  A7.  1  .  Hroussonct ,  a  French  naturalist. 

For  species  see  pp.  200-201. 


434 


Magnoi.iace.e. 


THE  OSAGE  ORANGE.  Genus  TOXYLON  Rafinesoue. 

A  genus  of  a  single  American  species.  A  tree  with  deeply  furrowed  orange-brown  bark 
and  slightly  acrid  milky  juice. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud.  broad-ovate  to  oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  entire,  pinnately  veined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near 
the  margin,  whitish  tomentose  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green  above,  duller  and 
conspicuously  reticulate-veined  beneath,  turning  bright  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles  rather 
long,  terete;  stipules  triangular,  small,  caducous;  branchlets  armed  with  sharp  axillary 
spines.  Flowers  in  late  spring  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  dioecious,  light  green  ;  the 
staminate  in  long-pedunculate  subglobose  heads  from  the  axils  of  crowded  leaves  on  short 
lateral  spurs ;  pedicels  slender :  calyx  4-lobpd  to  the  noddle,  stamens  4.  opposite  the  calyx 
lobes,  incurved  in  the  bud  and  elastically  straightening  and  becoming  exserted ;  anthers  2-celled: 
pistillate  flowers  in  dense  globose  heads,  sessile  or  with  short  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  on  the  shoots  of  the  year ;  calyx  divided  to  the  base  with  thick  concave  persistent 
lobes  closely  investing  the  ovary,  the  two  outer  lobes  the  largest :  ovary  ovoid,  compressed, 
tipped  with  a  long  filiform  style  and  containing  a  single  anatropous  suspended  ovule.  Fruit 
a  globose  yellowish  green  aggregation  of  elongated  drupelets,  each  consisting  of  a  nutlet 
enveloped  by  the  enlarged  fleshy  calyx,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  of  which  form  the  roughened 
surface  of  the  fruit. 

For  species  see  pp.  202-203. 

Division  2.  POLYPETAI3). 

Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  (or  without  corolla  in  Liquidainbar,  Hamamelis , 
some  species  of  Acer,  and  some  extra-limital  species)  and  the  corolla  consisting  of  separate 
petals. 

MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.  MAGNOLIACE4E. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  ten  genera  and  about  seventy  species,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark, 
watery  juice,  and  thick  rootlets.  Of  the  ten  genera  four  are  represented  in  North  America, 
and  of  these  two  are  arborescent,  both  trees  of  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leans  alternate,  petiolate,  pinnately-veined,  with  minute  transparent  dots,  couduplicate 
and  inclosed  by  their  stipules  in  the  bud.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  terminal,  perfect, 
pedunculate,  and  inclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  stipular  caducous  sheath;  sepals  and  petals  gener¬ 
ally  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  hypogenous,  deciduous;  stamens  and  pistils  numerous, 
imbricated  and  inserted  on  an  elongated  receptacle,  the  stamens  beneath  the  pistils;  ovules 
two.  anatropous.  Fruit  compound,  composed  of  numerous  1-2-seeded  follicles  or  samerse 
massed  together. 

KEY  TO  TIIE  GENERA. 

Carpels  at  maturity  fleshy,  dehiscent,  persistent;  leaves  entire;  anthers  introrse. 

Magnolia. 

Carpels  dry,  indehiscent,  deciduous;  leaves  lobed  ;  anthers  extrorse .  Liriodendron. 

THE  MAGNOLIAS.  Genus  MAGNOLIA  L. 

Trees  of  about  twenty  species  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  Mexico,  eastern  Asia, 
and  the  Himalayas.  Seven  species  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States  and  several  Asiatic 
species,  blossoming  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  are  introduced  for  ornamental  pur¬ 
poses  but  so  far  as  we  know  none  of  these  have  become  naturalized. 

Leaves  generally  large,  entire  and  deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  (in  the  American 
species)  appearing  after  the  leaves;  sepals  three,  spreading;  petals  six  to  twelve,  concave, 
in  series  of  three  each  ;  stamens  early  deciduous,  with  very  short  filaments  and  linear  2-celled 
intrors  anthers,  and  apiculate  connectives;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled,  with  2  horizontal  ovules 
and  recurved  style.  Fruit  a  reddish  succulent  cone-shaped  or  cucumber-shaped  mass  of 
coalescent  persistent  follicles,  each  dehiscent  at  maturity  along  its  dorsal  suture  and  liberating 
one  or  two  large  scarlet  drupe-like  compressed  seeds,  suspended  by  an  extensile  thread  of 
uncoiled  spiral  vessels;  embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Genus  named  in  honor  of  Pirre  Magnol,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Montpelier  in  the  17th 
century. 

KEY  TO  TIIE  SPECIES. 


a  Leaves  deciduous,  thin 

b  Buds  silky-tomentose  ;  leaves 

Oblong,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base .  M.  acuminata. 

Obovate,  auriculate  at  base .  M.  macrophylla. 

bJ  Buds  glabrous:  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate 

Cuneate  at  base  .  M.  tripetala. 

Auriculate  at  base  .  M.  Fraseri. 

a’  Leaves  subpersistent,  thick,  rigid;  buds  silky  pubescent .  M.  glauca. 


For  species  see  pp.  20.)-2l3. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  435 


THE  TULIP-TREES.  Genus  LIRIODENDRON  L. 

Trees  of  two  species,  one  of  extensive  distribution  throughout  the  eastern  states  of  North 
America  and  the  other  in  central  China.  They  are  trees  with  deeply  furrowed  brown  bark 
and  further* characterized  as  follows: 

Leaves  incurved  in  the  bud  and  bent  down  so  that  the  apex  points  to  the  base  of  the 
bud,  alternate,  deciduous,  truncate,  subeordate  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  at  base,  truncate 
or  with  a  wide  sinus  at  apex,  with  4  pointed  lobes  (occasionally  with  2  or  G  lobes)  ;  stipules 
formed  by  the  accrescent  scales  of  the  laterally  compressed  obtuse  buds  joined  at  the  edges, 
strap-shaped  and  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves, 
conspicuous,  cup-shaped,  somewhat  fragrant ;  sepals  three,  spreading  or  reflexed,  concave, 
greenish  white  and  early  deciduous;  petals  G  in  2  rows,  erect,  falling  early;  stamens  with 
filaments  about  y2  as  long  as  the  linear  2-celled  extrorse  anthers;  pistils  closely  massed 
together  on  the  elongated  receptacle;  flattened,  with  wide  style,  stigmatic  at  the  acuminate 
recurved  apex;  ovules  2,  suspended  from  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  a  narrow  erect  light 
brown  cone,  consisting  of  the  flattened  samarse-like  indehiscent  4-ribbed  carpels  which  separate 
from  the  axis  when  ripe;  seeds  usually  2.  suspended  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base  of  the 
samara  ;  embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  lily  or  tulip  and  tree. 

For  species  see  pp.  21 1/-215. 


CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.  ANONACE/E. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  fifty  genera  and  five  hundred  and  fifty  species,  with  generally 
aromatic  properties  and  mainly  of  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  the  Old  World 
and  the  New.  Two  genera  only  are  represented  in  North  America,  one  in  southern  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies  and  the  other  in  the  eastern  states. 

Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  entire,  petiolate,  pinna tely-veined,  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect  and  mostly  axillary;  sepals  three,  valvate  in  the 
bud  ;  petals  six  in  two  series  ;  stamens  numerous  on  an  elevated  rounded  receptacle  with  very 
short  filaments  and  2-celled  introrse  anthers  adnate  to  the  thick  fleshy  truncate  connective : 
pistils  few  on  the  summit  of  the  receptacle;  ovary  1-celled,  containing  from  one  to  many 
auatropous  ovules.  Fruit  fleshy,  baccate,  formed  by  the  ripening  of  the  single  or  several 
united  pistils;  seed  inclosed  in  an  aril,  large,  auatropous,  with  thin  lustrous  brown  crustaceous 
coat  and  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  ruminate  albumen. 


THE  PAPAWS.  Genus  ASIMINA  Adanson. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  emitting  an  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised  and  confined  to  eastern 
North  America.  Six  or  seven  species  are  known,  of  which  all  are  shrubby  and  confined  to 
the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  except  one,  which  is  a  small  tree  entitled  to  consideration 
here  and  the  only  representative  of  the  Custard  Apple  Family  extending  far  outside  the  tropics. 

Leaves  membranaceous.  Flowers  mostly  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous 
season,  nodding,  pedunculate,  of  a  purplish  color  and  disagreeable  odor;  sepals  green,  ovate, 
smaller  than  the  petals,  concave  and  early  deciduous ;  petals  six,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
accrescent,  hypogenous  prominently  reticulated,  the  three  outer  petals  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  spreading  and  larger  than  the  three  inner  which  are  opposite  the  sepals  and  erect; 
stamens  closely  massed  together,  anther-cells  separate  on  the  connective ;  pistils  few  from 
the  summit  of  the  receptacle,  with  styles  slightly  recurved  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side 
above :  ovules  several,  horizontal,  in  two  ranks  on  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  baccate,  oval 
or  oblong,  smooth  ;  seeds  compressed  and  with  large  hilum  at  base. 

The  name  Asimina  is  Latinized  from  the  Indian  name,  asimin,  of  the  Papaw. 

For  species  see  pp.  216-217. 

LAUREL  FAMILY.  LAURACE/E. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  forty  genera  and  nine  hundred  species  of  wide 
distribution  throughout  the  tropical  and  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones.  Six  genera,  of  which 
two  are  shrubby,  are  represented  in  North  America,  one  on  the  Pacific  slope  and  three  in 
the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  pellucid-punctate,  usually  thick,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  yellowish  green,  perfect,  polygamous,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  usually  fragrant ; 
calyx  4-G-parted.  the  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  two  series;  corolla  none;  stamens  10-12. 
distinct  and  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  three  or  four  series  of  three  each,  those  of 
the  fourth  series  sterile:  anthers  4-celled  opening  by  uplifted  valves;  ovary  superior,  1-celled, 


La  U  HA  CE.K.  II A  M  A  M  E  LI  DA  C  K  .E. 


containing  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell;  stigma  discoid  or 
capitate.  Fruit  a  one  seeded  drupe  or  berry;  seed  with  thin  testa,  erect  embryo  and  radical 
between  the  thick  fleshy  cotyledons. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 


Leaves  persistent,  coriaceous,  entire;  flowers  perfect;  calyx-lobes  persistent....  Persea. 
Leaves  deciduous,  rather  thin,  entire  or  1-3-lobed  ;  flowers  dioecious .  Sassafras. 


THE  BAYS.  Genus  PERSEA  Ga=rtn.  f. 

About  fifty  species  are  recognized  of  this  genus,  all  excepting  one  natives  of  the  western 
hemisphere.  Three  are  species  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast  regions,  two  ranging  north¬ 
ward  into  Virginia. 

Lea  res  persistent,  rigid,  coriaceous,  pinnately-veined,  revolute  in  the  bud.  Flowers 
perfect,  appearing  in  spring  in  two  or  three-flowered  pedunculate  cymes,  corymbs  or  panicles 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  with  two  bracted  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  per¬ 
sistent.  those  of  the  outer  series  shortest :  stamens  12.  about  as  long  as  the  inner  sepals,  those 
of  the  innermost  series  sterile  and  gland-like,  and  in  our  species  the  anthers  of  the  third 
series  extrorse  and  those  of  the  others  introrse  ;  ovary  subglobose,  glabrous,  terminating  in  a 
slender  club-shaped  style  with  discoid  terminal  stigma.  Fruit  a  subglobose  or  oblong  drupe 
subtended  by  the  enlarged  persistent  calyx  and  with  thin  flesh  ;  seed  globose,  pendulous,  with 
testa  separable  into  two  coats. 

Persea  is  the  classical  name  of  some  oriental  tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


Branchlets  and  petioles  tomentose  ;  peduncles  mostly  elongated .  P.  pubescens 

Branehlets  and  petioles  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  mostly  short .  P.  Borbonia. 

For  species  see  pp.  218-221. 


THE  SASSAFRAS.  Genus  SASSAFRAS  Nees  and  Eberm. 

Trees  with  pleasant  aromatic  properties,  deeply  furrowed  bark  and  smooth  green 
mucilaginous  twigs.  They  are  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  China,  those  of  the 
latter  region,  so  far  as  now  understood,  being  indistinguishable  from  the  American  species. 

Leaves  deciduous,  membranaceous,  involute  in  the  bud.  ovate  to  oblong  and  entire  or 
with  an  oblique  lobe  on  one  or  both  sides,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  cuneate  at  base, 
with  arcuate  veins,  pilose  at  first  but  finally  glabrous  dark  green  with  veins  depressed  above, 
paler  beneath,  mucilaginous.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets, 
pedunculate,  in  pilose  clustered  racemes,  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  accrescent  bud  scales, 
with  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  deciduous  bracts;  calyx  with  (1  subequal  spreading 
lobes,  yellowish  green  ;  stamens  9.  with  elongated  bright  yellow  filaments,  those  of  the  inner 
series  bearing  near  their  base  each  2  orange-colored  stalked  glands:  anthers  oblong,  orange- 
colored,  introrse,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  small  and  usually  sterile  ;  ovary  ovoid,  green, 
glabrous,  with  long  style  and  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  a  globose  oblong  lustrous  dark  blue 
drupe  subtended  by  the  red  obscurely  lobed  calyx  and  enlarged  end  of  the  pedicel  and  having 
thin  flesh  with  smooth  brown  oblong  pointed  seeds. 

The  name  is  said  to  be  that  used  by  the  early  French  settlers  in  Florida. 

For  species  see  pp.  222-223. 


WITCH  HAZEL  FAMILY.  HAMAMELIDACE/E. 

The  Witch-Hazel  family  consists  of  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  eighteen  genera  and 
thirty-five  species  of  eastern  North  America,  Asia,  Madagascar  and  South  Africa.  Three  of 
the  genera,  two  of  which  are  arborescent,  are  represented  in  North  America. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  alternate,  petiolate.  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual  : 
calyx  4-lobed  and  with  tube  coherent  to  the  ovary  or  none  ;  petals  4  and  perygenous  or  none  ; 
stamens  4  or  8  or  numerous  with  2-celled  introrse  anthers;  ovary  compound  formed  by  the 
union  below  of  2  carpels,  2-celled  and  with  2  subulate  styles;  ovules  I  or  many,  anatropous 
and  suspended  from  an  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  woody  2-beaked  capsule  dehiscent  at  the 
summit;  seeds  1  or  several  with  large  straight  embryo  and  scant  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined;  flowers  perfect;  fruit  a  2-celled  capsule .  Hamamelis, 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  ;  flowers  unisexual ;  fruit  a  globular  head  of  consolidated  capsules. 

Iiiquidambar. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  437 


THE  WITCH-HAZELS.  Genus  HAMA  MET.  IS  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  three  species,  one  of  eastern  United  States,  one  of  central 
China  and  one  of  China  and  Japan. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  undulate-crenate,  inequilateral  at  base,  involute  in  the  bud, 
with  veins  conspicuous  beneath ;  stipules  infolding  the  bud.  Flowers  appear  in  autumn  in 
the  American  species  in  3-flowered  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  perfect,  each  sub¬ 
tended  by  2-3  acute  bracts:  calyx  4-parted,  persistent  and  adnate  to  base  of  the  ovary; 
petals  4,  strap-shaped,  spirally  involute  in  the  bud,  hypogenous,  alternate  with  the  sepals; 
stamens  8  in  2  rows  on  margin  of  receptacle,  those  opposite  the  calyx-lobes  fertile,  the  others 
small  and  abortive;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  oblong,  opening  by  valves;  ovary  2-cellpd, 
each  containing  a  single  ovule  :  styles  2.  subulate,  spreading,  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  a 
woody  capsule,  2-4-lobed  at  apex,  loculieidally  dehiscent  and  when  ripe  forcibly  discharging 
its  seeds  which  are  lustrous  brown,  oblong,  pointed,  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  alluding  to  the  flowering  of  the  tree  at  the  same 
time  as  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  of  the  previous  season. 

For  species  see  pp.  22^-225. 

THE  SWEET  GUM.  Genus  LIQUIDAMBAR  L. 

The  Liquidambars  are  large  trees  of  about  four  species  with  balsamic  juices,  scaly  bark 
and  branchlets  often  corky-winged.  Only  one  species  is  indigenous  to  the  United  States. 
The  family  is  characterized  as  follows  : 

Leaves  palmately-lobed,  long-petiolate,  serrate,  plicate  in  the  bud  :  stipules  pale,  lanceolate, 
caducous ;  buds  scaly.  /■  lowers  small,  naked,  monoecious,  rarely  perfect,  the  staminate  in 
subglobose  heads  arranged  in  terminal  racemes,  each  head  surrounded  by  4  caducous  bracts, 
the  pistillate  in  solitary  long-stalked  heads  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  stamens  numerous 
with  filaments  shorter  than  the  oblong  longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers;  pistillate  surrounded 
by  long-awned  scales  in  globular  heads,  calyces  obconic  confluent  and  with  limbs  nearly 
obsolete,  stamens  4,  small  and  usually  abortive;  ovary  partly  inferior,  with  long  recurved 
persistent  style  stigmatic  on  inner  side;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  globose  woody  head 
consisting  of  the  united  capsules  which  are  tipped  with  the  incurved  enlarged  persistent  free 
beak-like  styles,  dehiscent  by  2  valves  at  the  summit  and  liberating  1  or  2  developed  com¬ 
pressed  wing-angled  seeds  with  many  that  are  abortive. 

The  name  is  from  Latin  and  Arabic  words  meaning  fluid  amber,  in  allusion  to  the 
fragrant  balsamic  exudation  of  these  trees. 

For  species  see  pp.  226-227. 

PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.  PLATANACETE  Lindl. 

The  riane-tree  family  consists  of  trees  with  watery  juice,  zigzig  branchlets,  and  bark 
of  trunks  and  larger  branches  exfoliating  in  large  irregular  scales.  It  consists  of  a  single  genus. 

Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  palmately  3-7-lobed,  from  cordate  to  broad  wedge-shaped  at 
base,  leaves  and  all  new  growth  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  with  long  petioles  enlarged 
at  base  and  inclosing  the  bud,  plicate  in  vernation  and  in  autumn  mostly  turning  brown  and 
withering  on  the  branches  before  falling;  stipules  large,  foliaceous  and  sheathing  the  branchlet 
on  vigorous  sterile  shoots,  but  thin  scarious  and  caducous  on  flowering  shoots.  Flowers 
monoecious,  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  minute  in  unisexual  pedunculate 
globose  heads;  the  staminate  heads  axillary;  calyx  of  3-6  minute  sepals;  petals  3-6.  scarious 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  with  very 
short  filaments  and  elongate  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally  and  with  truncate  con¬ 
nective  :  pistillate  heads  terminal,  sometimes  one  or  more  heads  sessile  on  the  side  of  the 
peduncle  and  often  encircling  it;  sepals  3-6;  petals  of  same  number  but  larger;  pistils  3-6, 
superior,  with  persistent  straight  hairs  at  base  and  narrowing  to  a  long  curved  style  stigmatic 
on  the  ventral  side;  ovules  1-2,  orthtropous,  attached  to  the  side  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  sub- 
globose  head  of  club-shaped  crustaceous  1-seeded  akenes  tipped  with  the  persistent  style 
and  surrounded  at  base  with  bristly  hairs;  seed  oblong  and  containing  a  straight  embryo 
and  fleshy  albumen. 

THE  PLANE-TREES.  Genus  PLATANUS  L. 

A  genus  consisting  of  6  or  7  species  widely  distributed  in  North  America,  eastern  Europe 
and  southwestern  Asia.  Three  are  North  American,  one  of  the  Atlantic  states,  one  of  the 
Pacific  slope  and  one  of  southwestern  United  States  and  Mexico.  For  characters  see 
description  of  the  family,  this  being  the  only  genus. 

The  name  is  derived  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  broad  in  allusion  to  their  broad  leaves. 

For  species  see  pp.  22H-229. 


ItOSEACE.E. 


438 


ROSE  FAMILY.  ROSEACE/E. 

The  Rose  Family  consists  of  trees,  shrubs  and  a  few  herbs  of  wide  distribution  throughout 
temperate  regions,  and  of  upwards  of  fifteen  hundred  species  grouped  in  about  ninety  genera. 
Most  of  our  succulent  friuts  are  among  its  products.  Ten  of  the  genera  are  represented 
by  arborescent  species  in  the  United  States. 

Leaven  alternate  (opposite  in  Lyonothamnun)  with  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect: 
calyx  r»-lobed :  petals  5  (0  in  Cercocorpus)  imbricated  in  the  bud:  stamens  numerous,  distinct 
and  inserted  with  the  petals  on  a  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube:  anthers  small,  2-celled.  introrse 
(extrorse  in  Vauguelenia)  longitudinally  dehiscent:  pistils  1-many ;  ovary  1-celled  with 
generally  two  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  ;  seeds  mostly  without  albumen. 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a  Fruit  a  pome,  consisting  of  an  enlarged  and  succulent  calyx-tube  and  ovary  with  papery 
or  horny  carpels;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles  (Tribe  Pomoidew) . 
b  Carpels  papery  at  maturity  and 
c  As  many  as  the  styles 

d  Leaves  simple;  flowers  in  simple  cymes .  Pyrus. 

d=  Lea  ves  palmately  compound;  flowers  in  compound  cymes .  Sorbus. 

«'  Carpels  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles;  flowers  iii  racemes;  leaves  simple. 

Ainelanchier. 

V  Carpels  horny  at  maturity;  leaves  simple .  Crataegus. 

aJ  Fruit  a  drupe;  ovary  superior,  1-celled.  with  single  terminal  style  (Tribe  P  run  aide  as) . 

Primus. 


THE  APPLES  AND  PEARS.  Genus  PYRUS  L. 

The  genus  Pyrus  (also  spelled  Pirus)  as  here  restricted  consists  of  about  30  or  40 
species  of  small  or  medium-size  trees  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  mainly  of  the  Old  World. 
Five  are  natives  of  North  America,  four  of  the  Atlantic  states  and  one  of  the  Pacific  slope. 
Besides  these  two  or  three  introduced  species  are  widely  naturalized. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  petiolate,  involute  in  the  bud;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles, 
caducous :  winter  buds  scaly.  Flowers  pink  or  white,  in  simple  terminal  cymes  on  short 
lateral  and  sometimes  spinescent  spurs ;  calyx  with  urn-shaped  tube  and '  pointed  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud  and  mostly  persistent:  petals  rounded,  short-clawed;  stamens  20  or 
more  :  pistils  usually  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  united  with  the  calyx-tube  and  containing 
2  ovules  in  each  cell  :  styles  usually  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Fruit  a  pome,  formed  by 
the  enlargement  of  the  united  calyx  tube  and  ovaries  with  papery  carpels  joined  at  apex; 
seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell,  more  or  less  compressed,  ovoid,  erect,  lustrous  brown  with 
cartilaginous  testa  and  straight  embryo. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Pear. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Fruit  usually  tapering  to  the  stem  and  flesh  containing  grit-cells;  styles  mostly  distinct. 

P.  communis. 

aJ  Fruit  usually  hollowing  at  the  stem  and  flesh  not  containing  grit-cells;  styles  united  at  base 


b  Leaves  glabrous  at  maturity  or  nearly  so  and 

c  Ovate,  mostly  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base .  P.  coronaria. 

c-  Oblong-lanceolate  to  oval  and  mostly  tapering  at  base .  P.  angustifolia. 

b2  Leaves  tomentose  or  pubescent  beneath  and 
c  Mostly  narrowed  at  base 

Pedicels  slender,  1-1  (4  in.  long .  P.  loensis. 

Pedicels  stout.  %  in.  or  less  in  length .  P.  Soulardi. 

«r  Mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  petioles  and  pedicels 

Short,  stout,  and  pubescent .  P.  Malus. 

Long,  slender  and  glabrous .  P.  prunifolia. 


I'or  species  see  pp.  230-237  and  the  following : 

Pear,  Pyrus  communis  L.  A  native  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia,  producing  (in  a 
native  state)  a  small  inferior  fruit.  This  has  been  vastly  amelioriated  by  cultivation  and 
hybridization,  and  the  tree  is  now  cultivated  in  all  countries  of  temperate  regions.  It  has 
escaped  and  become  naturalized  in  many  localities  in  the  United  States.  In  favorable  situations 
it  is  a  strong  upright  tree,  sometimes  75  ft.  in  height  and  2  ft.  or  more  in  thickness  of  trunk. 
Leaves  mostly  ovate-oblong,  2-4  in.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  finely 
appressed-serrate  or  subentire,  pubescent  and  cilia te  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green 
above,  paler  and  veiny  beneath,  very  firm  in  texture:  petioles  long  and  slender.  Flowers 
about  1  in.  broad,  appearing  with  the  leaves:  styles  usually  5  and  distinct  to  base.  Fruit 
variable,  but  that  of  wild  seedling  trees  usually  small  and  more  or  less  austere. 

Apple.  P.  Malus  L. — -  Malus  Mains  (L. )  Britton.  The  native  land  of  the  Apple  is 
supposed  to  be  southeastern  Europe  and  western  Asia.  It  has  been  in  cultivation  from  very 


i 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  430 


early  times  and  is  now  planted  in  all  temperate  regions,  its  fruit  having  been  vastly  improved 
upon  its  natural  condition,  and  it  has  escaped  and  become  commonly  naturalized  throughout 
eastern  United  States  and  Canada.  The  trees  atta  u  a  height  of  from  30-50  ft.,  with  wide 
spreading  branches  and  the  trunk  sometimes  2  or  8  it.  in  diameter.  The  close-grained  hard 
wood  is  valued  in  turnery  for  certain  uses.  Leave s  ovate  to  oval,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate 
■at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregularly  serrate,  gray-tomentose  at  first  (as  are  all  new 
growths),  at  maturity  glabrous  dull  green  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  and  soft  in 
texture;  petioles  stout.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white  or  more  or  less  pink- 
hushed.  1-2  in.  across,  in  close  clusters  with  stout  woody  pedicels  %-ly2  in.  long;  calyx 
tomentose.  Fruit  very  various  in  size  and  quality,  that  of  seedling  trees  not  true  to  the 
parents  and  generally  inferior. 

Siberian  Crab,  Pyrus  prunifolia  Willd.  Occasionally  found  escaped  from  cultivation. 
It  is  thought  to  be  a  hybrid  between  P.  Malus  L.  and  the  Asiatic  P.  baccata  L.  It  is  a  small 
spreading  tree  differing  front  the  P.  Mains  in  having  smooth  and  sometimes  entire  leaves,  with 
longer  more  slender  and  smaller  leaf  and  fruit-stems  and  small  firm  tart  fruit. 

THE  MOUNTAIN-ASHES.  Genus  SORBUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  seven  widely  distributed  species  of  the  north  temperate  regions, 
three  being  natives  of  North  America  and  a  fourth  is  a  naturalized  species  introduced  from 
the  Old  World.  They  have  a  smooth  aromatic  bark,  stout  branchlets  and  large  buds  with 
imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  of  which  are  accrescent. 

Leans  alternate,  deciduous,  pinnately  compound  (in  the  American  species)  with  serrate 
leaflets:  stipules  caducous.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  white,  in  terminal  compound  cymes; 
calyx  with  urn-shaped  tupe  and  five  persistent  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  petals  5,  white, 
spreading,  rounded,  with  short  claw;  stamens  numerous;  ovary  inferior  with  usually  3  carpels, 
3  distinct  styles  and  truncate  stigmas;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  erect.  Fruit  a  small  red  berry¬ 
like  pome  with  thin  flesh,  papery  carpels  and  containing  in  each  cell  1  or  2  pointed  erect  seeds 
with  smooth  cartilaginous  coat:  cotyledons  fleshy,  plano-convex,  with  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


a  Leaflets  glabrous  above  and 

Long  acuminate;  fruit  y4  in.  or  less  in  diameter .  S.  Americana. 

Acute  or  obtuse;  fruit  about  y3  in.  in  diameter .  S.  decora. 

a2  Leaflets  pubescent  both  sides .  S.  Aucuparia. 


For  species  see  pp.  238-2-1/1  and  the  following : 

Old  World  Mountain-Asii,  or  Rowan-tree.  Borbus  Aucuparia  L.  This  is  a  round-headed 
tree  sometimes  50  or  GO  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  from  l-2y2  ft.  in  diameter  growing  naturally 
in  the  foiests  of  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  been  extensively  planted  in  this  country 
for  ornamental  purposes  and  has  become  naturalized  in  places.  Leaves  with  9-15  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate  leaflets  %-2  in.  long  serrate,  entire  at  base,  more  or  less  pubescent  both  sides 
•especially  beneath  ;  branchlets  and  petioles  pubescent ;  buds  tomentose.  Flowers  y3  in.  across 
in  mostly  tomentose  corymbs  4-G  in.  across.  Fruit  about  y3  in.  across. 

THE  SERVICE-BERRIES.  Genus  AMELANCHIER  Medic. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  slender  branches  and  long-pointed  buds  covered  with  closely 
imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  of  which  are  accrescent.  They  are  of  extensive  distribution 
throughout  the  north  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Three  arborescent  species  are 
known  in  North  America,  two  of  which  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  states  and  the  third  in  the 
Pacific  coast  region  and  eastward  to  Lake  Superior. 

Lares  deciduous,  simple,  alternate,  petiolate.  serrate  or  entire,  pinnately-veined,  eon- 
duplicate  in  thp  bud  ;  stipules  linear,  pink  and  caducous.  Flowers  in  racemes  with  slender 
bibracteolate  pedicels:  calyx  with  campanulate  tube,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  and  five  narrow 
acute  reflexed  persistent  iobes :  disk  green,  nectiferous ;  petals  five,  elongated,  white,  with 
short  claws:  stamens  numerous  inserted  on  the  rim  of  the  calyx  tube  with  subulate  persistent 
styles  and  oblong  anthers  ;  ovary  inferior  with  5  cells  each  partly  divided  by  a  false  partition  ; 
styles  2-5  united  and  pubescent  below,  spreading  above,  and  with  truncate  stigmas:  ovules 
erect,  2  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like  subglobose  pome,  purplish  or  blue  when  ripe 
and  crowned  with  the  calyx  lobes  and  remnants  of  the  filaments,  with  juicy  pleasantly 
flavored  fruit  and  membranaceous  carpels :  seeds  5-10.  oblong,  compressed,  with  brown 
coriaceous  testa,  straight  embryo  and  no  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  popular  name  of  the  European  species  in  Savoy. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Leaves  sharply  serrate  and 

Ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  to  acuminate  at  apex . 

Oblong  to  elliptical,  acute  to  rounded  at  apex . 

a2  Leaves  coarsely  dentate  towards  the  rounded  apex . 

For  species  see  pp.  21/2—21/3  and  the  following : 


A.  Canadensis. 
A.  obovalis. 

A.  alnifolia. 


440 


IloSEACEiE. 


Long-leaf  or  Swamp  Service-berry,  A.  obovahs  (Michx.,  Ashe.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
found  in  swamps  and  moist  localities  of  northern  states  and  northward.  Leaves  obloiA  to 
broad-elliptical,  ly2-2  m.  long,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex 
finely  serrate,  whitish  wooly  when  they  unfold,  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity.  Flowers  in  dense- 
racemes  1  Vo --Va  in.  long,  at  first  hairy  but  becoming  glabrous;  petals'  about  %  in  loin- 
Fruit  depressed  globose,  y3  in.  in  diameter,  from  red  to  dark  purple,  glaucous. 

Western  Service-berry  or  June-berry,  A.  alnifolia  Nutt.  A  small  tree  of  the  Pacific 
coast  region  ranging  eastward  to  Manitoba  and  northern  Michigan,  but  is  only  a  shrub  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  characterized  by  having  thickish  broad  elliptical  to  suborbicular 
leaves  obtuse  to  truncate  and  coarsely  dentate  at  apex,  and  short  rather  dense  racemes. 

THE  HAWS  OR  THORNS.  Genus  CRATAEGUS  L. 

I  lie  Haws,  1  horns,  Hawthorns  or  Thorn-apples,  as  they  are  variously  called,  are  gen- 
ei ally  Ion  wide-spreading  trees  or  shrubs,  with  very  strong  tortuous  branches  armed  with  stiff 
sliaip  thorns  (though  sometimes  unarmed),  with  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets  and  usually 
n  ith  daik  oi  gray  scaly  bark.  They  are  mostly  confined  to  north  temperate  regions,  with 
the  bulk  of  distribution  in  eastern  L  nited  States.  Twenty  years  ago  scarcely  a  score  of 
species  i\eie  recognized  in  America  and  fewer  abroad,  but  it  was  thought  that  many  of  the 
species  presented  almost  innumerable  forms. 

Vi  ithin  the  past  few  years  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  subject,  and  now  the  list 
of  named  species  numbers  more  than  six  hundred.  The  validity  of  many  of  these,  however, 
is  extiemely  pioblematieal,  as  observers  working  in  different  localities  have  made  observations 
and  assigned  names  quite  independently  of  each  other,  and  when  the  studies  have  been  more 
extended  and  results  compared,  doubtless  many  of  the  names  must  be  relegated  to  synonymy- 
I  he  value  of  certain  characters,  too,  upon  which  to  determine  specific  rank,  are  matters  of 
conti oversy,  and  can  only  be  determined  by  more  extensive  observation  and  agreement. 
Extensile  expo i  linen t s  are  being  conducted,  notably  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  under  the- 
direction  of  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent,  to  determine  how  far  seedling  plants  will  present  the- 
characters  of  their  parents,  and  the  results  will  be  looked  upon  with  much  interest. 

I>ue  to  the  present  unsettled  condition  of  the  subject  it  is  impossible  to  present  the- 
genus  with  the  completeness  accorded  the  other  genera,  and  it  has  been  decided  to  take  up  and 
illustrate  only  a  few  of  the  most  distinct  or  common  species,  defining  them  as  outlined  by 
Prof.  Sargent. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  petiolate,  generally  serrate,  and  often  also  lobed, 
especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  deciduous;  stipules  caducous  or  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
foliaceous.  1- lowers  in  simple  or  compound  corymbs  terminating  short  lateral  leafy  branch- 
lets,  lowermost  pedicels  of  a  cluster  often  from  the  axils  of  leaves;  calyx  obconie  with  5 
acute  reflexed  mostly  persistent  lobes  and  tube  adnate  to  the  carpels;  petals  .1,  white  and 
pinkish,  spreading  and  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  stamens  normally  5  in  one  row 
and  alternate  with  the  petals  or  20  in  5  pairs,  or  15  in  2  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  in 
pairs,  or  0  in  d  rows,  or  25  in  4  rows;  filaments  subulate,  incurved;  anthers  pale  yellow  to 
nearly  white,  or  from  pink  to  dark  rose  and  purple;  ovary  inferior.  1-5-celled  with  1  or  2 
ovules  in  each  cell;  styles  1-5,  distinct,  persistent.  Fruit  a  pome  from  short  globose  to  oblong 
or  pear-shaped,  mostly  from  red  to  yellow  (sometimes  blue  or  black)  with  1-5  bony  carpels 
united  below  and  each  containing  usually  a  single  erect  compressed  seed. 

The  name  is  from  the  Greek  word  for  strength,  referring  to  the  toughness  of  the  wood. 

For  species  see  pp.  244-261. 

THE  PLUMS  AND  CHERRIES.  Genus'  PRUNUS  B.  &  H. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  peculiar  bitter  astringent  properties,  many  containing  prussic- 
acid  and  exuding  a  gum  from  the  bark  when  wounded.  They  are  of  general  distribution 
throughout  the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  many  repre¬ 
sentatives  are  of  great  economic  value.  There  are  about  one  hundred  twenty  species  of  which 
some  twenty-five  or  thirty  occur  in  the  LTnited  States,  eighteen  of  these  being  arborescent. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  petiolate,  conduplicate  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous  or 
persistent,  serrate  (sometimes  entire);  petioles  often  glandular;  stipules  small,  caducous- 
winter  buds  with  closely  _  imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  accrescent.  Flowers  regular’ 
perfect;  calyx  inferior,  deciduous,  with  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  and  thin  annular ’disk  ; 


H  ANDBOOK  OF  TREES  OF  TIIE  XoRTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA.  441 


petals  5,  white,  spreading,  deciduous;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the 
calyx,  with  free  filiform  filaments  and  oval  2-seeded  anthers;  pistil  solitary  with  1-celled 
ovary,  single  terminal  style,  capitate  stigma  ;  ovules  2,  suspended.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe 
with  horny  compressed  pit,  the  seed  suspended  ;  cotyledons  fleshy. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Plum-tree. 


KEY  TO  THE 

a  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  expanding  with  or 


SPECIES, 
before  the 

Petioles  rather  slender  and  long  {Bird  Cherries) 
c  Fruit  mostly  %  in.  or  more  in  diameter 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  sweet . 

Leaves  glabrous;  fruit  tart . 

c2  Fruit  about  %  in.  in  diameter,  very  sour . 

Petioles  stout  and  short  {Plums) 

c  Fruit  red  or  yellow  and  about  1  in.  or  less  long;  leave;  ab; 
d  Obovate-obiong.  thickish,  dull  and  veins  impressed  :  calyx 

Glabrous  inside;  pit  much  compressed . 

Pubescent  inside  ;  pit  turgid.  . . . 

d2  Ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  thinnish  ;  pit  turgid  ;  calyx 
Pubescent  both  sides;  fruit  austere  with  thickish  skin 

Glabrous;  fruit  with  thinnish  skin . . 

c2  Fruit  dark  blue  with  bloom  ;  leaves  ovate  and  petioles  mostlj 


leaves;  pit  more  or  less  flattened 


P.  Avium. 

P.  Cerasus. 

P.  Pennsylvanica. 


terminal  corymbs  appearing  after  the  leaves.... 
racemes  terminating  leafy  branchlets  ;  leaves  finely  serrate 

P. 


uptly  acuminate  and 
lobes 

.  .  P.  nigra. 

.  .  P.  Americana. 

-lobes 

P.  liortulana. 

P.  angustif olia. 
without  glands. 

P.  Alleghaniensis. 
Malialeb. 


P. 


a2  Flowers  in 
a3  Flowers  in 

b  With  slender  spreading  teeth;  leaves  thinnish. 

b2  With  incurved  callous  teeth;  leaves  thickish .  P. 

a4  Flowers  mostly  solitary;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  velvety...  P. 

For  species  see  pp.  262-283  and  the  following: 

Peach.  Prunus  Persiea  (L.)  S.  &  Z.  (Amygdalus  Persica  L. ) .  The 
introduced  into  this  country  from  Europe,  coming  originally  it  is  thought 
is  found  naturalized  in  localities  from  southern  X .  \.  southward.  It  is  a 
ally  1  ft.  in  diameter,  with  bark  exfoliating  in  laminate  scales.  Leaves 

oblong.  4-C)  in.  long,  tapering  about  equally  to  both  ends,  serrate,  glabrous;  petioles  stout, 
in.  long.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  solitary,  pink. 


Virginiana. 

serotina. 

Persica. 

Peach  was  early 
from  China,  and 
small  tree,  occasion- 
lanceolate  to  lance- 


% 

broad,  scaly-bracted. 
deeply  pitted  stone. 


Fruit  a  subglobose  grooved  drupe, 


varying  in  size  from  !4-2  in. 
velvety-tomentose,  with  very  hard 


PULSE  OR  PEA  FAMILY.  LEGUMINOSrE. 

A  very  large  and  important  family  of  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  wide  distribution 
throughout  all  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  generally  free  from  obnoxious  properties  and 
many  of  its  representatives  of  the  greatest  economic  importance.  There  are  about  7,000 
species  grouped  in  nearly  450  genera,  and  of  these  seventeen  have  arborescent  representatives 
in  the  United  States. 

Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  with  stipules.  Flowers  regular  or  papilionaceous 
and  usually  perfect;  stamens  10  or  many,  with  diadelphous  (sometimes  distinct)  filaments 
and  2 -celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally;  pistil  solitary,  with  one  or  several-cel  led  supeuoi 

ovary.  Fruit  a  legume.  . 

KEY  TO  TIIE  GENERA. 

a  Flowers  regular  or  imperfectly  papilionaceous;  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation;  stamens 
with  distinct  filaments ;  seeds  albumenous ;  flowers  .  . 

b  Imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect;  legume  thin  and  flat;  leaves  simple^ 

b2  Regular,  dioecious  or  polygamous;  leaves 

Bipinnate;  calyx-tube  elongated;  stamens  10;  pods  thick . 

Both  pinnate  and  bipinnate:  stamens  2-5;  pods  thin.. . 

a2  Flowers  papilionaceous:  seeds  usually  without  albumen;  leaves  once-pmnate  ^  stmnens 

b  Distinct:  flowers  in  long  loose  panicles . 

b2  Diadelphous;  pod  thin  and  flat;  stipules  spinescent . 


Gymnocladus. 

Gleditsia. 


Cladrastis. 

Robinia. 


THE  RED-BUDS.  Genus  CERCIS  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  seven  species,  three  of  which  are  natives  of  North  America 
and  the  others  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Of  the  three  North  American  species  one  is  a  Californian 
shrub,  another  is  a  small  tree  of  the  basin  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  and  southward,  and 
the  third  is  widely  distributed  in  the  middle  and  eastern  states. 

Lwarrs  simple,  deciduous,  broad,  with  5-7  prominent  veins,  entire,  long-petiolate  :  netioles 
terete,  slender  and  enlarged  near  the  leaf-blade  ;  stipules  small,  membranaceous,  caducous. 


442 


Leguminos.e. 


Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves  in  short  lateral  fascicles,  on  the  growth  of 
previous  seasons  or  even  the  trunk;  calyx  oblique-eampanulate,  5-toothed;  corolla  somewhat 
papilionaceous  with  5  rose-colored  unguiculate  petals,  those  forming  the  keel  the  largest  and 
not  united,  the  standard  smaller  than  the  wings  and  inclosed  by  them  in  the  bud:  stamens  10. 
•distinct,  declined,  with  filaments  enlarged  and  pilose  at  base;  anthers  alike,  oblong,  versatile; 
ovary  with  short  stipe :  style  filiform  with  capitate  stigma ;  ovules  numerous,  m  2  ranks, 
attached  to  the  dorsal  suture.  Fruit  a  linear  oblong  flat  pod,  acute  at  both  ends,  margined 
along  the  upper  suture,  reddish  purple  and  2-valved  at  maturity,  with  thin  reticulate  valves; 
seeds  oblong,  compressed,  with  reddish  brown  crustaeeous  testa,  straight  embryo  and  scant 
horny  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Old  World  Judas-tree. 

For  species  see  pp.  284—285. 

THE  COFFEE-TREE.  Genus  GYMNOCLADUS  Lam. 

Trees,  with  stout  branchlets  and  large  pith,  of  two  species,  one  of  eastern  North  America 
and  the  other  of  southern  and  southwestern  China. 

Leaves  deciduous,  bipinnate,  with  single  leaflets  in  place  of  the  one  or  two  pairs  of 
lowermost  pinnae;  stipules  caducous;  branchlets  thick  with  large  pith  and  2  small  impressed 
buds  in  each  axil.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish 
white;  calyx  elongated,  tubular,  10-ribbed,  with  5  narrow  nearly  equal  acute  lobes;  petals 
4-5,  oblong,  equal,  pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes,  spreading;  stamens  10  and 
inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  bearing  the  calyx  tube,  shorter  than  the 
petals,  distinct,  with  pubescent  filaments  alternately  of  different  lengths  and  uniform  introrse 
longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers;  pistil  sessile  with  short  style  and  oblique  2-lobed  stigma, 
rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flowers;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  large  thick 
oblong  subfalcate  2-valved  coriaceous  pod,  tardily  dehiscent  and  containing  several  seeds 
with  pulp  between  :  seeds  suborbicular,  flattened,  with  long  funicles,  thick  horny  testa,  thick 
■orange-colored  cotyledons  and  thin  horny  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  naked  branch. 

For  species  see  pp.  286-287. 

THE  HONEY  LOCUSTS.  Genus  GLEDITSIA  L. 

Trees  of  about  eight  or  ten  species  of  eastern  United  States,  Asia,  Japan  and  tropical 
Africa.  Of  these  three  are  native  of  North  America,  one  limited  to  a  small  region  in  Texas, 
another  inhabiting  mainly  the  lower  Mississippi  basin  and  southeastern  states,  and  the  third 
is  now  distributed  over  most  of  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  evenly  pinnate  or  twice  pinnate  or  with  some  of  the  pinnse  replaced  by  simple 
leaflets  often  fascicled,  deciduous;  leaflets  subsessile  and  irregularly  crenulate  ;  stipules  small, 
caducous.  Flowers  regular,  polygamous,  small,  green  or  white,  in  axillary  or  lateral  some¬ 
times  fascicled  spike-like  racemes  with  minute  caducous  bracts:  calyx  campanulate  with 
3-5  nearly  equal  lobes:  petals  equal  and  of  same  number  as  the  calyx  lobes:  stamens  G-10. 
inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  edge  of  the  disk,  distinct,  erect,  with  free  filaments  and 
uniform  anthers;  ovary  nearly  sessile;  style  short  with  terminal  dilated  stigma:  ovules  2  or 
many.  Fruit  a  flat  pod.  long-linear,  many-seeded  and  indehiscent,  or  short-ovate  and  dehiscent: 
seeds  suborbicular  or  oblong,  flattened,  attached  by  long  funicles :  embryo  surrounded  with 
horny  albumen. 

The  generic  name  (which  is  sometimes  spelled  Glcditschia)  is  in  honor  of  Prof.  J.  G. 
Gleditsch,  a  German  botanist  of  the  18th  century. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


Pods  linear,  many-seeded  and  somewhat  twisted  or  coiled .  G.  triacanthos. 

Pods  oblique,  oval,  mostly  1 -seeded .  G.  aquatica. 


For  species  sec  pp.  288-291. 

THE  YELLOW-WOOD.  Genus  CLADRASTIS  Raf. 

Trees  of  a  single  species  of  limited  natural  distribution  in  the  Atlantic  states,  but  widely 
planted  for  ornamental  purposes.  They  have  yellowish  heart-wood,  somewhat  watery  juice 
and  smooth  bark.  Another  tree  ( Maackia  Amurensis  Rupr.).  of  eastern  Asia  and  Japan,  is 
referred  by  some  writers  to  this  genus,  but  by  others  is  considered  to  be  generically  distinct. 

Leaves  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  stout  terete  petioles  enlarged  at  base  and  few  large 
entire  short-stalked  leaflets:  buds  small,  naked  superposed  and  formed  within  the  base  of 
the  petiole.  Flowers  white,  papilionaceous,  in  terminal  panicles  or  racemes:  calyx  narrow- 
campanulate,  5-toothed;  petals  with  suborbicular  reflexed  standard  and  those  of  the  keel 
incurved  and  distinct :  stamens  10,  distinct,  with  slender  filaments  and  uniform  versatile 
anthers;  ovary  subsessile.  linear  and  tipped  with  slender  incurved  style  with  terminal  stigma; 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


443 


ovules  several,  suspended.  Fruit  a  glabrous  compressed  linear  margined  tardily  dehiscent 
legume,  containing  few  oblong  compressed  seeds  with  slender  funicle  and  no  albumen. 

Name  formed  from  Greek  roots  meaning  brittle  branches. 

For  species  sec  pp.  292-203. 

THE  LOCUSTS.  Genus  ROBINIA  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  slender  zigzag  branchlets  and  minute  superposed  buds  covered 
by  the  enlarged  bases  of  the  petioles.  They  are  confined  to  North  America.  Seven  or  eight 
species  are  known,  of  which  four  are  represented  in  the  United  States,  three  arborescent  and 
one  shrubby. 

Leaves  deciduous,  unequally  pinnate  and  with  spinescent  persistent  stipules;  leaflets 
entire,  petiolulate  with  minute  bristle-like  stipels.  Flowers  in  racemes  from  the_axils  of 
the  leaves  of  the  year  with  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets :  calyx  campanulate,  d-toothed, 
the  upper  pair  shorter  and  somewhat  united;  corolla  papilionaceous  with  large  reflexed 
obcordate  standard,  oblong  curved  free  wings  and  obtuse  incurved  keel-petals  united  below  ; 
stamens  10,  the  9  inferior  united  and  one  superior  free  at  least  to  base  ;  anthers  uniform  or 
every  other  one  smaller;  pistil  superior,  stipitate  with  subulate  indexed  hairy  style  and  ter¬ 
minal  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  vential  suture  in  two  ranks.  Fruit:  pods, 
compressed,  linear-oblong,  flat-margined  along  the  seed-bearing  suture,  with  2  thin  mem¬ 
branous  valves  and  containing  several  oblique  reniform  seeds  with  persistent  incurved  lunicle, 
fleshv  c-otvledons  and  reflexed  radicle.  ,  .. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Jean  and  Vaspasean  Robin,  father  and  son,  herbalists  to 
Henry  IV,  King  of  France,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust  tree  in  Europe. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Flowers  white;  branchlets  and  pods  glabrous .  Pseudacacia. 

Flowers  pinkish;  branchlets  and  pods  glandular-hispid .  K  viscosa. 

For  species  see  pp.  29  J/  297. 


RUE  FAMILY.  RUTACEAa  Juss. 

An  important  family  of  trees  and  shrubs  with  pungent  or  aromatic  properties,  widely 
distributed  throughout  warm  and  temperate  regions,  especially  of  the  Old  World,  and  most 
abundant  in  South  Africa  and  Australia.  About  eight  hundred  eighty  species,  grouped  in 
one  hundred  ten  genera,  are  recognized,  but  only  file  of  the  genera  are  lepresented  in  the 
United  States,  this  number  including  Citrus  (the  Bitter-sweet  Orange,  etc.)  of  Florida. 

Leaves  compound  (sometimes  simple)  usually  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules  oi 
with  stipular  spines  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  unisexual,  generally  in  cymes;  calyx  with 
H-r,  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  petals  3-5,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  imbricated  m  the  bud  ; 
stamensas  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  distinct  or  united  below  and  inserted  on 
tbe  receptacle  ■  '  anthers  introrse,  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  pistils  2-5,  separate  or  united, 
sessile  or  stipitate  the  styles  usually  united  and  ovary  containing  2  pedulous  anatropous  or 
amph’tropous  ovules.  Fruit  usually  a  capsule  but  in  other  cases  a  samara  or  drupe;  seed 
with  horny  or  crustaceous  coat  and  containing  an  axile  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule;  leaves  pinnate . .  . .  Xanthoxylum. 

Fruit  a  samara  winged  all  around;  leaves  trifoliate .  rteiea. 


THE  PRICKLY-ASHES.  Genus  XANTHOXYLUM  L. 


Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  one  hundred  species,  with  prickly  twigs  and  of  wide  distribu¬ 
tion  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Five  species  are  found  in  the  United  States  of  which 
one  is  a  shrub  and  the  others  small  trees  mainly  of  the  southern  states.  The  bark,  especially 
of  the  roots,  of  all  the  representatives  of  the  genus  contains  active  stimulant  and  tonic  piop- 
erties  and  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  to  excite  salivation  and  to  relieve  toothache. 

Leaves  alternate  odd-pinnate,  the  leaflets  generally  opposite,  oblique  at  base  and  entire 
or  crenulate.  Flowers  small,  whitish  or  greenish,  in  axillary  or  terminal  pedunculate  cymes/, 
sepals  4-5  or  obsolete;  petals  4-5;  stamens  4-5  and  alternate  with  the  petals:  pistils  2-o, 
oblique,  stipitate:  ovaries  distinct,  1-celled,  2-ovuled :  style  short,  slender  and  connivan  . 
Fn,  t  a  capsule  with  two  thickish  valves  and  containing  1-2  oblong  seeds  with  smooth  black 
shining  crustaceous  testa,  and  often  hanging  from  the  open  carpel  at  maturity  suspended  by  a 

slender  funicle ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  yellow  wood. 

For  species  see  pp.  298-299. 


444 


AnACARDIACEuE. 


THE  WAFESt-ASHES.  Genus  PTELEA  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  without  prickles  and  with  bitter  bark.  Five  or  six  species  are- 
known,  all  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  one  only  being  arborescent  and  that 
widely  distributed  throughout  central  and  eastern  United  States. 

Leaves  usually  3-foliate,  long  petiolate  and  without  stipules;  leaflets  conduplicate  in  the 
bud.  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  serrate,  pellucid-punctate.  Flowers  greenish-white,  polygamous, 
in  compound  terminal  cymes;  calyx  with  sepals  4-."i  or  wanting;  petals  4-5,  imbricated; 
stamens  of  same  number  and  alternate  with  them  with  subulate  filaments,  pilose  at  base 
and  shorter  in  the  pistillate  flowers;  pistil  superior,  stipitate.  with  compressed,  2-3-celled 
ovary,  short  style  and  2-3-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  2-3-celled  samara,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  reticulate  wing  (or  rarely  wingless)  ;  seed  pointed  at  apiex,  rounded  at  base  and 
with  coriaceous  testa. 

1  he  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  given  to  this  genus  on  account  of  a 
resemblance  in  the  fruit. 

For  species  see  pp.  300—301. 

QUASSIA  FAMILY.  SIMARUBACEAL  DC. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  a  few  herbs  with  generally  bitter  milky  juice  and  confined  mostly  to 
tropical  regions.  About  one  hundred)  forty-five  species,  grouped  in  twenty-eight  genera,  are 
known.  Of  these  one  arborescent  genus  ( Simaruba )  is  indigenous  to  the  United  States  in 
subtropical  Florida.  Another  ( Ailanthus )  is  extensively  naturalized  throughout  eastern 
United  States  and  Canada. 

Leaves  generally  alternate  and  pinnate,  not  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules. 
I-  lowers  mostly  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles  and  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular ;  calyx 
3-5-lobed  or  parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  3-5  (rarely  wanting),  hypogenous :  disk 
annular  or  elongated  :  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as  many,  with  distinct  filaments 
eac-h  with  a  scale  or  hairs  at  base  and  inserted  under  the  disk:  anthers  2-celled  introrse ; 
pistils  composed  of  2-5  united  carpels  each  of  a  single  cell  and  containing  a  single  anatropous 
ovule;  style  1-5.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  samara. 

THE  AILANTHUS.  Genus  AILANTHUS  Desf. 

Large  handsome  trees  with  pale  bark  and  of  two  or  three  species,  natives  of  China,  the 
East  Indies  and  Australia  and  represented  in  the  United  States  by  a  single  naturalized  species. 

Leaves  simple,  altrenate.  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  numerous  somewhat  oblique  sub¬ 
entire  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  in  large  terminal  panicles;  calyx  with  5  short  lobes;  petals  5, 
valvate.  spreading;  disk  hemispheric,  10-lobed ;  stamens  10  (only  2  or  3  in  the  pistillate 
flowers)  ;  ovary  deeply  2-5-lobed ;  styles  2-5,  united.  Fruit  sameras  usually  2-5  together, 
linear-oblong,  with  membranous  veiny  wing  and  cell  containing  a  solitary  compressed  seed 
at  about  its  center. 

The  name  is  from  the  native  Mallaca  name  of  the  tree  —  Ailanto ,  meaning  Tree  of  Heaven. 

For  species  sec  pp.  302-303. 


SUMACH  FAMILY.  AN  AC  ARDI  ACEvE  Lindl. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  resinous  or  milky  juice,  of  about  fifty  genera  and  four  hundred 
species  mainly  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.  Three  genera  are  represented  in  the  trees  of  the 
United  States. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  stipules:  branchlets  terete  and  with  large  pith. 
Flowers  small,  regular,  polygamous,  dioecious  or  perfect;  calyx  lobes  mostly  5;  petals  of  same 
number  and  imbricated  in  the  bud  or  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as  many 
(rarely  fewer)  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  edge  of  an  annular  hypogenous  disk:  filaments 
filiform  and  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  ovary  usually  1-celled 
and  containing  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  suspended  by  a  slender  funicle  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  ovary;  styles  1-3,  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe;  seed  with 
membranous  or  erustaceous  coat ;  cotyledons  fleshy  and  containing  little  or  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Styles  lateral ;  fruit  compressed  with  many  abortive  plumose  pedicels  :  leaves  simple. 

Cotinus. 

Styles  terminal;  fruit  symmetrical;  leaves  compound  (simple  in  some  western  species). 

Rhus. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  445 


THE  SMOKE-TREES.  Genus  COTINUS  Adans. 

Small  trees  of  two  species  with  aromatic  milky  juice,  one  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia 
■and  the  other  of  southeastern  United  States. 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  mostly  petiolate,  thinnish,  obovate,  oblong  or  oval,  entire,  glab¬ 
rous  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  large  loose 
terminal  panicles  with  slender  accrescent  pedicels  many  of  which  are  abortive  and  become 
villous:  calyx  lobes  persistent;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  stamens  5,  shorter  than 
the  petals :  ovary  obovoid,  compressed ;  styles  3,  lateral,  spreading.  Fruit  1-seeded  dry 
•obliquely  oblong  compressed  glabrous  drupelets,  conspicuously  reticulated  and  bearing  the  rem¬ 
nants  of  the  styles  on  one  side ;  stone  bony.  The  drupelets  occur  in  ample  loose  tkyrso'd 
panicles  with  many  plume-like  abortive  pedicels. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Wild  Olive,  transferred  to  this  tree. 

For  species  see  pp.  304-305. 

THE  SUMACHS.  Genus  RHUS  L. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  climbing  vines  of  about  one  hundred  twenty  species,  natives  mainly 
■of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  and  south  temperate  regions.  Some  are  of  great  economic 
value,  as  those  producing  the  lacquer  and  vegetable  wax  of  Japan,  tannin,  etc.,  and  several 
possess  poisonous  properties.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  species  are  natives  of  the  I  nited  States 
■of  which  about  a  half  dozen  may  be  considered  as  trees. 

Leaves  lostly  unequally  pinnate  and  deciduous,  a  few  simple  and  persistent,  alternate. 
Flowers  mostly  dioecious  in  compound  axillary  or  terminal  panicles ;  calyx  mostly  5-cleft  or 
parted  and  persistent;  petals  spreading  and  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  •>.  alternate 
with  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them  under  the  margin  of  the  annular  disk  :  pistil  solitary, 
sessile,  with  three  terminal  styles.  Fruit  a  subglobose  drupelet  mostly  in  thyrses  with  thin 
■dry  hairy  or  glabrous  outer  coat  and  a  single  bony  or  crustaceous  stone  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Rhus  is  the  classical  Green  name  of  the  European  Fumach. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


a  Fruit  pubescent,  red,  with  smooth  stone,  in  terminal  thyrses 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  not  winged  villose .  R*  liirta.  _ 

Rachis  winged  between  the  leaflets .  R-  copallina. 

a*  Fruit  glabrous,  white,  with  striated  stone  in  axillary  panicles .  R.  vernix. 

For  species  see  pp.  306-311. 


HOLLY  FAMILY.  ILICACE/E  Lowe.  ( AQLIFOLIACE/E  DC.) 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  watery  sap  and  terete  branchlets  of  five  genera  and  about  one 
hundred  seventy  species.  They  are  widely  distributed  in  both  temperate  and  tropical  regions 
of  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  Only  one  genus  contains  arborescent  representatives  in 
the  United  States. 

Leaves  alternate,  persistent  or  deciduous,  petiolate,  entire,  crenate  or  toothed  and  with 
minute  stipules.  Flowers  small,  regular,  axillary,  white  or  greenish,  dioecious  or  polygamous: 
calyx  with  4-f>  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  generally  persistent,  hypogenous ;  petals  4-0.  imbri¬ 
cated.  deciduous,  separate  or  united  at  base;  disk  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on  the  corolla;  anthers  oblong;  pistil  solitary, 
superior  compound  with  4-8-celled  ovary,  short  style  or  none  and  capitate  stigmas  of  the  same 
number  as  the  cpIIs  of  the  ovary;  ovules  usually  1  in  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropous.  Fruit 
a  drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  as  many  horny  or  crustaceous  nutlets  as  carpels ;  seeds  pendulous 
with  minute  straight  embryo  and  fleshy  albumen. 


THE  HOLLIES.  Genus  ILEX  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  one  hundred  sixty  species  of  which  thirteen  inhabit  eastern 
North  America  (none  the  western  side  of  the  continent)  and  five  of  these  aie  tiees. 

The  characters  are  those  given  of  the  family. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Holly  Oak  of  southern  Europe. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


■a  I, eaves  evergreen,  thick  :  nutlets  ribbed  :  leaves. 

Spiny-toothed  . 

Entire  or  remotely  serrate . 

Coarsely  crenate  . 


I.  opaca. 

I.  Cassine. 

I.  vomitoria. 


446 


Aokjuace-K. 


a-  Leaves  deciduous,  thinnish ;  mitlets  ribbed ;  leaves 


Small,  obovate  to  oblanceolate-oblong,  erenate .  I.  decidua. 

Large,  ovate  to  obloug  and  lanceolate,  serrate .  I.  inonticola. 


For  species  sec  pp.  312-321. 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.  CELASTRACEtE  Lindl. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  climbing  vines  of  about  three  hundred  fifty  species  of  tropical  and 
temperate  regions  and  grouped  in  forty  genera.  Four  genera  are  represented  among  the  trees 
of  the  United  States,  mainly  southern. 

Leaves  simple  and  with  stipules  small  and  caducous  or  none.  Flowers  regular,  generally 
perfect,  in  axillary  clusters  and  mostly  with  jointed  pedicels;  calyx  4-5-Iobed  or  parted,  imbri¬ 
cated  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  4-5,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  4-5,  inserted 
on  the  disk  with  2-celled  introrse  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent;  ovary  2-5-celled  with  1  or 
2  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  (6  sub-horizontal  in  Canotia).  Fruit  a  fleshy  2-4-eelled 
dehiscent  capsule  or  drupe;  seed  furnished  with  a  colored  aril,  containing  copious  albumen 
and  foliaceous  cotyledons. 

THE  WAHOO  OR  BURNING  BUSH.  Genus  EUONYMUS  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  fifty  species  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  most 
numerous  in  southern  Asia  and  Japan.  Four  species  of  which  one  is  arborescent  are  natives 
of  the  United  States. 

Leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  entire  or  serrate  ;  stipules  caducous.  Flowers  generally  per¬ 
fect,  in  few-flowered  cymes,  from  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  season,  greenish  or 
purple;  calyx  4-5-lobed;  petals  of  same  number,  spreading  and  inserted  beneath  the  thick 

4- lobed  disk  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on  the  disk  ; 
filaments  very  short;  anthers  with  2  cells,  spreading  below:  ovary  4-celled  with  short  style  or 
none  and  depressed  stigma  ;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell.  Frail  a  4-lobed  and  4-celled  capsule, 
fleshy,  smooth  (in  the  American  species)  or  winged;  longitudinally  dehiscent;  seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  ascending  and  surrounded  by  a  red  aril. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Greek  name  of  a  European  species. 

For  species  sec  pp.  322-323. 

MAPLE  FAMILY.  ACERACE^E  St.  Hil. 

Trees  and  a  few  shrubs  with  generally  watery  and  saccharine  sap  and  of  wide  distribution. 
It  consists  of  two  genera,  Acer  and  Dipteronia,  the  former  largely  represented  in  America  and 
the  latter  a  genus  of  a  single  species  in  China. 

Leaves  deciduous,  opposite,  long-petiolate.  simple  and  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate,  usually 
without  stipules:  winter-buds  scaly,  the  innermost  scales  accrescent.  Flowers  regular,  poly¬ 
gamous  or  dioecious,  in  axillary  or  terminal  fascicles,  cymes  or  racemes;  calyx  generally 

5- parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  of  same  number  or  none;  disk  thick,  annular,  lobed; 
stamens  4-12.  usually  7-8.  hypogenous  with  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  the  cells  opening  longi¬ 
tudinally  :  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled,  compressed,  wing-margined :  styles  2,  inserted  between  the 
lobes  and  stigmatose  on  their  inner  surfaces;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous, 
attached  to  inner  angle.  Fruit  a  pair  of  long-winged  and  usually  1-seeded  samaras  joined  at 
base;  wings  papery,  thickened  on  the  outer  margin;  seed  usually  solitary,  compressed,  ascend¬ 
ing,  without  albumen  ;  cotyledons  thin,  folded. 

THE  MAPLES.  Genus  ACER  L. 

The  genus  consists  of  about  seventy-five  species  widely  distributed  over  the  northern 
hemisphere,  only  one  species  in  Sumatra  and  Java  extending  south  of  the  equator. 

About  thirteen  species  are  represented  in  North  America  most  of  'them  having  sweet  sap, 
from  which  sugar  can  be  made,  and  several  producing  valuable  lumber. 

Acer  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Maple-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Leaves  simple  and  palmately  veined  and  lobed;  flowers  appearing 
b  After  the  leaves  from  terminal  buds:  fruit  ripening  in  autumn 

c  Without  petals,  in  Iong-pedicelled  tassel-like  corymbs ;  leaves  thick 

Pale  beneath,  glabrous,  nearly  flat  and  lobes  coarsely  undulate-dentate. 

A.  Saccharum. 

Green  beneath  ;  concave  and  pubescent  below  ;  lobes  undulate  or  entire. 

A.  nigrum. 

c3  With  petals:  flowers  in 

Erect  racemes;  leaves  coarsely  serrate-dentate .  A.  spicatum. 

Drooping  racemes ;  leaves  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate.  A.  Pennsylvaniciim. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  447 


b:  Before  the  leaves  in  very  early  spring,  in  fascicles  from  lateral  buds;  fruit  ripening  in 
early  summer  & 

c  Flowers  subsessile,  without  petals;  ovary  tomentose;  leaves  deeply  lobed. 

2  ™  ...  ,.  ,  A.  saccharinnm, 

e  4  lowers  with  pedicels  and  petals;  overy  glabrous;  leaves  not  deeply  lobed  and 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath .  a  rubnirn 

,  T1.  White-tomentose  beneath  . !  !  !  !  !  .’ !  a!  Drummondii. 

a  i  innately  compound;  flowers  dioecious .  A.  Negundo. 

For  species  see  pp.  .12-', -337,  and  Hie  following 


Dbummond  JIapi.e  Acer  Drummondii  II.  &  A.:  .4.  rubrum  var.  Drummondii  Sarg.  A 
large  tree  inhabiting  deep  river  swamps  of  the  Gulf  states  from  Georgia  to  Texas  and  up  the 
Mississippi  4  alley  to  southeastern  Missouri,  where  in  a  limited  area  it  is  found  within  the 
territory  covered  by  this  work.  Leaves  3-lobed,  or  sometimes  partially  5-lobed  with  short  broad 
acute  or  acuminate  nearly  entire  lobes,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  thick  and  densely  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath,  as  are  the  petioles  and  all  new  growth.  Flowers  scarlet,  in  dense  lateral 
clusters,,  expanding  before  the  leaves,  with  pedicels  and  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  March  or 
--pi’il  with  or  before  the  expanding  of  the  leaves,  bright  scarlet  samaras  l%-2%  in.  long  with 
wings  y2-%  in.  broad  and  with  slender  pedicels  1-2  in.  long. 


HORSE-CHESTNUT  FAMILY.  PIIPPOCANTANACE7E  T.  and  G. 

Trees  and  a  few  shrubs  with  ill-scented  bark,  large  branchlets  and  buds,  and  of  about 
eighteen  species  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  and  grouped  in  two  genera,  Aesculus  and 
Dillia,  the  latter  a  genus  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Leaves  deciduous,  opposite,  petiolate,  digitately  compound,  with  3-9  serrate  leaflets,  and 
without  stipules.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  conspicuous,  polygamous,  in  showy 
terminal  cymes  or  panicles,  only  the  lowermost  flowers  generally  fertile;  pedicel  jointed:  calyx 
campanulate  with  5  unequal  lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  4-5,  unequal,  clawed:  disk 
hypogenous,  annular:  stamens  5-8,  usually  7,  unequal  with  elongated  filiform  filaments  and 
introrse  2-celled  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent:  ovary  sessile,  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell :  style  slender,  elongated,  curved,  and  with  terminal  stigma.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  3-valved 
1-2-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent;  seeds  large,  round  or  irregularly  himispherical  with 
smooth  shining  brown  coat,  large  pale  hilum,  large  thick  unequal  cotyledons,  2-leaved  plumule 
and  remaining  underground  in  germination. 


THE  BUCKEYES  AND  HORSE-CHESTNUT.  Genus  7ESCULUS  L. 

A  genus  of  ten  or  twelve  species  of  which  four  native  and  one  naturalized  are  represented 
among  the  trees  of  America.  The  characters  are  those  of  the  family. 

The  name  is  the  classical  name  of  a  kind  of  oak  and  transferred  to  this  genus. 

KEY  TO  THE  SrECIES. 

a  Flowers  white:  winter  buds  resin-coated;  leaflets  mostly  7 .  A.  Hippocastanum. 

a2  Flowers  yellow;  winter  buds  not  resin-coated;  leaflets  mostly  5;  stamens 

Longer  than  petals:  capsules  spiny  at  least  when  young .  A.  glabra. 

Shorter  than  petals;  capsules  quite  smooth .  A.  octandra. 

For  species  see  pp.  338-3-1/3. 


SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.  SAPINDACE7E  R.  Br. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  a  few  vines  with  watery  juice  and  chiefly  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the 
Old  World.  Over  a  thousand  species  are  known  grouped  in  about  twenty  genera.  Of  the 
arborescent  genera  four  are  represented  in  the  United  States,  all  southward. 

Leaves  alternate  in  the  American  representatives,  petiolate,  pinnately  or  palmately  com¬ 
pound,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular  or  slightly  irregular,  polygamous,  dioecious:  calyx 
4-5-lobed  or  divided,  imbricated  in  the  bud :  petals  4-5.  imbricated  ;  disk  annular,  fleshy  ;  stamens 
usually  5-10  inserted  on  the  disk;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent:  ovary 
solitary,  with  2-4  lobes  and  cells  or  entire:  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell:  styles  terminal.  Fruit 
a  drupe  or  capsule  with  small  solitary  seed  and  containing  no  albumen. 

THE  SOAPBERRIES.  Genus  SAPINDUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  wide  distribution  mainly  in  tropical  regions  and  most  abundant  in 
Asia.  Their  fruits  contain  a  saponaceous  juice  which  makes  a  lather  in  water,  like  soap, 
for  which  they  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute.  The  horny  seeds  of  some  species  arp  used 
for  beads  and  buttons.  About  forty  species  are  known  of  which  three  are  found  in  southern 
United  States,  one  ranging  as  far  north  as  southern  Missouri. 


44S 


Tiliace.e. 


Leaves  mostly  pinnate,  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  with  short  pedicels,  in  ample  racemes 
or  panicles  ;  sepals  4-5,  unequal :  petals  of  same  number  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  each 
usually  with  a  scale  at  its  base  inside  and  inserted  under  the  edge  of  the  disk;  stamens  8-10 
inserted  on  the  disk,  equal,  usually  with  hairy  filaments  included  in  the  perfect  flowers  but  much 
longer  and  exserted  in  the  staminate  flowers  ;  anthers  versatile  ;  ovary  ascending  and  3-celled 
with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell ;  style  columnar,  short,  and  2-4-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  a 

1- o  seeded  drupe-like  berry,  subglobose  or  2-d-lobeo  ;  seed  one  in  eacn  carpel,  obovate,  with 
smooth  testa  and  hilum  surrounded  with  silky  hairs. 

The  name  is  from  sapo  and  Indus,  meaning  Indian  soap. 

For  species  sec  pp.  Sli'i-SJpj. 

BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.  RHAMNACEaE  Dumort. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  watery  bitter  juice  and  of  about  five  hundred  seventy-five  species, 
grouped  in  forty-five  genera.  They  are  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions,  and  six  of  the 
genera  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States,  Rhamnus  only  being  represented 
in  the  northeastern  states. 

Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate  and  often  3-nerved ;  stipules  small  mostly  deciduous. 
Flowers  small,  greenish,  mostly  perfect ;  calyx  4-5-lobed  valvate ;  petals  4-5  inserted  on  the 
calyx;  disk  annular  and  lining  the  calyx-tube  or  none;  stamens  opposite  the  petals  and  in¬ 
serted  with  them  on  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk;  anthers  introrse.  versatile:  ovary  superior. 

2- 5-celled  with  1  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell  :  style  columnar  with  terminal  stigma.  Fruit 
a  drupe  or  drupe-like,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style  ;  seed  usually  with  albumen. 

THE  BUCKTHORNS.  Genus  RHAMNUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  bitter  bark  and  often  spinescent  branches,  of  about  seventy  species, 
inhabiting  chiefly  northern  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Five  or  six  species  are  indigenous 
to  the  United  States  and  at  least  one  or  two  others  are  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  deciduous  or  persistent,  petiolate.  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  in  small  axillary  cymes,  racemes  or  panicles;  calyx  campanil- 
late.  4-5-lobed;  petals  4-5-emarginate  and  hooded  around  the  stamen  or  none;  stamens  4-5 
with  very  short  filaments ;  ovary  ovoid,  free  from  the  disk  ;  style  3-4-cleft  or  lobed.  Fruit  a 
drupe  with  succulent  flesh  and  2-4-nutlets  each  containing  a  single  erect  grooved  seed  with 
large  foliaceous  cotyledons  and  scant  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Green  name  of  the  European  Buckthorn. 

KEY  TO  TIIE  SPECIES. 

a  Leaves  opposite,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  arcuate  veins  running  lengthwise  ;  nutlets  grooved. 

R.  Cathartica. 

a"  Leaves  alternate,  with  0-10  pairs  of  veins  running  to  margin ;  nutlets  smooth. 


Flowers  and  fruit  in  short-peduucled  umbels .  R.  Caroliniana. 

Flowers  and  fruit  in  sessile  umbels .  R.  Frangula. 


For  species  see  pp.  3 J/ 6-3 If 9  and  the  following: 

Alder  Buckthorn.  Rhamnus  Frangula  L.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  of  Europe,  northern 
Africa  and  western  Asia,  occasionally  planted  in  this  country  for  ornamental  purposes  and  has 
run  wild  in  localities.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  R.  Caroliniana.  differing  chiefly  in  having  rather 
smaller  more  obtuse  leaves  and  flowers  and  fruit  in  sessile  umbels. 

LINDEN  FAMILY.  TILIACE/E  Juss. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  about  one  hundred  thirty-five  genera  and  two  hundred  forty- 
five  species,  chiefly  tropical  and  more  numerously  represented  in  the  southern  hemisphere  than 
in  the  northern.  Three  genera  are  represented  in  North  America  of  which  the  following  only 
is  arborescent. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  mostly  alternate  and  stipules  small  and  caducous.  Flowers 
regular,  perfect,  generally  in  cymes  or  panicles;  sepals  mostly  5.  valvate.  deciduous;  petals 
of  same  number  and  hypogenous.  rarely  more ;  stamens  numerous ;  pistil  solitary,  sessile. 
2-10-celled ;  ovules  mostly  anatropous;  style  terminal  columnar:  stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
drupaceous  or  nut-like  ;  seeds  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

THE  LINDENS  OR  BASSWOODS.  Genus  TILIA  L. 

The  Basswoods  are  widely  distributed  throughout  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  none,  however,  being  found  in  western  America  or  central  Asia.  They  are  gen¬ 
erally  trees  of  great  economic  importance  in  the  production  of  a  soft  valuable  wood,  a  fibrous 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  449 


inner  bark  and  honey  and  perfume  from  their  flowers.  About  twenty  species  are  known  five 
or  six  of  which  are  found  among  the  trees  of  eastern  North  America. 

Leaves  deciduous,  long-petiolate,  mainly  cordate  and  oblique  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate.  Flowers  light  yellow,  very  fragrant  and  nectariferous  in  pedunculate  axillary  cymes, 
each  peduncle  furnished  with  a  large  pale  floral  membranous  bract  to  which  it  is  adnate  for 
about  half  its  length;  sepals  5;  petals  0,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  yellowish  white  stamens  in  5 
clusters  each  cluster  (in  the  American  species)  united  with  a  petal-like  scale  opposite  each 
petal,  the  filament  filiform  and  forked  at  the  apex,  each  fork  bearing  an  extrorse  half-anther; 
ovary  5_-celled,  each  cell  containing  2  anatropous  ovules:  style  columnar  and  with  5  spreading 
stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  nut-like,  dry,  woody,  1-celled  and  containing  1-2  amphitropous  seeds: 
cotyledons  palmately  5-lobed. 

The  name  is  the  classical  name  of  the  European  Linden. 


KEY  TO  TIIE  SPECIES. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  beneath .  T.  Americana. 

a2  Leaves  whitish  and 

Tomentose  beneath  .  T.  heterophylla. 

Stellate  pubescent  with  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath .  T.  Michauxii. 


For  species  see  pp.  350-351  and  the  following: 

White  Basswood,  T.  heterophylla  Vent.  A  large  tree  ranging  from  southern  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.,  particularly  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oval.  5-10  in.  long,  cordate 
or  truncate  and  oblique  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate,  serrate,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green 
above,  whitish  and  tomentose  beneath ;  branchlets  glabrous.  Flowers  with  pedunculate  bract 
4-5  in.  long,  decurrent  nearly  to  base.  Fruit  oblong  to  subglobose,  about  %  in.  long,  rusty- 
tomentose. 

Michaux  Basswood,  T.  Michauxii  Nutt.  Similar  to  the  above  and  often  confounded  with 
it  and  with  T.  pubescens  Ait.  of  the  southern  coast  region.  Its  distribution,  apparently  ex¬ 
tending  from  the  vicinity  of  Montreal,  Canada,  to  the  Gulf  states,  is  not  well  understood, 
Leaves  broad-ovate,  mostly  cordate  and  very  oblique  at  base,  short  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex, 
serrate,  at  maturity  rather  firm,  glabrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  stellate  pubescent  with 
tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  floral  bract  pedunculate,  spatulate- 
•obovate,  decurrent  to  within  in.  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle.  Fruit  subglobose,  about 

y3  in.  in  diameter,  lioary-tomentose. 

TEA  FAMILY.  THEACE/E  DC. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  species,  grouped  in  sixteen  or  seventeen 
genera,  and  confined  chiefly  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World  and  southern  and  eastern  Asia. 
The  most  important  genus  is  Camellia,  yielding  the  tea  of  commerce  and  shrubs  with  beautiful 
flowers. 

Leaves  alternate  without  stipules.  Flowers  showy,  regular,  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  hypogenous ;  stamens  numerous  with  2  longitudinally  dehiscent  cells ; 
ovary  mostly  3-5-celled  and  stigma  3-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  woody  3-5-celled  caspule ;  seed  with 
large  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

THE  LOBLOLLY  BAY,  ETC.  Genus  GORDONIA(L)  Ell. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  a  dozen  species  mainly  of  southeastern  Asia.  One  species  is 
represented  in  the  flora  of  southeastern  United  States.  Another  tree,  the  Franklinia,  by  some 
considered  a  species  of  this  genus,  is  more  properly  considered  the  type  of  another  genus  of 
that  name. 

Leaves  alternate,  evergreen,  coriaceous.  Flowers  long-stalked  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves;  sepals  unequal,  silky,  concave,  rounded  and  persistent:  petals  white,  obovate, 
■slightly  united  at  base,  concave ;  stamens  numerous  with  short  filaments  inserted  on  5  fleshy 
disks  each  adnate  to  the  base  of  a  petal ;  anthers  introrse,  yellow :  ovary  sessile  with  elon¬ 
gated  style,  5-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  4  in  each  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  woody 
pointed  ovoid  loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule;  valves  5,  entire;  seeds  usually  4  in  each  cell; 
pendulous,  compressed  and  an  oblong  wing  at  the  tip. 

Named  in  honor  of  James  Gordon,  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  ISth  century. 

For  species  sec  pp.  352-353. 

GINSENG  FAMILY.  ARALIACEAi  Vent. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  about  four  hundred  fifty  species,  grouped  in  thirty-two  genera, 
and  widely  distributed  throughout  tropical  and  to  a  lesser  extent  temperate  regions. 

A  single  arborescent  species  is  native  to  the  flora  of  eastern  United  States. 

29 


450 


CoRNACEuE. 


Leaves  deciduous,  alternate  or  verticillate,  compound,  petiolate.  mostly  with  stipules. 
Floivers  in  racemose  or  panicled  umbels  or  heads,  5-numerous;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary: 
petals  sometimes  united  ;  disk  epigynous ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  alternate  with  them, 
and  inserted  on  the  disk ;  ovary  1-several-celled,  each  cell  containing  a  solitary  anatropous 
pendulous  ovule :  styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  baccate  ;  seeds  -with  thin 
testa,  small  embryo  and  abundant  albumen. 


THE  HERCULES-CLUB,  ETC.  Genus  ARALIA  L. 

Spiny  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  about  thirty  species  about  a  half  dozen  of  which  are 
natives  of  North  America,  the  remaining  of  Asia.  Of  the  American  species  one  only  is  arbor¬ 
escent. 

Leaves  pinnately  or  ternately  decompound,  the  petioles  enlarged  and  clasping  at  the  base. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect,  small,  greenish  white ;  pedicels  pointed :  calyx-lobes  minute,  valvate  : 
petals  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  with  filiform  filaments  and  oblong  introrse,  2-celled 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  ovary  inferior,  mostly  2-5-celled,  styles  of  same  number, 
dehiscent  or  united  at  base.  Fruit  a  2-5-seeded  berry  laterally  compressed  or  3-5-angled  and 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles  and  calyx-lobes  and  containing  2-5  compressed  seeds 
with  straight  radicle  and  oblong  cotyledons. 

The  name  is  of  obscure  derivation. 

For  species  see  pp.  351f-355. 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.  CORNACE/E  Link. 

The  Dogwood  Family  consists  of  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  sixteen  genera  and  eighty-five 
species  mainly  of  north  temperate  regions.  Two  genera  have  arborescent  representatives  in 
North  America. 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  variously  arranged  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  in 
cymes,  heads,  or  solitary ;  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-toothed  or  none :  petals  4-5 
or  none  ;  disk  epigenous  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  margin 
of  the  disk  :  anthers  introrse,  2-celled  with  a  solitary  anatropous  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  a  1-2-seeded  drupe  ;  seed  oblong  with  foliaeeous  cotyledons  and  copious  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Flowers  perfect,  arranged  in  fours;  leaves  mostly  opposite .  Cornus. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  petals  5,  very  small  or  none;  leaves  alternate....  Nyssa. 


THE  DOGWOODS  OR  CORNELS.  Genus  CORNUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  forty  species  widely  distributed  throughout  the  north  temperate- 
zone  and  one  species  in  Peru.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  species  are  found  in  North  America  of 
which  four  are  arborescent. 

Leaves  deciduous,  mostly  opposite.  Flowers  perfect,  small,  in  cymes  or  heads,  the  latter 
with  an  involucre  of  showy  white  bracts  in  some  species;  calyx  with  4  small  lobes,  valvate  in 
the  bud ;  disk  epigenous ;  petals  4.  valvate  :  stamens  4.  alternate  with  the  petals  exserted  and 
with  slender  filaments;  ovary  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  a  single  ovule,  with  simple  columnar 
style  and  capitate  or  truncate  stigma.  Fruit  an  oblong  drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  bony  or 
crustaceous  2-celled  and  usually  2-seeded  stone. 

The  name  is  from  the  Latin  cornu,  horn,  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood  of  some 
of  the  species.  „ 

KEY  TO  THE  SrECIES. 


a  Flowers  greenish,  in  dense  heads  with  4  large  white  involucral  bracts ;  fruit  red. 

C.  Florida. 

as  Flowers  white,  in  loose  cymes,  without  bracts 


Fruit  blue;  leaves  smooth  above .  C.  alternifolia. 

Fruit  white;  leaves  scabrous  above .  C.  asperifolia. 


For  species  see  pp.  356-361. 


THE  TUPELOS.  Genus  NYSSA  L. 

Trees  of  five  species  of  which  four  are  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  remain¬ 
ing  one  of  southeastern  Asia.  They  produce  very  fine  grained  tough  wood,  with  contorted 
fiber  and  annual  rings  indistinctly  indicated.  The  fruit  is  very  tart  and  is  sometimes  used  in 


conserves. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  451 


Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  polygamo- 
dioecious,  in  capitate  clusters  (or  the  fertile  ones  sometimes  solitary)  with  slender  peduncles, 
from  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  or  of  caducous  bracts,  the  staminate  flowers  numerous; 
calyx  minutely  5-lobed  :  petals  5,  minute  and  thick  or  none;  stamens  5-15  in  the  staminate 
flowers,  exserted  and  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  edge  of  the  entire  or  lobed  disk  :  pistillate 
flowers  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle,  few  together,  bracted ;  stamens  included ;  ovary 
1-2-celled  and  style  elongated,  slender,  curved  and  stigmatic  towards  the  apex  on  one  side. 
Fruit  an  oblong  or  ovoid  drupe  with  thin  tart  juicy  flesh  and  thick-walled  horny  compressed 
ridged  or  winged  stone  :  embryo  straight. 

Xyssa  is  the  name  of  a  water  nymph  and  applied  to  the  genus  because  of  its  species 
growing  in  wet  places. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


a  Leaves  entire ;  fruit  less  than  %  in.  long 

Stone  little  flattened  and  indistinctly  ribbed .  N.  sylvatica. 

Stone  distinctly  flattened  and  prominently  ribbed .  N.  biflora. 


a!  Leaves  remotely  dentate  ;  fruit  1  in.  or  more  long ;  stone  with  acute  ridges.  N.  aquatica. 

For  species  see  pp.  362-36 7. 

Division  3.  GAMOPETALS1. 

Plants  with  petals  more  or  less  united,  or  sometimes  separate  or  wanting. 

HEATH  FAMILY.  ERICACE^  DC. 

A  large  and  interesting  family  of  trees  and  shrubs  of  world-wide  distribution  in  tropical 
and  temperate  regions.  A  few  over  a  thousand  species  are  known,  grouped  in  about  sixty 
genera.  Of  these  twenty-one  genera  are  found  within  the  United  States,  seven  having  arbor¬ 
escent  representatives. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect :  calyx  free  from 
the  pistil.  4-5-lobed :  corolla  regular,  hypogenous,  5-lobed  or  parted  (exceptionally  4-lobed  or 
somewhat  2-lipped)  imbricated;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  mostly  free ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  commonly 
prolonged  and  bearing  an  appendage;  ovary  superior  (inferior  in  V accinium) ,  4-10-celled,  with 
numerous  anatropous  ovules;  style  simple,  columnar  and  with  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  a  cap¬ 
sule,  drupe  or  berry  ;  seeds  with  small  embryo  and  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a  Fruit  a  septicidally  dehiscent  capsule:  leaves  persistent;  flowers  in 

Terminal  clusters;  corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft:  leaves  revolute .  Rhododendron. 

Axillary  clusters;  corolla  5-lobed  saucer-shaped  and  containing  pouches;  leaves  flat. 

Kalinia. 

a2  Fruit  a  loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  leaves  deciduous. 

Oxydendrum. 

a"  Fruit  a  berry;  anther-cells  prolonged;  corolla  campanulate  or  urceolate,  white;  leaves 
deciduous  .' . . .  Vaccinium. 

THE  RHODODENDRONS.  Genus  RHODODENDRON  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  with  bitter  astringent  properties  and  showy  flowers,  of  some  over 
one  hundred  and  fifty  species  of  eastern  and  southern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands  and  North 
America.  They  are  largely  grown  for  ornamental  purposes  and  many  garden  varieties  have 
been  produced  by  hybridization  and  selection.  Of  the  eight  species  found  in  the  United  States 
one  is  arborescent  on  the  Atlantic  coast  region  and  another  rarely  on  the  Pacific  slope. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  persistent  and  coriaceous  with  revolute 
entire  margins;  midribs  broad,  petioles  stout.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels  from 
terminal  scaly  cone-like  buds;  calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  persistent;  corolla  campanulate  with 
5  nearly  regular  lobes:  disk  fleshy,  lobed:  stamens  usually  10  and  somewhat  unequal,  declined 
and  spreading;  filaments  pilose  at  base  and  attached  to  the  backs  of  the  anthers;  ovary  5-celled 
with  slender  exserted  persistent  style  and  many  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  attached  to 
the  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  woody  capsule.  5-20-valved,  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the 
summit  and  containing  many  seeds  with  coat  laciniated  at  the  ends. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  words  meaning  Rose-tree. 

For  species  see  pp.  368-369. 

THE  LAURELS.  Genus  KALMIA  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  6  or  7  species,  all  of  which  are  found  in  the  United  States 
excepting  one,  which  is  a  native  of  Cuba.  The  following  one  species  is  the  only  arborescent 
representative. 


452 


Sapotace.e. 


Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  entire,  short-petiolate.  Flowers  mostly  axillary  in  umbels, 
with  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts;  calyx  5-parted,  imbricated  in  tbe 
bud,  persistent ;  corolla  5-lobed,  saucer-shaped,  pink,  purple  or  white,  and  containing  ten 
pouches  with  keels  extending  from  the  pouches  to  the  lobes  and  sinuses  ;  stamens  10,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  with  oblong  anthers  retained  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla  until  the  flower 
opens,  then  liberated  by  straightening  of  the  elastic  filiform  filaments  causing  a  discharge  of 
the  pollen;  disk  10-lobed  ;  ovary  subglobose,  5-celled,  with  filiform  exserted  style  and  capitate 
stigma  ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  attached  to  an  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  sub- 
globose  crustaceous.  5-celled  capsule,  obscurely  5-lobed  tardily  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the 
persistent  axis  ;  seeds  minute,  subglobose,  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  in  honor  of  Peter  Kahn,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  18th  century. 

For  species  see  pp.  370-371. 


THE  SOUR-WOOD  OR  SORREL-TREE.  Genus  OXYDENDRUM  de  C. 

A  genus  of  a  single  American  species  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  and  the  lower 
Mississippi  basin.  They  are  trees  with  roughly  furrowed  bark,  somewhat  acidulous  juices 
and  twigs  with  segmented  pith. 

Lea  res  deciduous,  revolute  in  bud,  petiolate,  narrow-oblong,  about  equally  pointed  at  both 
ends,  subentire  or .» denticulate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  yellowish  veins 
beneath.  Flowers  (in  summer)  in  terminal  unilateral  racemes,  with  bibraeteolate  pedicels; 
sepals  5,  persistent ;  corolla  ovoid-cylindric,  white,  puberulous,  with  5  miunte  reflexed  lobes ; 
stamens  10,  with  broad  filaments  and  narrower  linear  anthers  opening  by  clefts ;  ovary  ovoid, 
5-celled,  with  numerous  amphitropous  ovules  and  thick  exserted  style  having  terminal  stigma. 
Fruit  a  5-angled,  5-celled,  ovoid-pyramidal  capsule,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style, 
loeulieidally  dehiscent,  and  at  maturity  liberating  numerous  elongated  seeds  pointed  at  both  ends. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  referring  to  a  slightly  tart  flavor  of  the  leaves. 

For  species  see  pp.  372-373. 


THE  BLUEBERRIES,  ETC.  Genus  VACCINIUM  L. 

This  genus  consists  of  shrubs  (some  epiphytal)  and  a  few  small  trees  with  slender  branch- 
lets  and  many  of  its  representatives  with  edible  fruits.  They  are  of  wide  distribution  in  the 
north  temperate  and  boreal  regions  and  at  high  altitudes  within  the  tropics.  About  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  species  are  known,  of  which  twenty-five  and  several  varieties  are 
North  American.  Only  one  of  these  is  arborescent. 

Leaves  alternate  and  mostly  small.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pink,  with  bibraeteolate 
pedicels,  in  axillary  racemes  or  clusters  or  rarely  solitary;  calyx  3-5-lobed,  valvate,  persistent 
and  the  tube  adnate  to  tbe  ovary  ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  epigynous,  mostly  urn-shaped  or  cam- 
panulate,  4-5-lobed,  imbricated ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted 
on  its  base  under  tbe  edge  of  the  thick  disk  :  filaments  short ;  anthers  awned  on  the  back  and 
cells  prolonged  upwards  into  tubes  opening  by  terminal  pores;  ovary  4-5-celled  or  imperfectly 
8-10-celled  ;  style  filiform,  erect,  with  terminal  stigma  ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  attached 
to  inner  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  berry  4-5  or  8-10-celled  containing  many  compressed  seeds 
with  minute  embryo  surrounded  with  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  European  Bilberry. 

For  species  see  pp.  374-375. 


SAPODILLA  FAMILY.  SAPOTACE.E  Reichenb. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  vines  with  milky  juice  and  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe,  some  species  producing  valuable  timbers  or  fruits  and  one  producing  the 
gutta  percha  of  commerce.  The  family  consists  of  about  400  species  of  35  genera,  of  which  5 
genera  are  represented  in  the  trees  of  the  United  States,  all  subtropical  excepting  Bumelia. 

Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  clustered,  simple,  entire,  pinnately-veined,  mostly  cori¬ 
aceous,  petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  in  axillary  clusters;  calvx 
of  5-8  persistent  sepals,  imbricated :  corolla  hypogenous,  5-8-cleft  with  an  internal  lobe-like 
appendage  staminodium  at  each  sinus  and  a  short  tube  ;  disk  none  :  stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them  inserted  on  the  tube ;  anthers  2-celled,  subextrorse, 
longitudinally  dehiscent ;  pistil  with  ovary  sessile,  usually  5-celled,  with  simple  style  and 
terminal  stigma,  and  containing  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  berry  with  persistent 
calyx  at  base  and  tipped  with  remnants  of  the  style,  usually  1-seeded,  the  seed  containing  a 
large  straight  embryo  with  or  without  albumen. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  453 


THE  BUMELIAS.  Genus  BUMELIA  Sw. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  with  more  or  less  spiniscent  branchlets  and  of  about  20  species, 
natives  of  the  western  hemisphere,  5  being  found  within  the  United  States  and  four  of  these 
are  small  trees. 

Leaves  alternate  on  vigorous  shoots  or  clustered  on  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  condupli- 
cate  in  the  bud,  oblaneeolate  to  obovate,  elliptical,  more  or  less  silky  tomentose  beneath,  short 
petiolate.  Flowers  with  slender  pedicels,  in  crowded  axillary  fascicles;  calyx  subcampanulate, 
with  5  unequal  lobes  ;  corolla  campanulate,  white,  5-lobed,  the  rounded  lobes  and  their  append¬ 
ages  equal;  stamens  with  short  filiform  filaments  and  sagitate  anthers;  ovary  conical, 
ovoid  hirsute  with  simple  pointed  style  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  an  oblong,  obovoid,  or  sub- 
globose  black  drupe,  solitary  or  few  together,  with  thin  flesh  and  large  seed  having  a  thick 
smooth  light  brown  crustaceous  testa,  basal  hilum,  large  straight  embryo  with  thick  fleshy 
cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Greek  for  the  Ash-tree  transferred  to  this  genus. 

KEY  TO  THE  STECIES. 


Leaves  beneath,  pedicels  and  calyx  tomentose .  B.  lanuginosa. 

Leaves  beneath,  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so .  B.  lycioides. 


For  species  see  pp.  376-377  and  the  folioicing: 

Smooth  or  Buckthorn  Bumelia,  B.  lycioides  (L.)  Gaertn.  f.  An  interesting  small 
tree  of  the  southern  states,  ranging  sparingly  as  far  north  as  into  southern  Virginia  and 
southern  Illinois.  Leaves  mostly  oblaneeolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  ll%-4  in.  long,  euneate  at 
base,  usually  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  glaucous  bright  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  (or 
somewhat  pubescent  at  first  I  and  finely  reticulate  beneath,  thinnish,  deciduous;  petioles  about 
i/2  in.  long;  branchlets  glabra te  and  mostly  unarmed.  Flowers  (in  midsummer)  in  crowded 
glabrous  fascicles,  pedicles  about  V2  in.  long;  calyx  glabrous.  Fruit  oblong  to  subglobose, 
black,  about  i/2  in.  long. 


EBONY  FAMILY.  EBENACEtE  Vent. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  wide  distribution  mostly  in  tropical  countries  and  of  about  273 
species  grouped  in  5  genera.  The  following  single  genus  is  represented  in  the  United  States 
by  2  species  —  one  widely  distributed  in  the  Atlantic  states  and  the  other  in  Texas  and  northern 
Mexico. 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  mostly  dioecious  or 
polygamous,  solitary  or  in  cymes,  axillary,  regular;  calyx  3-7-lobed.  inferior,  persistent;  corolla 
with  3-7  convoluted  lobes,  deciduous;  stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  corolla  and 
inserted  on  its  tube,  with  short  filaments  and  erect  introrse  anthers;  disk  none;  ovary  superior, 
several-celled,  with  1-3  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell  ;  styles  2-8.  Fruit  a  berry  subtended  by 
the  enlarged  persistent  calyx  and  containing  oblong  seeds  with  small  axile  embryo  and  copious 

THE  PERSIMMONS.  Genus  DIOSPEROS  L. 

This  genus,  consisting  of  about  1G0  species  widely  distributed  iu  tropical  regions  and  most 
abundantly  in  southern  Asia,  is  the  most  important  of  the  family.  Some  of  its  representatives 
yield  the  ebony  of  commerce  and  others  valuable  fruits. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  dioecious,  polygamous,  or 
rarely  perfect,  regular,  solitary  or  in  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season^  cal.Ax  in¬ 
ferior  3-7-lobed,  persistent  and  commonly  accrescent ;  corolla  hypogenous,  regular.  3-7-lobed,  the 
lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  disk  none  ;  stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
inserted  on  its  tube,  some  impprfect  in  the  pistillate  flowers ;  filaments  short  and  anthers 
°-celled  introrse:  ovary  several-celled  with  usually  2  anatropous  suspended  ovules  in  each 
cell;  styles  2-8.  Fruit'd  berry  with  from  1-several  seeds;  seed  with  axile  embryo  in  fleshy 

albumen.  .  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  the  wheat  or  food  of  Jove. 

For  species  see  pp.  37S-379. 


SWEET-LEAF  FAMILY.  SYMPLOCACEgE  Miers. 

A  family  of  the  following  single  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules;  buds  scaly.  Flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect 
and  yellow  in  axillary  or  lateral  clusters;  calyx  5-lobed,  campanulate,  the  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary  -  corolla  deeply '  5-lobed.  with  imbricated  lobes:  disk  none:  stamens  numerous,  more  or 
less  united  at  base  into  clusters,  with  long  filiform  filaments  and  small  2-celled  anthers  opening 
laterally  •  ovary  2-5-celled  with  simple  style,  terminal  stigma  and  usually  2  anatropous  ovules 
suspended  in  each  cell.  Fruit  usually  a  dry  drupe  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes, 
thin  flesh  and  one  bony  stone  ;  embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen. 


454 


OuEACETE. 


THE  SWEET-LEAF  OR  HORSE  SUGAR.  Genus  SYMPLOCOS  L’Her. 

The  genus  »S 'ymplocos  comprises  about  ISO  species,  so  far  as  known,  chiefly  of  the  tropical 
regions  of  America,  Asia,  and  Australia.  One  inhabits  southeastern  United  States  ranging  as 
far  north  as  southern  Delaware. 

For  characters  see  description  of  the  family,  this  being  the  only  genus. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  roots  referring  to  the  fact  that  the  stamens  are  united  together 
in  clusters. 

For  species  see  pp.  380-3S1. 

STORAX  FAMILY.  STYRACE^.  A.  DC. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  more  or  less  stellate  or  scaly  pubescence  and  confined  to  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe.  About  75  species  are  known  grouped  in  7  genera.  Two  genera  are  rep¬ 
resented  in  the  United  States  and  of  these  the  following  one  is  arborescent. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  pinnately  veined  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect; 
calyx  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  ovary :  corolla  gamopetalous  or  polypetalous,  with  4  or  8 
lobes  or  petals ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  or  more,  adnate  to  the  tube 
and  arranged  in  a  single  series ;  anthers  introrse :  ovary  2-5-celled,  with  slender  simple  style 
and  terminal  stigma;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  thin  dry  flesh,  sometimes  winged; 
hard  and  mostly  1 -seeded  stone  containing  straight  embryo  and  copious  albumen. 

THE  SILVER-BELL  TREES.  Genus  MOHRODENDRON  Britt. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  the  southern  Atlantic  states  of  North  America  and  comprised  in 
three  species  of  which  two  are  arborescent  and  1  shrubby.  One  of  the  former  ranges  as  far 
north  as  southern  Illinois. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval  to  obovate-oblong,  membranaceous,  denticulate.  Flowers  bell¬ 
shaped.  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes,  with  slender  drooping  pubescent  bracteolate  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year  ;  calyx  tube  obeonic,  4-ribbed,  tomeutose,  adnate 
to  the  ovary  and  with  short  4-toothed  limb ;  corolla  epigynous,  4-lobed  or  divided,  thin  and 
white ;  stamens  8-16,  with  flat  filaments  more  or  less  united  at  base  and  slightly  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  ovary  2-4-celled.  with  an  elongated  style,  terminal  stigma  and  4  ovules 
in  each  cell,  the  upper  ascending  and  the  lower  pendulous.  Fruit  a  dry  oblong.  2-4  winged, 
drupe,  1-4-celled,  tipped  with  the  style  and  calyx  teeth  and  containing  a  thick-walled  bony 
stone  ;  embryo  terete,  axile. 

Named  in  compliment  to  Dr.  Chas.  Mohr,  botanist  and  author  of  the  Flora  of  Alabama,  etc. 

For  species  see  pp.  382-383. 

OLIVE  FAMILY.  OLEACE/E  Lindl. 

Trees  and  shrubs  widely  distributed  throughout  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  particu¬ 
larly  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  some  of  great  economic  value.  There  are  about  20 
genera  and  500  species.  Five  genera  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States  and  of  these  four 
have  arborescent  representatives. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite,  simple  or  compound  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  dioeci¬ 
ous  or  polygamous,  regular  and  in  panicles,  cymes  or  fascicles;  calyx  inferior,  2-4-lobed  or 
none;  corolla  of  2-4  petals  or  none;  disk  none;  stamens  2-4  with  short  filaments  and  introrse 
2-eelled  anthers,  dehiscent  usually  by  lateral  longitudinal  slits;  ovary  superior,  2-celled  with 
2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  simple.  Fruit  in  the  American  arborescent 
representatives  a  samara  or  berry  with  pendulous  seeds  containing  straight  embryo  and  fleshy 
albumen. 

KEY  TO  TFIE  GENERA. 

a  Fruit  a  samara;  leaves  compound;  flowers  mostly  unisexual  and  without  petals. 


Fraxinus. 

a2  Fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  simple 

Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  apetalous.  appearing  before  the  leaves .  Chionantlius. 

Flowers  perfect  with  4  linear  petals,  appearing  after  the  leaves .  Forestiera. 


THE  ASHES.  Genus  FRAXINUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  40  species  with  tough  wood,  stout  branelilets  having  large  pith 
and  obtuse  or  rounded  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  one  the  largest.  It  is  of  wide  distribution  in 
north-temperate  regions  and  within  (he  tropics  on  the  islands  of  Cuba  and  Jamaica.  About  16 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  455 


species  are  found  within  the  United  States,  all  arborescent  though  one  is  more  commonly  a 
shrub  than  a  tree. 

Leaves  deciduous,  odd-pinnately  compound,  petiolate  ;  leaflets  conduplicate  in  the  bud  and 
usually  serrate.  Flowers  in  early  spring,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  season, 
mostly  dioecious  or  polygamous  (occasionally  perfect)  in  fasciculate  panicles;  calyx  small, 
campanulate  or  none;  corolla  2-4-parted  or  none;  stamens  usually  2  with  short  terete  filaments 
and  large  oblong  anthers  opening  by  lateral  slits :  ovary  mostly  2-celled  with  single  style  and 
2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  a  samara,  with  terete  or  somewhat  flattened  and  usually  1-seeded  body 
and  terminal  wing :  seed  elongated,  pendulous. 

Fraxinus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Ash-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a  Samara  with  seed-bearing  portion  flattened  and  wing  extending  the  entire  length 

b  Lateral  leaflets  sessile;  calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  none .  F.  nigra. 

b-  Lateral  leaflets  stalked;  calyx  present 

Samara  obovate  to  spatulate;  twigs  terete .  F.  Caroliniana. 

Samara  elliptic  to  spatulate;  twigs  4-sided .  F.  quadrangulata. 

a-  Samara  with  seed-bearing  portion  subterete  ;  wing  not  extending  to  base;  leaflets  stalked;, 
calyx  present  in  fertile  flower 

b  Wing  almost  entirely  terminal  —  slightly  if  at  all  decurrent  on  body 

c  Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous  or  nearly  so .  F.  Americana. 

c2  Leaves  beneath  and  branchlets  pubescent .  F.  Biltmoreana. 

b2  Wing  decurrent  somewhat  on  sides  of  body  but  not  to  base 
c  Wing  of  samara  spatulate 

d  Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  green  beneath. 


F.  lanceolata. 

d2  Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety  pubescent 

Samara  less  than  2  in.  long;  calyx  small .  F.  Pennsylvanica. 

Samara  mostly  2  in.  long  or  more;  calyx  enlarged .  F.  profunda. 

c2  Wing  of  samara  long-linear .  F.  Darlingtonii. 


For  species  see  pp  384-399  and  the  following : 

Darlington  Ash.  F.  Darlingtonii  Britt.  This  is  a  little  known  species  described  from 
material  from  Lancaster.  Pa.,  and  is  similar  to  the  F.  lanceolata ■  and  F.  Pennsylvanica,  with 
foliage  and  twigs  pubescent  or  glabrate  and  samara  2-3  in.  long  with  linear  wing  decurrent 
upon  the  seed-bearing  portion  one  third  to  one  fourth  its  length. 


THE  FRINGE-TREES.  Genus  CHIONANTHUS  L. 

Trees  or  small  shrubs  of  two  species  one  of  the  middle  and  southern  United  States  and 
the  other  of  China. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  opposite,  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  Flowers  perfect  or  polv- 
gamous,  white,  in  loose  drooping  panicles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  season  : 
calvx  small.  4-parted,  inferior,  persistent :  corolla  of  4  linear  white  petals  slightly  united  at 
base;  stamens  2.  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  with  very  short  terete  filaments  and  ovate 
apiciilate  anthers;  ovary  ovoid  with  short  columnar  style  and  thick  fleshy  2-lobed  stigma; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants  of 
the  style,  nearly  black  thick  skin,  dryish  flesh  and  usually  1  but  sometimes  2  or  3  thick-walled 
crustaceous  stones. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  snow-flower. 

For  species  sec  pp.  JfOO-^Ol. 


THE  FORESTIERA.  Genus  FORESTIERA  Poir.  (ADELIA  P.  Br.) 

Shrubs  or  small  wide-branching  trees  of  about  fifteen  species  natives  of  America.  Six  or 
8  species  are  found  in  the  southern  United  States,  one  of  these  only  attaining  the  dignity  of  a 
tree,  and  that  ranging  as  far  north  as  southern  Illinois. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite,  deciduous  or  rarely  evergreen,  and  usually  small.  Flowers,  small 
and  mostly  polygamous,  vellowish  or  greenish,  dioecious,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  fas¬ 
cicles  or  racemes  from  scaly  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year:  calyx  with 
very  short  tube  and  4-5  unequal  lobes:  corolla  none  or  with  I  or  2  deciduous  petals:  stamens 
2-4  with  extrorse  anthers;  ovary  ovoid.  2-celled.  with  slender  style  and  thick  usually  --lobed 
stigma  and  2  pendulous  ovules  iii  each  cell.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  1  or  2  seeds  with  membranous 

testa  and  fleshy  albumen.  _  ,  ,  .  . 

The  name  is  in  compliment  to  M.  Forestier.  a  French  physician. 

For  species  see  pp.  402-J/03. 


456 


Rubiace.e. 


TRUMPET-CREEPER  FAMILY.  BIGNOXIACE/E  Pers. 

Trees,  shrubs,  climbing  vines  and  a  few  exotic  herbs  mostly  with  large  showy  flowers  and 
widely  distributed  in  tropics  with  a  few  representatives  in  temperate  regions.  About  500 
species  are  known  grouped  in  nearly  100  genera.  Of  the  five  genera  represented  in  the  United 
States  3  are  arborescent,  one  of  the  southwestern  states,  another  of  Florida  and  the  third  of 
the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  simple  in  the  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States  mostly  opposite  and 
without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  large,  showy  and  more  or  less  irregular;  calyx  hypogenous, 
bilabiate;  corolla  hypogenous.  somewhat  bilabiate,  5-lobed.  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  2 
or  4  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  with  introrse  2-celled  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent; 
staminodia  1  or  3 :  ovary  1  or  2-celled,  with  simple  slender  2-lobed  style,  stigmatic  at  the 
apex  :  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  and  horizontal.  Fruit  a  pod-like  2-valved  capsule  or  berry 
and  seeds  without  albumen. 


THE  CATALPAS.  Genus  CALTAPA  Scop. 

Trees  of  tonic  and  diuretic  properties  with  stout  terete  branchlets  large  pith  and  soft 
durable  wood.  Seven  species  are  known  of  which  two  are  natives  of  eastern  United  States 
and  the  others  of  eastern  China  and  the  West  Indies. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three,  long-petiolate,  involute  in  the  bud,  entire  or  spar¬ 
ingly  lobed,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  showy  terminal  compound  panicles  or  corymbs ;  calyx 
splitting  irregularly  into  two  lobes  in  opening ;  corolla  thin  and  membranaceous,  oblique  with 
broad  campanulate  tube  and  2-lipped  5-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  spreading  and  with  crisped  mar¬ 
gins  ;  stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  anterior  lip  of  the  corolla,  with  glabrous  divergent  anther- 
cells  and  flattened  arcuate  filaments,  staminodia  3,  rudimentary,  filiform  ;  ovary,  2-celled.  with 
long  filiform  style,  2-lobed  stigma  and  ovules  inserted  in  several  rows  on  the  central  placenta. 
Fruit  an  elongated  nearly  terete  pod-like  capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  persisting  during  the 
winter ;  seeds  numerous,  flat,  oblong,  with  broad  lateral  fimbriated  wings  ending  in  white 
hairs ;  cotyledons  broader  than  long. 

The  name  is  the  Cherokee  Indian  name  of  one  of  the  American  species. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Flowers  about  \x/o  in.  wide,  in  many-flowered  panicles;  lower  lobe  entire....  C.  Catalpa. 
Flowers  about  2%  in.  wide,  in  few-flowered  panicles;  lower  lobe  emarginate..  C.  speciosa. 

For  species  see  pp.  JfOJf-J/OT. 


MADDER  FAMILY.  RUB  I  ACEaE  B.  Juss. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  a  few  herbs  of  about  550  species  grouped  in  some  350  genera.  They 
are  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  regions  and  comprise  several  species  which  yield  products  of 
great  economic  importance,  such  as  coffee,  quinine,  ipecac,  madder,  etc. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire,  mostly  with  stipules  and  turning  black  in 
drying.  Flowers^ regular,  perfect;  calyx  4-5-toothed  or  lobed  and  with  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary;  corolla  4-5-lobed,  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them  and 
inserted  on  the  tube  with  filaments  free  or  united  at  base  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening 
longitudinally;  disk  epigynous ;  ovary  1-10-celled  with  slender  style  and  ovules  1  to  many  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  a  capsule,  drupe  or  achene ;  seeds  with  membranaceous  coat  and  without 
albumen. 

THE  BUTTON-BUSH.  Genus  CEPHALANTHUS  L. 

Shrubs  and  small  trees  of  about  a  half  dozen  species  of  North  and  South  America  and 
Asia,  one  only  inhabiting  the  United  States. 

Leaves  both  opposite  and  verticillate,  netiolnte.  deciduous.  Flowers  vellow  or  wh'te, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  glandular  bracts  in  dense  globular  pedunculate  nanicled  heads;  calyx 
tube  obpyramidal  its  limb  with  four  or  five  short  lobes  ;  corolla  tubular  funnel-form  with  four 
short  lobes;  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  with  very  short  filaments  and 
oblong-sagitate  anthers  ;  ovary  2-celled  with  a  solitary  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell  and  a  long 
filiform  exserted  style  bearing  a  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  dry,  obpyramidal,  1-2-seeded;  seeds 
oblong  with  a  white  aril  at  the  apex  and  cartilaginous  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  indicating  that  the  flowers  are  in  heads. 

For  species  see  pp.  408-409. 


II  ANDBOOK  OF  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA.  457 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.  SCOPHULARIACEZE  Lindl. 

This  family  consists  chiefly  of  herbs,  but  some  shrubs  and  trees,  and  is  of  very  wide  dis¬ 
tribution.  About  2,500  species  are  known,  grouped  in  165  genera. 

Leaves  various,  without  stipules.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  complete  and  irregular;  calyx 
inferior,  variously  cleft  or  divided,  persistent ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  irregular,  with  imbricated 
lobes;  stamens  2-5.  didynamous  or  nearly  equal  and  inserted  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its 
lobes:  anthers  2  or  1-celled:  pistil  solitary  with  slender  style,  entire  or  2-lobed  stigma  and 
mostly  2-celled  ovary  containing  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  on  axile  placentae.  Fruit 
a  capsule  usually  containing  numerous  seeds  with  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen. 


THE  PAULOWNIA.  Genus  PAULOWNIA  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

This  is  a  genus  composed  of  possibly  two  or  three  species  of  Asiatic  trees  but  is  generally 
known  only  by  the  single  species  P.  imperialis  S.  &  Z..  now  naturalized  in  America. 

Leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  mostly  5-8  in.  long  larger  on  vigorous  shoots,  broad-ovate, 
cordate,  acute  or  short  acuminate,  entire  or  with  a  single  short-pointed  lobe  on  each  side,  vel¬ 
vety  pubescent  especially  at  first;  long-petioled,  branchlets  with  segmented  pith.  Flowers 
before  or  with  the  leaves,  fragrant,  in  large  erect  rusty  tomentose  terminal  panicles  from  buds 
formed  the  previous  summer  and  remaining  naked  during  the  winter;  calyx  with  5  thick  lobes; 
corolla  l%-2  in.  long,  pale  violet  or  blue,  somewhat  irregular,  with  5  spreading  lobes,  puberu- 
lent  outside;  stamens  4.  didynamous,  included,  with  divaricate  anther-sacs.  Fruit  broad-ovoid 
woody  abruptly  pointed  2-celled  capsule,  about  1  U  in.  long,  loculicidally  dehiscent  and  contain¬ 
ing  many  small  membranous-winged  seeds. 

The  genus  is  named  after  Princess  Anna  Paulowna,  daughter  cf  the  Czar  Paul  I. 

For  species  see  pp.  410-Jill. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.  CAPRI  FOLIACEZE  Bent. 

Trees,  shrubs,  vines,  and  perennial  herbs  of  about  260  species  and  grouped  in  ten  genera. 
They  are  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  but  a  few  extend  into  the  tropics  and 
the  southern  hemisphere. 

Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.  involute  in  the  bud  and  mostly  without  stipules.  Flowers  regu¬ 
lar,  perfect,  and  in  terminal  compound  cymes  ;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  with  5-toothed 
limb;  corolla  5-lobed  and  sometimes  2-lipped;  stamens  5.  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  exserted,  with  slender  free  filaments;  anthers  oblong,  introrse, 
2-celled.  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  ovary  inferior,  1-6-celled  with  short  style  and  3-5-lobed  capi¬ 
tate  stigma;  ovules  solitary,  anatropous  and  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a 
1-6-eelIed  drupe,  capsule  or  berry ;  seeds  with  membranous  coat,  minute  embryo  and  copious 
albumen. 

THE  NANNY-BERRIES,  ETC.  Genus  VIBURNUM  L. 

Shrubs  and  small  trees  with  tough  branches  of  nearly  100  species  widely  distributed  in 
north  temperate  regions  and  a  few  in  the  tropics.  Several  species  are  important  on  account 
of  their  ornamental  flowers  and  fruit.  About  75  are  natives  of  North  America,  all  shrubby 
except  three,  which  are  small  trees  of  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  deciduous,  generally  without  stipules  and  the  first  pair  rudimentary;  petioles 
broad;  buds  large  and  enveloped  with  a  single  pair  of  scales.  Flowers  white  or  rarely  pink, 
in  terminal  or  axillary  compound  cymes  with  minute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets,  the  outer 
flowers  sometimes  radiant  and  neutral;  calyx  with  tubinate  tube  and  stout  5-toothed  limb, 
persistent  in  the  fruit;  corolla  rotate  with  5  spreading  and  finally  reflexed  lobes;  ovary  1-celled, 
inferior,  with  short  conical  style.  3-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  an  oblong  or  sub- 
globose  and  sometimes  flattened  drupe  with  thin  sweet  or  acidulous  flesh  and  a  single  stone 
which  in  the  American  species  is  dark  brown,  coriaceous  and  much  flattened. 

The  name  is  ancient  Latin  name  of  one  of  the  European  species. 

For  species  see  pp.  //J2--R7. 


GLOSSARY 


Abortion.  Imperfect  or  non-development  of  a 
part. 

Aehene  or  akene.  A  dry,  hard,  1-celled  and 
1-seeded  indehiscent  fruit. 

Acuminate.  Tapering  to  a  rather  long  point. 

Acute.  With  a.  short  sharp  point. 

Adnate.  Closely  united  or  growing  to  (liter¬ 
ally  “  born  with  ”) . 

/Estivation.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of 
a  llower  in  the  bud. 

Albumen.  Nutritive  material  surrounding 
the  embryo  in  some  seeds. 

Albumenous.  Furnished  with  albumen. 

Alternate.  Not  opposite;  applied  to  leaves 
and  liowers. 

Ament.  A  spike  of  unisexual  flowers,  each 
subtended  %  a  bract;  a  catkin. 

Amphitropous.  Said  of  a  straight  ovule  or 
seed  when  half  inverted. 

Anatropous.  Said  of  straight  ovules  or  seeds 
when  inverted,  the  micropyle  being  near  the 
hilum. 

Androgynous.  Said  of  an  iniloresence  com¬ 
posed  of  both  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers. 

Angiospermous.  Having  seeds  borne  in  a 

closed  pericarp. 

Anther.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which  con¬ 
tains  the  pollen. 

Anthesis.  The  time  of  the  opening  of  a 
flower. 

Apetalous.  Without  petals  or  corolla. 

Apiculate.  With  a  short  pointed  tip. 

Arcuate.  Curved. 

Aril.  An  appendage  growing  about  the  hilum 
of  a  seed. 

Aristate.  Terminating  in  an  awn  or  bristle. 

Articulated.  Joined  by  a  more  or  less  easily 
separable  joint. 

Ascending.  Growing  upward. 

Auriculate.  Furnished  at  base  with  ear-like 
lobes. 

Attenuate.  Long- tapering. 

Awn.  A  bristle-like  appendage. 

Awned.  Furnished  with  awns. 

Axil.  The  upper  angle  between  the  leaf  and 
the  stem  or  branch  which  bears  it. 

Axillary.  Of  or  from  the  axil. 

Axile.  Situated  in  the  axil. 

Baccate.  Berry-like  with  fleshy  pulp. 

Berry.  A  fruit  with  wholly  pulpy  pericarp. 

Bifid.  2-eleft. 

Bipinnate.  Twice  pinnately  compound. 

Bract.  Altered  scale-like  leaf  of  an  infor- 
escence. 

Bractlet.  Diminutive  of  bract,  a  secondary 
bract. 


Bracteate.  Furnished  with  bracts. 

Braeteolate.  Furnished  with  bractlets. 

Caducous.  Falling  very  early  —  earlier  than 
deciduous. 

Calyx.  The  outer  of  the  two  series  of  floral 
envelopes. 

Calyx-tube.  The  tube  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  sepals. 

Gampanulate.  Bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous.  Said  of  an  ovule  or  seed 
which  is  curved,  so  that  the  micropyle  and 
hilum  are  near  together. 

Canescent.  Hoary  with  a  whitish  pubescence. 

Capitate.  Forming  a  head. 

Capsular.  Pertaining  to  a  capsule. 

Capsule.  A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  formed  from 
two  or  more  carpels. 

Carinate.  Having  a  keel-like  medial  ridge. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil  or  element  of  a  com¬ 
pound  pistil. 

Carpellary.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  carpel. 

Caruncle.  An  appendage  at  the  hilum  of  a 
seed. 

Catkin.  An  ament. 

Caudate.  With  a  tail-like  appendage. 

Chalaza.  The  point  of  attachment  of  an 
ovule  or  seed  with  its  coats. 

Chartaceous.  Having  a  paper-like  texture. 

Ciliate.  Fringed  with  small  hairs  on  margin 
like  miniature  eye-lashes. 

Ciliolate.  Minutely  ciliate. 

Cinereous.  Of  an  ash-gray  color. 

Circinate.  Coiled  from  the  top  down. 

Clavate.  Club-shaped. 

Cleistogamous.  Fertilized  in  the  bud. 

Claw.  The  narrow  stalk-like  base  of  petal, 
sepal,  etc. 

Cleft.  Cut  about  to  the  middle. 

Coccus,  (pi.  cocci)  One  of  the  portions  into 
which  a  lobed  fruit  with  1-seede'd  cells 
splits. 

Cochleate.  Spiral;  like  a  snail-shell. 

Columella.  The  persistent  axis  of  some  cap¬ 
sules,  etc. 

Coma.  The  hairs  at  the  end  of  some  seeds. 

Comose.  Furnished  with  a  coma. 

Compound.  Composed  of  two  or  more  similar 
parts. 

Compressed.  Flattened  laterally. 

Conduplicate.  Folded  together  lengthwise. 

Connate.  United  or  grown  together. 

Connective.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which 
connects  the  anther-cells. 

Connivent.  Coming  in  contact. 

Convolute.  Rolled  together  lengthwise. 

Cor  da  te.  Hea  r  t-sh  a  ped . 

Coriaceous.  Leather-like  in  texture. 


1459] 


460 


Glossary. 


Corolla.  The  inner  of  the  two  series  of  floral 
envelopes. 

Corymb.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  which  is 
flat-topped  and  the  sequence  of  flowering  is 
from  the  margin  inward,  and  the  outer 
pedicels  longest. 

Corymbose.  Arranged  in  corymbs. 

Cotyledon.  A  seed-leaf  or  rudimentary  leaf 
of  an  embryo. 

Crenate.  Scalloped. 

Crenulate.  Finely  crenate. 

Cuneate.  Wedge-shaped. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

Cyme.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  usually 
flattened  above  with  the  sequence  of  flower¬ 
ing  from  within  outward  and  the  outer 
pedicels  longest. 

C'ymose.  Bearing  cymes,  or  in  cymes. 

Deciduous.  Not  persistent;  falling  away. 

Decompound.  More  than  once  compound. 

Decumbent.  Reclining  but  with  ascending 
top. 

Decurrent.  Said  of  leaves  where  the  blade 
runs  down  on  the  petiole. 

Decussate.  Said  of  opposite  leaves  when  the 
successive  pairs  are  arranged  at  right 
angles  to  each  other. 

Deflexed.  Bent  abruptly  downward. 

Dehiscent.  Opening,  as  of  an  anther  or  cap¬ 
sule,  to  emit  contents. 

Deltoid.  Of  the  shape  of  the  capital  Greek 
letter  Delta. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  with  pointed  teeth  di¬ 
rected  outward. 

Denticulate.  Diminutive  of  dentate. 

Diadelphous.  Said  of  stamens  which  have 
hlaments  united  into  two  sets. 

Diandrous.  Having  two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.  Branching  regularly  in  pairs. 

Dicotyledonous.  Having  two  cotyledons. 

Didymous.  Twin,  i.  e.,  in  pairs. 

Didynamous.  Said  of  stamens  to  indicate 
two  pairs  of  unequal  length. 

Digitate.  Said  of  an  arrangement,  as  of 
leaflets,  suggestive  of  the  fingers  of  one’s 
hand. 

Dimorphous.  Of  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  With  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  on  different  plants. 

Discoid.  Resembling  or  pertaining  to  a  disk. 

Disk.  A  development  of  the  receptacle  of 
some  flowers  at  the  base  of  a  pistil. 

Dissepiment.  The  partition  of  an  ovary  or 
capsule. 

Distichous.  Arranged  in  two  vertical  ranks. 

Distinct.  Separate  from  each  other. 

Divaricate.  Widely  divergent. 

Dorsal.  Pertaining  to  the  back,  as  of  the 
outer  angle  of  a  carpel. 

Drupaceous.  Resembling  a  drupe. 

Drupe.  A  simple  indehiscent  fruit  with 
fleshy  exterior  (pericarp)  and  bony  usually 
1-seeded  interior  (endocarp)  ;  as  a  plum  or 
peach. 

Drupelet.  Diminutive  of  drupe. 

Duct.  An  elongated  cell  or  tube  found  in 
woody  stems. 

Echinate.  Covered  with  prickles. 


Eglandular.  Without  glands. 

Elliptical.  With  the  outline  of  an  ellipse. 

Emarginate.  Slightly  notched  at  apex. 

Embryo.  The  rudimentary  plant  while  in  the 
seed. 

Endocarp.  The  inner  portion  of  a  pericarp. 

Endogenous.  Said  of  the  stems  of  plants 
which  increase  in  thickness  by  a  growth 
within  —  not  external  layers. 

Entire.  Said  of  leaves,  etc.,  when  the  margin 
is  not  notched  or  toothed. 

Epicarp.  The  thin  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Epigynous.  Borne  upon  the  ovary. 

Epipetalous.  Borne  upon  the  petals. 

Epiphyte.  Said  of  plants  growing  upon  other 
plants  but  not  deriving  nourishment  from 
them. 

Equitant.  Astride.  Said  of  leaves  which  en¬ 
fold  each  other  in  two  ranks. 

Erose  or  Erroded.  Irregular,  as  though 
gnawed. 

Exalbumenous.  Without  albumen. 

Excurrent.  Extending  beyond  the  apex. 

Exfoliating.  Cleaving  off,  as  of  the  outer 
layers  of  bark. 

Exocarp.  The  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Exogenous.  Said  of  stems  which  increase  in 
thickness  by  the  growth  of  layers  outside 
of  the  wood  and  inside  of  the  bark. 

Exserted.  Projecting  beyond  the  surrounding 
organs. 

Exstipulate.  Without  stipules. 

Extrorse.  Said  of  anthers  which  open  out¬ 
ward. 

Falcate.  Scythe-shaped. 

Fascicle.  A  bundle  or  cluster. 

Fasciculate.  Arranged  in  fascicles. 

Farinose.  Covered  with  meal-like  powder. 

Feather-veined.  With  veins  projecting  from 
midrib  suggestive  of  a  feather. 

Fastigiate.  Said  of  branches  which  are  erect 
and  near  together. 

Ferruginous.  Rust-colored. 

Fertile.  Said  of  flowers  (or  the  branches 
which  bear  them)  producing  seeds  or  fruit. 

Fibro-vascular.  Containing  woody  fibres  and 
ducts. 

Filament.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  support¬ 
ing  the  anther;  a  thread-like  substance. 

Filamentous  or  Filamentose  or  Filiform. 
Thread-like  or  composed  of  threads. 

Fimbriate.  With  fringed  margin. 

Fistular  or  Fistulose.  Hollow  like  a  tube. 

Flabellate.  Fan-shaped. 

Flaccid.  Lax,  not  rigid. 

Fleshy.  Succulent,  juicy. 

Flexuose.  Zigzag  or  sinuous. 

Floccose.  Covered  with  soft  woolly  hair. 

Foliaceous.  Of  a  leaf-like  nature. 

Foliate.  Having  leaves. 

Foliolate.  Having  leaflets  (the  number 
usually  indicated  by  a  prefix). 

Follicle.  A  pod  dehiscent  along  the  ventral 
suture  only. 

Follicular.  Similar  to  a  follicle. 

Free.  Not  adnate  to  another  organ. 

Friable.  Breaking  easily. 

Frutescent  or  Fruticose.  Of  a  shrubby  nature. 


Glossary. 


461 


Fugacious.  Falling  away  very  early. 

Funicle  or  Funiculus.  The  stalk  of  an  avule 
or  seed. 

Fuscous.  Grayish  brown. 

Fusiform.  Spindle-shaped. 

Gamopetalous.  Having  petals  more  or  less 
united. 

Gibbous.  Swollen  or  extended  on  one  side. 

Glabrate.  Nearly  or  becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous.  Smooth — -without  hairs  or  rough¬ 
ness  of  any  kind. 

Gland.  Secreting  cell  or  group  of  cells  or  a 
protuberance  resembling  same. 

Glandular.  Supplied  with  glands. 

Glaucescent.  Becoming  or  nearly  glaucous. 

Glaucous.  Furnished  with  a  bluish  or 
whitish  bloom,  as  seen  on  the  cabbage  leaf. 

Globose.  Spherical  or  nearly  so. 

Gymnosperm.  ( ad  j.  Gymnospermous)  A 
plant  having  naked  ovules  or  seeds  not 
inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

Gynoecium.  The  pistil  or  pistils  collectively. 

Gvnophore.  The  stipe  or  stalk  of  a  pistil. 

Habit.  The  form  or  general  appearance  of  a 
plant. 

Habitat.  The  area  over  which  a  species  is 
found. 

Hastate.  Shaped  like  an  arrow-head  but  with 
lobes  directed  outward. 

Head.  A  dense  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly 
sessile  flowers. 

Heart-wood.  The  mature  and  usually  darker 
colored  central  portion  of  an  exogenous 
trunk. 

Hilum.  The  scar  or  place  of  attachment  of 
an  ovule  or  seed. 

Hirsute.  Covered  with  rather  coarse  stiff 
hairs. 

Hispid.  Covered  with  bristly  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary.  Covered  with  fine  grayish  pubescence. 

Hybrid.  A  cross  between  two  species. 

Hypogenous.  Growing  from  beneath  the 
ova  ry. 

Imbricated.  Overlapping  like  the  shingles  of 
a  roof. 

Imperfect.  Applied  to  flowers  indicates  that 
either  pistils  or  stamens  are  lacking. 

Incised.  Cut  into  rather  deeply. 

Included.  Said  of  stamens  which  do  not  pro¬ 
ject  beyond  the  perianth. 

Incomplete.  Applied  to  flowers  in  which  one 
or  more  of  the  four  sets  of  floral  organs  are 
wanting. 

Incumbent.  Lying  upon,  as  the  radical 
against  the  back  of  a  cotyledon. 

Indehiscent.  Not  opening  at  maturity. 

Induplicate.  With  edges  folded  inward. 

Inequilateral.  I  nequal-sided. 

Inferior.  Said  of  an  ovary  when  it  is  adnate 
to  the  calyx-tube. 

Inflorescence.  The  arrangement  of  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Innate.  Said  of  an  anther  when  it  is  seated, 
as  it  were,  on  the  end  of  a  filament. 

Internode.  The  portion  of  a  stem  between  the 
points  from  which  the  leaves  grow. 

Interpetiolar.  Between  the  petioles. 

Introrse.  Facing  inward. 


Involucrate.  Furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre.  A  whorl  of  bracts  subtending  a 
flower. 

Involute.  The  sides  rolled  inward. 

Irregular.  Said  of  flowers  in  which  similar 
parts  differ  in  size  or  form. 

Keel.  A  central  ridge;  also  the  united  an¬ 
terior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

Key.  A  dry  winged  indehiscent  fruit;  a 
samara. 

Laciniate.  Cut  into  long  irregular  teeth. 

Lamella.  A  thin  flat  scale  or  plate. 

Lamellate.  Composed  of  lamellae. 

Laminate.  Consisting  of  plates. 

Lanceolate.  Lance-shaped,  wide  below  and 
tapering  to  apex,  but  narrower  than  ovate. 

Leaflet.  One  of  the  small  blades  of  a  com¬ 
pound  leaf. 

Legume.  A  simple  dry  fruit,  composed  of  a 
single  carpel  and  dehiscent  usually  along 
both  sutures;  a  pod,  as  of  the  Pea. 

Leguminous.  Producing  legumes. 

Lenticel.  Small  lens-shaped  corky  growths 
seen  in  young  barks. 

Lenticular.  Lens-shaped. 

Lepidote.  Bearing  small  scurfy  scales. 

Ligulate.  Strap-shaped,  or  provided  with 
ligules,  descriptive  of  corollas,  etc. 

Limb.  The  expanded  part  of  a  petal  or 
sepal. 

Linear.  Descriptive  of  a  narrow  leaf  with 
margins  approximately  parallel,  as  a  blade 
of  grass. 

Lobe.  A  prominent  division  of  an  organ. 

Lobed.  Divided  with  rather  deep  sinuses. 

Loculieidal.  Said  of  capsules  which  open 
into  the  cell  along  the  dorsal  suture. 

Loment.  A  pod  constricted  between  the  seeds. 

Lyrate.  Lyre-shaped;  said  of  pinnatifid 
leaves  where  the  terminal  segment  is 
largest. 

Marcescent,  Withering  but  still  persisting. 

Medulla.  The  central  pith-column  of  exogen¬ 
ous  stems. 

Medullary-rays.  Lines  of  specialized  cells  of 
woods  radiating  from  the  pith-column  to 
the  bark. 

Micropyle.  The  orifice  of  an  ovule  or  the 
corresponding  point  of  a  seed. 

Midrib.  The  main  central  rib  of  a  leaf;  the 
mid-vein. 

Monadelphous.  Stamens  with  filaments 
united. 

Moniliform.  Resembling  a  string  of  beads. 

Monoeotyledonous.  With  a  single  cotyledon. 

Monoecious.  With  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 
same  plant  but  in  different  flowers. 

Monopetalous.  With  petals  united. 

Mucro.  A  small  abrupt  tip. 

Mucronate.  Furnished  with  a  mucro. 

Muricate.  Rough  with  short  rigid  points. 

Naturalized.  Said  of  introduced  plants  which 
are  reproducing  by  self-sown  seeds. 

Nectar.  A  sweet  secretion  in  flowers,  which 
becomes  honey  after  being  gathered  by  bees. 

Nectariferous.  Bearing  nectar. 

Nectary.  An  organ  secreting  nectar. 

Rerve.  A  simple  or  unbranched  vein. 


462 


Glossary. 


Node.  The  place  on  a  stem  where  the  leaves 
appear. 

Nodose.  Knotty. 

Nut.  A  hard  1-celled,  1-seeded  indehiscent 
fruit. 

Nutlet.  Diminutive  of  nut. 

Obconic.  Inversely  conical. 

Obcordate.  Inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate.  Inversely  lanceolate,  i.  e., 
broader  towards  the  apex. 

Oblique.  Slanting  or  with  unequal  sides. 

Oblong.  Longer  than  broad,  with  sides  ap¬ 
proximately  parallel. 

Obovate.  The  inverse  of  ovate,  i.  e.,  broader 
towards  the  apex. 

Obovoid.  The  inverse  of  ovoid. 

Obtuse.  Bluntly  pointed;  greater  than  right 
angle. 

Opposite.  Said  of  leaves  or  leallets  arranged 
in  pairs  on  opposite  sides. 

Orbicular.  Circular. 

Orthotropous.  Descriptive  of  a  straight 
erect  ovule  with  hilum  at  one  end  and 
micropyle  at  the  other. 

Oval.  Broadly  elliptical. 

Ovary.  The  ovule-bearing  portion  of  a  pistil. 

Ovate.  Applied  to  leaves,  etc.,  which  are  egg- 
shaped  in  outline,  broader  towards  base. 

Ovoid.  Egg-shaped,  applied  to  solids. 

Ovule.  The  embryonic  seed. 

Ovuliferous.  Bearing  ovules. 

Palmate.  Hand-shaped,  with  lobes  or  leaflets 
radiating  from  apex  of  petiole  like  fingers. 

Panicle.  A  compound  raceme. 

Paniculate.  Arranged  in  panicles. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-like,  descriptive  of 
flowers  of  the  Pea  family. 

Papillose.  Rough  with  minute  blunt  projec¬ 
tions. 

Parietal.  Pertaining  to  the  wall,  as  of  an 
ovary. 

Parted.  Divided  but  not  entirely  to  base. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid  with  narrow  close 
comb-like  teeth. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  single  flower  in  a 
flower-cluster. 

Pedicellate.  Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.  The  stalk  of  a  flower-cluster  or  of 
a  solitary  flower. 

Pedunculate.  Borne  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Shield-shaped.  A  flat  organ  at¬ 
tached  by  a  central  stem. 

Perennial.  Lasting  from  year  to  year. 

Perfect.  Said  of  flowers  which  have  both 
stamens  and  pistil. 

Perfoliate.  Said  of  leaves  through  which  the 
stems  seem  to  pass. 

Perianth.  The  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  flower 
collectively. 

Pericarp.  The  matured  wall  of  an  ovary. 

Perigynous.  Said  of  an  ovary  united  with 
the  perianth  a  portion  of  its  length. 

Persistent.  Remaining  long  attached  to  the 
organs  supporting  them;  as  leaves  attached 
over  winter,  or  calyx-lobes  after  the  flower¬ 
ing  season. 

Petal.  One  of  the  divisions  of  a  corolla. 

Petaloid.  Resembling  or  colored  like  a  petal. 


Petiolate.  Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.  The  stalk  or  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolulate.  Having  a  petioule. 

Petioule.  The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Phyllodium.  A  specialized  petiole  resembling 
or  performing  functions  of  a  leaf. 

Pilose.  Hairy  with  long  soft  hairs. 

Pinna,  (pi.  Pinnae)  One  of  the  first  divisions 
of  a  bipinnately  compound  leaf. 

Pinnate.  Said  of  compound  leaves  with  leaf¬ 
lets  arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  a  stem  — 
the  rachis. 

Pinnatifid.  Pinnately  c.eft  to  the  middle  or 
farther. 

Pinnule.  A  secondary  pinna. 

Pistil.  The  central  organ  of  a  perfect  flower 
in  which  the  seeds  are  produced. 

Pistillate.  Provided  with  a  pistil. 

Placenta.  The  portion  of  the  interior  of  an 
ovule  which  bears  the  ovules. 

Plicate.  Said  of  leaves  folded  or  plaited 
(like  a  fan)  in  the  bud. 

Plumule.  The  bud  or  terminal  of  an  embryo. 

Pollen.  The  fertilizing  grains  or  element  of 
the  stamen. 

Polliniferous.  Bearing  pollen. 

Polygamous.  Bearing  both  perfect  and  im¬ 
perfect  flowers. 

Polypetalous.  Having  separate  petals. 

Pome.  A  fleshy  fruit  resulting  from  the  de¬ 
velopment  of  an  ovary  and  an  adnate 
calyx-tube,  as  the  apple. 

Posterior.  Said  of  the  side  of  an  axillary 
flower  towards  the  axis. 

Prickle.  A  small  spine  growing  out  from  the 
bark. 

Procumbent.  Trailing  or  resting  on  the 
ground. 

Puberulent  or  Puberulous.  With  very  short 
fine  hairs. 

Pubescent.  Covered  with  short  soft  hairs, 
i.  e.,  pubescence. 

Pulvinate.  Cushion-shaped. 

Punctate.  Bearing  translucent  or  colored 
dots  or  pits. 

Punctulate.  Minutely  punctate. 

Putamen.  The  hard  part  of  a  stone-fruit;  a 
pit. 

Raceme.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  where  the 
flowers  are  arranged  with  pedicels  of  about 
equal  length  on  an  elongated  axis,  as  in  the 
currant. 

Racemose.  In  racemes. 

Rachis.  The  central  axis  of  a  compound  leaf 
or  of  a  spike  or  raceme  of  flowers 

Radial.  Said  of  a  longitudinal  section  of  a 
stem  when  on  the  radius. 

Radicle.  The  portion  of  an  embryo  below  the 
cotyledons. 

Ramification.  Branching. 

Ray.  A  branch  of  an  umbel;  also  the  mar¬ 
ginal  flowers  of  an  inflorescence  when  dis¬ 
tinct  from  the  inner  flowers. 

Receptacle.  The  portion  of  a  flower  bearing 
tne  sepals,  petals,  etc. 

Recurved.  Curved  backward. 

Reflexed.  Bent  abruptly  backward. 

I’eni  form.  Kidney-shaped. 


Glossary. 


463 


Repand.  With  slightly  wavy  margin. 

Reticulate.  Netted. 

Retrorse.  Turned  backward. 

Retuse.  With  very  shallow  notch  at  apex. 

Revolute.  Rolled  backward  from  the  sides. 

Raphe  (or  Rhaphe).  The  ridge  connecting 
the  hilum  and  chalaza  of  an  anatropous  or 
amphitropous  ovule. 

Ringent.  Said  of  the  gaping  mouth  of  a 
two- lipped  corolla. 

Rostrate.  With  a  beak-like  tip. 

Rotate.  Said  of  a  corolla  with  flat  round 
limb;  wheel-shaped. 

Rugose.  Wrinkled. 

Ruminate.  Said  of  an  albumen  which  looks 
as  if  it  had  been  chewed. 

Runcinate.  Incised  with  segments  directed 
backward. 

Sagittate.  Of  the  shape  of  an  arrow-head. 

Salver-shaped.  Said  of  a  corolla  with  slender 
tube  and  abruptly  expanded  flat  limb. 

Samara.  A  simple  dry  indehiscent  winged 
fruit. 

Scabrous.  Rough. 

Scarious.  Membranous,  thin  and  dry;  not 
green. 

Secund.  Said  of  a  raceme  where  flowers  are 
borne  on  one  side  of  the  rachis. 

Sepal.  One  of  the  divisions  of  a  calyx. 

Septicidal.  Said  of  a  capsule  opening  along 
the  partitions  between  the  cells. 

Serrate.  Having  saw-like  teeth  directed  for¬ 
ward. 

Serrulate.  Diminutive  of  serrate. 

Sessile.  Without  stalk. 

Setaceous.  Bristle-like. 

Setose.  Covered  with  bristles. 

Setulose.  Covered  with  minute  bristles. 

Simple.  Of  one  piece,  i.  e.,  not  compound. 

Sinuate.  With  markedly  wavy  margin. 

Sinus.  The  cleft  or  space  between  two  lobes. 

Spatulate.  Shaped  like  a  spatula;  abruptly 
wide  at  apex  and  narrow  below. 

Spicate.  Arranged  in  a  spike. 

Spike.  An  elongated  ilower-cluster  with 
sessile  or  nearly  sessile  flowers. 

Spine.  A  sharp  woody  outgrowth  from  a 
stem. 

Spinose.  Covered  with  spines. 

Spinule.  Diminutive  of  spine. 

Spinulose.  Covered  with  spinules. 

Stamen.  One  of  the  male  or  pollen-bearing 
organs  of  a  flower. 

Staminate.  Said  of  flowers  which  bear 
stamens  without  pistils. 

Staminodium.  A  sterile  stamen. 

Standard.  The  upper  dilated  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower. 

Stellate.  Star-shaped. 

Stigma.  The  portion  of  a  pistil  which  re¬ 
ceives  the  pollen  and  through  which  fertil¬ 
ization  is  effected. 

Stigmatic.  Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
stigma. 

Stipe.  The  stalk-like  support  of  some  pistils. 

Sterile.  Not  productive  of  spores  or  seeds. 

Stipel.  An  appendage  of  some  leaflets  cor¬ 
responding  with  the  stipules  of  a  leaf. 


Stipitate.  Having  a  stipe. 

Stipulate.  Having  stipules. 

Stipules.  Appendages  on  either  side  of  a  leaf 
at  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

Stolon.  A  runner  or  prostrate  branch  root¬ 
ing  at  the  nodes. 

Stoloniferous.  Bearing  stolons. 

Stoma.  (pi.  Stomata)  A  little  mouth  or 
breathing  pore  in  the  epidermis  (chiefly  of 
the  leaves)  through  which  transpiration 
occurs. 

Stomatiferous.  Bearing  stomata. 

Striated.  Striped  lengthwise. 

Strobile.  A  cone. 

Style.  The  part  of  a  pistil  connecting  the 
ovary  and  stigma. 

Sub-.  A  prefix  indicating  somewhat;  as  sub- 
cordate,  somewhat  cordate,  etc. 

Subulate.  Awl-shaped. 

Suffrutescent.  Somewhat  shrubby. 

Suffruticose.  Diminutively  shrubby. 

Silicate.  Furrowed  or  grooved. 

Superior.  Said  of  an  ovary  growing  above 
or  free  from  the  calyx. 

Symmetrical.  Said  of  a  flower  in  which  there 
is  the  same  number  of  parts  in  each  set  of 
organs. 

Syncarp.  A  fleshy  multiple  fruit. 

Tangential.  Said  of  a  wood  section  when 
made  lengthwise  of  the  grain  and  tangen¬ 
tial  to  the  rings  of  growth. 

Tegmen.  The  inner  lining  of  a  seed. 

Terete.  Columnar;  circular  in  cross-section. 

Ternate.  Arranged  in  threes. 

Testa.  The  outer  covering  of  a  seed. 

Thyrsoid.  Like  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.  A  campact  panicle ;  as  a  bunch  of 
grapes  or  lilac  flowers. 

Tomentose.  Densely  pubescent;  covered  with 
tomentum. 

Tomentulose.  Diminutive  of  tomentose. 

Tomentum.  Dense  matted  hairs. 

Torose.  Cylindrical  with  contractions  at  in¬ 
tervals. 

Torulose.  Diminutive  of  torose. 

Torus.  The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Tortuous.  Considerably  bent  or  twisted. 

Traehae.  The  ducts  or  canals  in  wood. 

Tracheids.  Wood  cells. 

Transverse.  Said  of  a  wood  section  when 
made  across  the  grain  or  axis  of  a  log. 

Tri-.  In  composition,  thrice  or  three. 

Triandrous.  Having  three  stamens. 

Trichotomous.  Three  forked. 

Trifoliate.  Having  three  leaflets. 

Truncate.  Ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off. 

Tuberculate.  Covered  with  rounded  projec¬ 
tions. 

Tumid  or  Turgid.  Swollen. 

Turbinate.  Top-shaped. 

Umbel.  A  form  of  flower  cluster  in  which 
the  pedicels  radiate  from  the  same  point, 
similar  to  the  rays  of  an  umbrella. 

Umbellate.  Borne  in  umbels. 

Umbellet.  A  secondary  umbel. 

Umbo.  A  projection  or  boss. 

1  mbonate.  Bearing  an  umbel. 

Undulate.  With  wavy  margin. 


464 


Glossary. 


Unguiculate.  Contracted  into  a  claw. 

Uni-.  In  composition,  one;  as  unisexual,  of 
one  sex,  etc. 

Urceolate.  Urn-shaped. 

Utricle.  A  bladder-like  organ;  a  small  1- 
seeded  fruit  with  a  bladder-like  pericarp. 

Valvate.  Said  of  sepals,  etc.,  which  are  in 
contact  along  their  margins  only  (not  over¬ 
lapping)  in  the  bud. 

Valve.  One  of  the  parts  into  which  a  capsule 
splits. 

Vascular.  Possessing  ducts  or  vessels. 

Vein.  One  of  the  branches  of  the  framework 
of  a  leaf. 

Veinlet.  A  branch  of  a  vein. 

\  enation.  The  arrangement  of  veins. 

Ventral.  Pertaining  to  the  anterior  or  inner 
face  of  an  organ;  opposed  to  dorsal. 


Ventricose.  Inflated  on  one  side. 

Vernation.  The  arrangement  of  leaves  in  the 
bud. 

Verrueose.  Covered  with  wart-like  eleva¬ 
tions. 

\  ersatile.  Said  of  an  anther  attached  at 
about  its  middle  and  swinging  freely. 

Verticil.  Same  as  whorl. 

Verticillate.  Arranged  in  a  whorl. 

Villous  or  Villose.  Covered  with  long  soft 
not  matted  hairs. 

Virgate.  Slender  or  wand-like. 

Viscid.  Sticky,  glutinous. 

Whorl.  An  arrangement  of  three  or  more 
leaves  or  branches  radiating  in  a  circle 
from  the  same  node. 

Wing.  A  thin  filmy  expansion. 


INDEX 


The  accepted  botanical  names  are  in  heavy-face  type,  synonyms  in  italics,  names  of 
families  and  more  comprehensive  groups  in  Roman  small  capitals  and  common  names  in 
lower-case.  _ 


Abele,  112. 

Abies,  421. 

balsamea,  34. 

Fraseri,  30. 
nigra,  27. 

Acer,  446. 

barbatum,  325. 

Carolinian um ,  335. 
dasycarpum,  333. 
Negundo,  336. 
nigrum,  326. 
Pennsylvanicum,  330. 
rubrum,  334. 
saccharinum  L.,  332. 
saccharinum  Wang.,  325. 
Saccharum,  324. 
spicatum,  328. 
Acerace.l:,  446. 

Adelia,  455. _ 

acuminata,  403. 
jEsculus,  447. 

Hava,  343. 
glabra,  340. 
Hippocastanum,  338. 
octandra,  342. 
Ailanthus,  444. 

glandulosus,  302. 
Ailanthus,  302. 

Alder,  Black,  130. 

European,  130. 

Sea-side,  128. 

Alnus,  429. 

glutinosa,  130. 
maritima,  128. 
Amelanchier,  439. 

alnifolia,  440. 
Botryapium ,  243. 
Canadensis,  242. 
obovalis,  440. 
Amygdala*  Persica.  441. 
Anacardiace.e,_444. 
Angelica-tree.  354. 
Angiosperm.e.  422. 
Anonace.e,  435. 

Apetal.e.  423. 

Apple,  438. 

Aquifoliace.t:,  445. 

Aralia,  450. 

spinosa.  354. 
Araliacea:,  449. 

Arbor-Vitte,  40. 

Ash,  Black,  384. 

Blue,  388. 

Biltmore,  392. 
Darlington,  455. 

Green,  394. 

Hoop,  384. 

Prickly.  298. 

Pumpkin,  398. 

Red,  396. 

Water.  386. 

Asimina.  435. 

triloba,  216. 

Asp,  Quaking,  108. 

Aspen,  110. 


Balm  of  Gilead,  102. 
Balsam.  34. 

He,  37. 

She,  37. 

Basswood,  350. 

Michaux,  449. 

White,  449. 

Batodendron  arboreum.  375. 
Bay  berry,  70. 

Bay,  Loblolly,  352. 

Red,  220. 

Rose,  368. 

Swamp,  218. 

Sweet,  212. 

Beech,  132. 

Blue.  114. 

Water,  114. 

Beech  Family,  429. 

Betula,  428. 

ccerulea,  428. 
lenta,  124. 
lutea,  126. 
nigra,  122. 
papyracea,  121. 
papyrifera,  120. 
populifolia,  118. 
Betulace.e,  427. 
Bignoniaceje,  456. 

Bilsted.  226. 

Birch,  Black.  124. 

Blue,  428. 

Canoe,  120. 

Cherry,  124. 

Gray,  118.  126. 
Old-field.  118. 

Paper,  120. 

Red,  122. 

River.  122. 

Sweet,  124. 

Water,  122. 

White,  118. 

Yellow,  126. 

Birch  Family.  427. 
Bleeding-heart  Tree,  323. 
Bois  d’Arc,  203. 

Bow-wood,  203. 

Box-elder,  336. 
Broussonetia,  433. 

papyrifera.  200. 
Buckeye.  Fetid,  340. 

Ohio.  340. 

Sweet.  342. 

Yellow.  342. 
Buckthorn,  376. 

Alder.  448. 

Common,  346. 
Purging.  346. 

Yellow,  348. 
Buckthorn  Family,  448. 
Bumelia,  453. 

lanuginosa,  376. 
Woolly,  376. 
Burning-hush.  322. 
Butternut.  50. 

Button-ball  Tree.  228. 

[4651 


466 


Index. 


Button  Willow,  408. 

Buttonwood.  228. 

Calico-bush,  470. 

Candleberry,  70. 

Caprifoliace.e,  457. 

Carpinus,  427. 

Caroliniana,  114. 

Carya  alba,  59. 
a  mar  a,  53 
aquatica,  55. 
microcarpa,  67. 
olivceformis,  57. 

/; or cina,  65. 
sulcata,  61. 
tomentosa,  63. 

Cassena,  314. 

Castanea,  430. 

dentata,  134. 
puniila,  136. 
vesca  var.  Americana,  135. 
Catalpa,  456. 

bignonioides,  405. 
Catalpa,  404. 

Common,  404. 

Hardy,  406. 
speciosa,  406. 

Western,  406. 
Catawba-tree,  406. 

Cedar,  Coast  White,  42. 

Red,  44. 

White,  40. 

C'elastrace.e,  446. 

Celtis,  432. 

canina,  193. 
crassifolia,  193. 
Mississippiensis,  194. 
occidentalis,  192. 
Cephalanthus,  456. 

occidentalis,  408. 
Cercis,  441. 

Canadensis,  284. 
Chamsecyparis,  422. 
sphceroidea,  43. 
thyoides,  42. 

Cherry,  Bird,  266. 

Choke,  280. 

Indian,  348. 

Mahaleb,  278. 

Mazzard,  262. 

Perfumed,  278. 

Pigeon,  266. 

Pin,  266. 

St.  Lucie,  278. 

Sour,  264. 

Sweet.  262. 

Wild  Black,  282. 

Wild  Red,  266. 

Chestnut.  134. 

Horse,  338. 

Chinquapin,  136. 

Chionantlins,  455. 

Virginica,  400. 
Cliittim-wood,  304. 

Cladrastis,  442. 

lutea.  292. 

Coffee-tree,  286. 

CONIFER.E,  418. 

CORNACE.’E,  450. 

Cornus,  450. 

alternif olia,  358. 
asperif olia,  360. 
florida,  356. 

Cork-wood,  72. 

Cork-wood  Family,  425. 

Cotinus,  445. 

Aniericanus,  304. 
cotinoides,  305. 


Cottonwood,  94. 

Lance-leaf,  98. 

Narrow-leaf,  100. 

Crab,  Fragrant,  230. 

Narrow-leaf,  232. 

Prairie,  234. 

Siberian,  439. 

Soulard,  236. 

Crataegus,  440. 

cordata,  254. 

Crus-galli,  244. 
Ellwangeriana,  250. 
Holmesiana,  252. 
macracantha,  258. 
Oxyacantha,  260. 
punctata,  246. 
tomentosa,  256. 
viridis,  248. 
Cucumber-tree,  204,  206. 

Ear-leaf,  210. 

Long-leaf,  210. 

Cupressus  thyoides,  43. 
Custard-Apple  Family,  435. 
Cypress,  Bald,  38. 

Dahoon,  314. 

Diosperus,  453. 

Virginiana,  378. 
Dogwood,  Alternate-leaf,  358. 
Blue-fruited,  358. 
Flowering,  356. 

Rough-leaf,  360. 

Dogwood  Family,  450. 
Dycotyledons,  423. 

Ebenace.e,  453. 

Ebony  Family,  453. 

Egriot,  264. 

Elder,  Box,  336. 

Elm,  Cork,  184. 

Red,  188. 

Rock,  184. 

Slippery,  188. 

Water,  182,  190. 

White,  182. 

Winged,  186. 

Elm  Family,  432. 

Ericace.e.  451. 

Euonymus,  446. 

atropurpureus,  322. 
Fagus,  429. 

Americana,  132. 
atropunicea,  133. 
fcrruginea,  133. 

Fagace.e,  429. 

Fagara  Clava-Herculis,  299. 
Farkleberry,  374. 

Figwort  Family,  457. 

Fir,  Balsam.  34. 

Fraser,  36. 

Forestiera,  402. 

acuminata,  402. 
Fraxinus,  454. 

Americana,  390. 
Biltinoreana,  392. 
Caroliniana,  386. 
Darlingtonii,  455. 
lanceolata,  394. 
nigra,  384. 
Pennsylvanica,  396. 

var.  lanceolata,  395. 
plalycarpa,  387. 
profunda.  398. 
pubescens,  397. 
quadranaulata,  388. 
sa  m  bucifoli a .  385. 
viridis.  395. 

Fringe-tree,  400. 

Gamopetal.e.  451. 


Index. 


467 


Ginseng  Family,  449. 
Gleditsia,  442. 

aquatica,  290. 
monosperma,  291. 
triacanthos,  288. 
Gopher-wood.  292. 

Gordonia,  449. 

Lasianthus,  352. 
Grandfather  Gray-beard,  401. 
Gum,  California  Red,  227. 
Cotton.  306. 

Red,  226. 

.Sour,  362. 

Southern,  364. 

Sweet,  226. 

Tupelo,  366. 

Water,  364. 
Gum-Elastic.  376. 
Gymnocladus,  442. 

dioicus,  286. 
Gymnosperm^e,  418. 
Hackberry,  192. 

Mississippi,  194. 
Halcsia  tetraptera,  383. 
Hamamelis,  437. 

Virginiana,  224. 

H A M A M  ELI DAC E.E ,  436. 

Haw,  Black,  412. 

Ellwanger,  250. 

Green,  248. 

Holmes.  252. 

Pear,  256. 

Sweet,  412. 

Washington,  254. 
Hawthorn,  English,  260. 
Heath  Family,  451. 

Hemlock.  30. 

Carolina,  32. 
Henderson-wood.  315. 

Hercules  Club,  354. 

Hicoria,  423. 

alba,  62. 
aquatica,  54. 
borealis,  424. 
glabra,  04. 

var.  oclorata,  67. 
laciniosa,  60. 
mierocarpa,  66. 
minima,  52. 
ovata,  58. 
pallida,  69. 

Pecan,  56. 
villosa,  68. 

Hickory.  Rig  Shell-bark,  60. 
Bitter-nut,  52. 
Moker-nut,  62. 

Northern,  424. 

Pale-leaf.  68. 

Pig-nut,  64. 

Shag-bark,  58. 
Small-fruited,  66. 

Water,  54. 

IIlPPOCASTANACE.E.  447. 

Holly,  American.  312. 
Deciduous,  318. 
Barge-leaf,  3°0. 
Mountain,  320. 

Swamp,  318. 

Holly  Family.  445. 
Honeysuckle  Family,  457. 
ITop-Ilornhenm,  428. 

Hop-tree,  300. 

Hornbeam,  114. 

Hop,  116. 

Horse-Chestnut,  338. 
Horse-Chestnut  Family,  447. 
Horse-Sugar,  380. 


Huckleberry,  Tree,  374. 
Ilex,  445. 

Cassine  L.,  314. 
Cassine  Walt.,  317. 
Dahoon  Walt.,  315. 
decidua,  318. 
monticola,  320. 
opaca,  312. 
vomitoria,  316. 
Ilicace.e,  445. 

Iron-wood,  114,  116. 
Judas-tree,  284. 

Juglans,  423. 

cinerea,  50. 
nigra,  48. 
JUGLANDACE.E,  423. 
Juneberry,  242. 

Juniper,  46. 

Juniperus,  442. 

communis,  46. 
Virginiana,  44. 
Kalmia,  451. 

latifolia,  370. 
King-nut,  60. 

Larix,  420. 

Americana,  20. 
laricina,  21. 

Laurel  Family,  435. 
Laurel.  Great,  368. 

Mountain,  370. 
Laurace.e,  435. 
Leguminos.e,  441. 
Leitneria,  425. 
Floridana,  72. 
Leitneriaceae,  425. 
Linden  Family,  448. 
Liquidambar,  437. 

Styraciflua,  226. 
Liriodendron,  435. 

Tulipifera,  214. 
Loblolly  Bay,  449. 

Locust,  294. 

Clammy.  296. 

Honey,  288. 

Water,  290. 

Yellow,  294. 

Maehtra  aurantiaca,  203. 
Madder  Family.  456. 
Magnolia,  434. 

acuminata,  204. 
Fraser,  210. 
Fraseri,  210. 
glauca,  212. 
Large-leaf,  206. 
macropliylla,  206. 
Mountain,  204. 
tripetata,  208. 
umbrella ,  209. 
Magnoliace.e.  434. 
Magnolia  Family.  434. 
Malus  angustifolia,  233. 
coronaria.  231. 
Icensis,  235. 

Malus,  438. 
Soulardi,  237. 
Maple,  Ash-leaved.  336. 
Bird’s-eye.  325. 
Black.  326. 

Blister,  325. 

Curly.  325. 

Hard,  324. 

Mountain.  328. 

Red,  334. 

Rock.  324. 

Scarlet,  334. 

Silver.  332. 
Silver-leaf,  332. 


468 


Index. 


Maple,  Soft.  334. 

Striped,  330. 

Sugar,  324. 

White,  332% 

Maple  Family,  446. 

May,  260. 

Moose-wood,  331. 

Morace.e,  433. 
Mohrodeniiron,  4.j4. 

Carolinuin,  382. 
Morus,  433. 

alba,  196. 
rubra,  198. 

Mountain-Ash.  American.  238. 
Large-fruited,  240. 
Small-fruited,  238. 
Mulberry,  Paper,  200. 

Red,  198. 

White,  196. 

Mulberry  Family,  433. 
Myrica,  424. 

cerifera,  70. 
Myricace.e,  424. 

Myrtle.  Wax,  70. 

Nannyberry,  Northern,  416. 
Rusty,  414. 

Southern,  414. 

Negundo  aceroides,  337. 
Nyssa,  450. 

aquatica,  365. 
aquatica,  366. 
biflora,  364. 
multiflora,  363. 
sylvatica,  362. 
uniflora,  367. 

Oak,  Barren,  431. 

Basket.  174. 

Bear,  431. 

Black,  148. 

Black  Jack,  154. 

Burr.  168. 

Chestnut,  176,  178. 
Chinquapin,  178. 

Cow,  174. 

Duck,  156. 

Gray,  431. 

Hill’s.  144. 

Laurel,  160. 

Live,  180. 

Mossy-cup,  168. 
Northern  Pin.  144. 
Over-cup,  170. 

Pin,  142. 

Possum.  156. 

Post,  166. 

Quercitron,  148. 

Red.  138. 

Rock,  176. 

Scarlet,  146. 

Schneck’s,  140. 

Scrub,  431. 

Scrub  Chestnut,  431. 
Shingle,  162. 

Southern  Red,  140. 
Spanish,  150. 

Swamp.  142. 

Swamp  Spanish.  152. 
Swamp  White,  172. 
Water,  156. 

White,  164. 

Willow,  158. 

Yellow,  148,  178. 
Oil-Nut,  50. 

Old  Man’s  Beard  Tree,  401. 
Ol.EACE/E.  454. 

Orange.  Osage,  202. 

Olive  Family,  454. 


Osier,  Golden,  88. 

Ostrya,  428. 

Virginiana,  116. 
Osydendrum,  452. 

arboreum,  372. 

Papaw,  216. 

Paulownia,  410,  457. 
imperialis,  411. 
tomentosa,  410. 

Peach,  441 
Pea  Family,  441. 

Pear,  438. 

Pecan,  56. 

Pepperideg,  362. 

Persea,  436. 

Borbonia,  220. 

Carolincnsis,  221. 

Carolinensis  var.  palustris,  219. 
pubescens,  218. 

Persimmon,  378. 

Picea,  420. 

alba.  25. 
brevifolia,  29. 

Canadensis,  24. 

Mariana,  28. 

Parryana,  22. 
pungens,  23. 
rubens,  26. 
rubra,  27. 

Pine,  Gray,  12. 

Jack.  12. 

Jersey,  16. 

Loblolly,  6. 

Long-leaf,  419. 

North  Carolina,  14. 

Northern  Scrub,  12. 

Norway,  10. 

Old-field,  6. 
ritch,  8. 

Pond,  419. 

Rock,  4. 

Rocky  Mountain  Yellow,  4. 
Rosemary,  6. 

Scrub.  16. 

Short-leaf,  14. 

Table-Mountain,  18. 

White,  2. 

Yellow,  14. 

Pine  Family,  418. 

Pinus,  419. 

Banksiana,  13. 
divaricata,  12. 
echinata,  14. 
inops,  17. 
mitis,  15. 
palustris,  419. 

Ponderosa  scopulorum,  4. 

pungens,  18. 

resinosa,  10. 

rigida,  8. 

scopulorum,  5. 

serotina,  419. 

Strobus,  2. 

Taeda,  6. 

Virginiana,  16. 

Planera.  432. 

aquatica,  190. 

Planer-tree.  190. 

Plane-Tree  Family,  437. 

Pt.atanaceje.  437. 

Platanus,  437. 

occidentalis.  228. 

Plum,  American.  270. 

Canada,  268. 

Chicasaw.  274. 

Porter’s.  276. 

Pol.YPETAL.-E,  434. 


Index. 


469 


Poplar.  Balsam,  104. 

Carolina,  94. 

Large-tooth,  110. 
Lombardy,  96. 

Necklace,  94. 

Silver-leaf,  112. 

Swamp,  106. 

Trembling,  108. 

White,  112. 

•Yellow,  214. 

Popple,  108. 

Populus,  426. 

acuminata,  98. 
alba,  112. 
angustifolia,  100. 
balsamifera,  104. 

var.  candicans,  103. 
candicans,  102. 
deltoides,  94. 

occidentalis,  95. 
dilatata,  97. 
grandidentata,  110. 
heterophylla,  106. 
monilifera,  95. 
nigra,  427. 

Italica,  96. 
tremuloides,  108. 
Prickly-Ash,  298. 

Princess-tree,  410. 

Privet,  Swamp,  402. 

Prunus,  440. 

Alleghaniensis,  276. 
Americana,  270. 
angustif olia,  274. 
Avium,  262. 

Cerasus,  264. 

Chicasa,  275. 

Mahaleb,  278. 
nigra,  268. 
Pennsylvanica,  266. 
Persica,  441. 
serotina,  282. 
Virginiana,  280. 

Ptelea,  444. 

trifoliata,  300. 

Pulse  Family,  441. 

Pyrus,  438. 

Americana,  230. 
angustifolia,  232. 
communis,  438. 
coronaria,  230. 

Ioensis,  234. 

Malus,  438. 
prunifolia,  430. 
sambucifolia,  241. 
Soulardi,  236. 

Quassia  Family,  444. 

Quercus,  430. 

acuminata,  178. 
alba,  164. 
ambigua,  431. 
aguatica  Walt.,  157. 
bicolor.  173. 
borealis,  431. 

Brittoni,  431. 
coccinea,  146. 
digitata.  150. 
ellipsoidalis,  144. 
falcata,  151. 
heterophylla,  431. 

Hid  folia,  431. 
imbricaria,  162. 
laurifolia.  160. 
leana,  431. 
lyrata,  170. 
inacrocarpa,  16T 
Marilandica,  154. 


Quercus,  Michauxii,  174. 
minor,  166. 

Muhlenbergii,  179. 
nana,  431. 
nigra  L.,  156. 
nigra  Wang.,  155. 
obtusiloba,  167. 
pagodsefolia,  152. 
palustris,  142. 

Phellos,  158. 
platanoides,  172. 
prinoides,  431. 

Prinus,  176. 
pumila,  431. 
rubra,  138. 

Rudkini,  431. 

Schneckii,  141. 
stellata,  167. 

Texana,  140. 
tinctoria,  149. 
tridentata,  431. 
velutina,  148. 
virens,  181. 

Virginiana,  180. 

Red-bud,  284. 

Rhamnace-e.  448. 

Rhamnus,  448. 

Caroliniana,  348. 
cathartica,  346. 
Frangula,  448. 
Rhododendron,  451. 

maximum,  368. 

Rhus,  445. 

copallina,  308. 
cotinoides,  305. 
hirta,  306. 
typhina,  307. 
venenata,  311. 
vernix,  310. 

Robinia,  443. 

Pseudacacia,  204. 
viscosa,  296. 

Roseace.e.  438. 

Rose  Family,  438. 

Rubiace.e,  456. 

Rue  Family.  443. 

Rutace.e.  443. 

Salicace.e,  425. 

Salix,  425. 

alba,  426. 

var.  vitellina,  89. 
ainydaloides,  74. 
Babylonica,  86. 

var.  aurea,  87. 
var.  annularis,  87. 
var.  dolorosa,  87. 
balsamifera,  426. 
Bebbiana,  426. 
cordata,  var.  vestita,  91 
discolor,  92. 
fluviatilis,  84. 
fragilis,  82. 
longifolia,  85. 
longipes,  76. 
lucida,  80. 
Missouriensis,  00. 
nigra,  78. 
occidentalis,  77. 

Wardi,  77. 
vitellina.  88. 

Sapindace.e.  447. 

Sapindus,  447. 

Drummond!.  344. 
Sapodilla  Familv,  452. 
Sapotaceae,  452. 

Sapotace.e.  452. 

Sassafras,  222. 


470 


Sassafras,  436. 

officinale,  223. 
sassafras,  222. 
Sassafras,  222. 
SCOPIIULARIACEiE,  457. 
Service-berry,  242. 

Long-leaf,  440. 

Swamp,  440. 

Western,  440. 
Shad-blow,  242. 

Shad-bush,  242. 

Sheep-berry,  412. 

Northern,  416. 
Silver-bell  Tree,  382,  454. 
SlMARUBACEJE,  444. 

Sloe,  Alleghany,  276. 
Smoke-tree,  American,  304. 
Snow-drop  Tree,  3S2. 
Soapberry  Family,  447. 
Soapberry.  Western,  344. 
Sorbus,  430. 

Americana,  238. 

var.  decora ,  241. 
sambucifolia.  240. 
scopulina,  240. 
Sorrel-tree,  372. 

Sour-wood,  372. 

Sparkleberry,  374. 

Spruce,  Black.  28. 

Blue,  22. 

Red,  26. 

Silver,  22. 

Swamp,  28. 

White,  24. 

Staff-tree  Family,  446. 
Stag-bush,  412. 

Storax  Family,  454. 
Stump-tree,  287. 

Styrace.e,  454. 

Sugarberry,  192,  194. 

Sumach,  Dwarf.  308. 

Poison,  310. 

Stag-horn,  306. 

Sumach  Family,  444. 
Sunflower  Tree,  401. 
Sweet-berry,  417. 

Sweet  Gale  Family,  424. 
Sweet-leaf,  380. 

Sweet-leaf  Family,  453. 
Sycamore,  228. 

Symplocace/E,  453. 
Symplocos,  454. 

tinctoria,  380. 
Tamarack,  20. 

Taxodium,  421. 

disticbum,  38. 

Tea  Family,  449. 

Theace.e,  449. 

Thorn,  Cock-spur,  244. 

Dotted,  246. 

Long-spine,  258. 
Newcastle,  244. 

Pear,  256. 

Scarlet,  252. 

Thuya,  421. 

occidentalis,  40. 
Tilia,  448. 

Americana.  350. 
heterophylla,  449. 
Michauxii,  449. 


Index. 


Tiliace.e,  448. 

Toxylon,  434. 

pomiferum,  202. 
Tooth-ache  Tree,  298. 
Tree-of-Heaven,  302. 
Trumpet-Creeper  Family,  456. 
Tsuga,  420. 

Canadensis,  30. 
Caroliniana,  32. 
Tupelo,  362. 

Large,  366. 

Tulip  Tree,  214. 

U  lmace/E,  432. 

Ulmus,  432. 

alata,  186. 
Americana,  182. 
fulva,  189. 
pubescens,  1S8. 
racemosa,  185. 
Thomasi,  184. 
Umbrella-tree,  206,  208. 
Vaccinium,  452. 

arboreum,  374. 
Viburnum,  457. 

Lentago,  416. 
prunifolium,  412. 
refotomentosum,  415. 
rufidulum,  414. 
Virgilia,  392. 

Wafer-Ash.  300. 

Wahoo,  322. 

Walnut.  Black,  48. 

Satin,  227. 

White,  50. 

Walnut  Family,  423. 
Waythorn,  European,  346. 
White-wood,  214. 
Wild-Raisin-Tree,  417. 

Willow.  Almond-leaf,  74. 
Balsam,  426. 

Bebb,  426. 

Black.  78. 

Brittle,  82. 

Glaucous,  92, 
Glossy-leaf,  80. 
Long-leaf,  84. 
Long-stalk.  76. 

Missouri,  90. 

Napoleon’s,  86. 

Peach,  74. 

Pussy,  93. 

Ring,  86. 

Sand-bar,  84. 

Shining,  80. 

Ward,  76. 

Weeping.  86. 

White.  426. 

Yellow.  88. 

Willow  Family,  425. 
Witch-Hazel,  224. 

Witch  Hazel  Family,  436. 
Xanthoxylum,  443. 

Clava-Herculis,  298. 
Yaupon,  316. 

Yellow-wood,  292. 


ERRATA. 

Since  going  to  press  the  following  errors  have  been 
observed  which  were  overlooked  in  proof-reading: 

Page  23,  1.  4.  “Washington”  should  be  “Utah.” 

Page  25,  foot  note.  “ Pica  ”  should  be  “ Picea .” 

Page  151.  Map  should  show  distribution  to  include  lower 
slopes  of  the  Alleghanies. 

Page  156,  last  line.  “  Biltmore,  N.  C.”  should  be  “south¬ 
western  Arkansas.” 

Page  185.  Map  should  show  distribution  to  include  southern 
and  central  Wisconsin. 

Page  366,  1.  2.  Instead  of  “  sylvaUca"  read  “  aquatica.” 

Page  378,  1.  1,  and  p.  453.  Generic  name  should  be  Dioxpyrox. 


ROMEYN  13.  HOUGH. 

AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER, 

LOWVILLE,  N.  Y. 


AMERICAN  WOODS  is  a  publication  on  the  trees  of  the  United  States,  more  particularly 
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J.  F.  Rotlirock,  State  Forester  of  Penn. 

“Allow  me  to  express  my  great  pleasure  and  surprise 
at  the  ingenious  device.” 

Rev.  John  H.  Vincent,  President  of  Chau¬ 
tauqua  Assembly. 


“Should  be  in  every  cabinet  of  natural  history.” 

o  W\  Bussell,  Master  of  High  School. 
Providence,  R.  I. 

“Each  part  seems  more  beautiful  than  the  last.” 

J.  E.  Horton,  White  Plains, 

“  The  teacher  could  scarcely  have  a  more  useful  wort 
of  reference.” 

^  Jackman,  Pres.  Committee  ot  Sixty, 
Chicago.  J 1 


“It  ought  to  be  introduced  in  every 

Prof.  L.  M.  Underwood,  Col 
slty. 


public  school.” 

umbia  Unlver- 


“  It  is  gotten  up  in  an  artistic  manner  and  will  prove  of 
great  value.” 

A.  B.  Poland,  N.  J.  State  Supt.  Pub. 

Instruction. 

“Each  fresh  issue  of  your  wonderful  sections  of  Amer¬ 
ican  Woods  seems  more  perfect  ar.d  exquisite  than  the 
last,  and  we  would  not  do  without  them  for  twice  their 
cost.  My  teacher  of  Botany  makes  constant  use  of  them, 
to  the  great  delight  and  advantage  of  her  two  hundred 
pupils.  The  perfection  of  the  individual  sections  is  only 
equaled  by  the  ingenuity  of  their  mounting,  and  we  find 
less  injury  by  much  handling  than  occurs  to  most  illustra¬ 
tive  specimens  in  any  department  of  science.  I  very  much 
hope  that  you  will  find  encouragement  to  go  on,  and  I 
renew  my  long-standing  order  for  every  fascicle  you 
issue. 

E.  H.  Russell,  Prin.  State  Normal  School, 

Worcester,  Mass. 

“We  can  not  too  highly  commend  the  educational  value 
of  this  choice  series.” 

Education,  Boston,  Mass. 

“  One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  unique  works  we  have 
examined.” 


Popular  Educator,  Boston,  Mass. 

Valuable  .  .  .  can  not  fail  to  be  of  the  greatest 
practical  assistance.”  Review  of  Reviews. 


me  idi i lci  11  snues  nave  Deen  received,  and  they  are 
equally  handsome  with  many  other  things  you  have  pre¬ 
pared.”  r 


W.  P.  Wilson,  Director  Philadelphia  Com¬ 
mercial  Museum. 


A-  con.cisely  stated  and  illustrated  descriptive 

text.  .  The  specimens,  as  things  of  beauty,  are  greatly  to 
be  prized  .  .  .  and  give  the  clearest  possible  insight. 

The  work  is  valuable  and  unique.” 

The  Boston  Globe. 
“In  connection  with  the  beauti¬ 
ful  and  skilfully  prepared  sections 
.  .  .  the  descriptive  part  is  es¬ 
pecially  valuable  and  will  prove  of 
great  assistance  to  those  who  have 
not  studied  botany  in  determining 
each  species  of  tree.” 

Industrial  American. 

“Every  high  school  and  college 
should  be  provided  with  a  set.  The 
author  goes  into  the  forest  of  the 
land  and  brings  every  variety  of 
the  woods  to  you  in  the  most  con¬ 
venient  and  presentable  form  and 
then  tells  you  all  about  them.  The 
student  is  given  an  extraordinary 
opportunity.” 

School  Board  Journal. 


“  A  many-sided  treat  is  in  store  for  everybody  who  has 
not  seen  the  arrangement  of  American  IFootis.  Every 
teacher  should  see  these  to  bring  a  fresh  interest  and 
stimulant  to  children.  You  will  feel  a  new  thrill  of  pride 
in  your  native  trees.”  Primary  Education. 

“Impossible  to  commend  too  highly.  No  better  addi¬ 
tion  to  a  school  library  can  be  made.” 

C.  W.  Bardeen  in  The  School  Bulletin. 

"Every  school  in  the  country,  from  the  primary  to  the 
college  should  own  this  work.”  Art  Education. 

“  Of  greatest  value  in  the  school-room  as  well  as  tor 
the  home.”  The  School  Journal. 

“  Impossible  to  commend  it  too  highly.  About  it  there 
is  nothing  to  criticise.” 

Wm.  T.  Hornaday,  in  Recreation. 


FURTHER  EVIDENCE  OF  MERIT. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  schools  and  colleges  at 
which  AMERICAN  WOODS  and  our  other  preparations 
have  been  shown  have  patronized  us. 

The  same  is  true  of  public  and  private  libraries. 

As  soon  as  Part  I,  AMERICAN  WOODS,  appeared  it 
was  ordered  by  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Pub¬ 
lic  Instruction  for  all  of  the  Normal  Schools  of  the  State. 

The  Regents  and  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction 
of  the  State  of  New  York  approve  AMERICAN  WOODS 
and  will  “duplicate”  on  its  purchase  by  the  schools  and 
public  libraries  of  the  State. 

AMERICAN  WOODS  has  been  placed  on  the  supply- 
lists  for  the  schools  of  New  York,  Boston  and  every  other 
city  where  it  has  been  shown. 


Sterbopticob  Preparations  of  Woods, 

By  Romevn  B,  Hough  B.A.  Lowville,  N .  Y . 


.-.-.:  s  i.  ^StSgmPSBOK  p-kli-k 

■£•  ■  . -*®c  8>.r»~v— ^  ■-&**&&&* 

?  ••••?*  ? 

.♦uawMfiWf  <*  rrr»w»£S£rl'2M‘«  • 


PREPARATIONS  OF  WOODS  FOR  STEREOPTICON.  These  are  transverse  sections, 
from  1-400  to  1-600  in.  thick,  mounted  between  glass  of  standard  stereopticon  slide  form’ 
3  1-4x4  in.  in  size,  the  section  covering  a  circular  area  generally  2  3-4  in.  in  diameter.  They 

enable  a  display  of  wood  struc¬ 
tures  to  an  audience  in  a  most 
satisfactory  manner,  projected 
from  nature  itself.  No  one 
who  uses  the  stereopticon 
should  fail  to  try  these  valu¬ 
able  mounts.  We  have  a  large 
series. 

Price:  50  cts.  each;  40  cts. 
each  in  quantities  of  twenty- 
five  or  more;  sample  25  cts. 

PREPARATIONS  OF 
WOODS  FOR  MICROSCOPE. 

These  are  transverse,  radial 
and  tangential  sections,  mostly 
1-1200  in.  thick,  stained  with 
methyl-green  and  mounted  in 
Canada  balsam.  Of  these  we 
have  also  a  large  series,  the 
value  of  which  is  appreciated 
by  those  who  have  micro¬ 
scopes  and  are  prepared  to 
look  into  the  wonderful  mi¬ 
nute  structure  of  woods.  It 
is  the  possession  of  our  large 
stock  of  these  mounts  that  has 
enabled  us  to  include  in  the 
plan  of  the  HANDBOOK  the 
photo-micrographs  of  wood- 
structures. 

Price:  50  cts.  each;  40  cts. 
each  in  quantities  of  twenty- 
five  or  more;  sample  25  cts. 

VIEWS  OF  ISOLATED 
TREES  showing  habits  of 
growth.  Our  field  work  gives 
us  excellent  opportunities  to 
make  negatives  illustrative  of 
this  interesting  subject,  and 
we  have  already  a  consider¬ 
able  series  which  we  are  constantly  adding  to  as  we  find  suitable  subjects.  We  have  also  a 
large  series  illustrative  of  the 


QUERCUS  ALBA,  L. 

WHITE  OAK 


A  Stereopticon  Mount.  Natural  Size. 


Quercus 

obtusilob*,  M  ichx. 

Post  Oak. 

TRANSV6P86,  RAOUL  A  NO 
TANOkNtiAL  Sections 


■  PREPARATIONS  of  Woods 

"for  the 
'MICROSCOPE. 

BY 

ROM  EYN  B.  HOUGH, 

(  ‘  ;  .  'PUBLISHER 
''AMERICAN  WOODS," 
mowv  ( U.E,  N  .  Y , 


1Y  R,  B  HOUGH,  8.  A 
LOWVILLE.N.X. 


FLOWERS  OF  TREES.  Tliese  have  been  photographed  while  fresh,  even  before  their 
wilting,  against  a  measured  back-ground  to  indicate  size,  as  per  plan  adopted  with  pictures  of 
leaves,  fruits  and  branchlets  in 
the  HANDBOOK.  It  is  a  choice 
series  covering  most  of  the  species 
of  northeastern  United  States  and 
Canada.  We  are  prepared  to  fur¬ 
nish  botli  photographs  and  stere¬ 
opticon  views  of  the  isolated  trees 
and  flowers,  as  well  as  the  leaves, 
fruits,  leafless  branchlets  and 
barks,  which  are  shown  in  the 
HANDBOOK. 

Prices:  Contac t-p r i n t  photo¬ 
graphs  (5x7  or  5x8  in.),  mounted, 

25  cts.  each;  unmounted,  20  cts.  each;  stereopticon  views,  50  cts.  each;  40  cts.  each  in  quan¬ 
tities  of  twenty-five  or  more;  samples  25  cts. 


A  Microscope  Mount.  Natural  Size. 


WOODEN  CROSS-SECTION  CARDS 

FOR  ALL  FANCY  AND  BUSINESS  PURPOSES. 


It  was  found,  in  the  early  experiments  in  sectioning  and  preparing  specimens  for 
AMERICAN  WOODS,  that  the  transverse  sections  of  certain  woods  were  of  surprising 
strength  and  smoothness,  and  suitable  for  cards  for  commercial  purposes. 


Wooden  Cross-Section  Cards  Variously  Printed  and  Decorated. 


Their  printing  qualities,  with  either  type  or  plate,  were  found  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any 
paper  and  they  were  admirably  adapted  to  hand-decorating  with  oil  or  water-colors,  India- 
ink  work,  etc.,  as  the  oil  or  ink  would  strike  directly  in  instead  of  flowing  sideways. 

Upon  trying  the  trade  with  them  we  found  the  demand  at  once  to  be  so  great  as  to  neces¬ 
sitate  equipment  for  turning  them  out  in  considerable  quantities,  and  we  are  now  supplying 
them  to  both  domestic  and  foreign  trade.  The  intrinsic  interest  in  them,  even  inviting  exam¬ 
ination  with  a  magnifier,  is  not  of  course  found  in  any  bristol-board,  and  generally  insures 
their  preservation,  while  ordinary  cards  are  soon  lost  sight  of  or  destroyed;  hence  their  value 
as  an  advertising  medium. 

They  are  prized  for  personal  and  advertising  cards,  name  cards,  invitations,  dinner  cards, 
announcements  (particularly  of  wooden-weddings  and  Arbor- day  exercises),  menus,  etc. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  them  in  large  range  of  sizes,  both  blank  and  printed  to  order; 
also  hand-decorated,  as  gift  cards,  etc. 

Samples  and  prices  furnished  on  request. 

Special  circular  relating  to  HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN 
STATES  AND  CANADA,  with  sample  pages,  furnished  on  request. 


NET  PRICES  OF  WOODEN  CROSS-SECTION  CARDS  PER  HUNDRED. 


No.  7 . $0.50 

No.  8,  la  or  lb . 60 

No.  9,  8a  or  8b . 70 

No.  10,  9a  or  96 . 80 


No.  11.  10a  or  106 . $0.90 

No.  12,  11a  or  116 .  1.00 

No.  13 .  1.25 

No.  14 .  1.50 


No.  15 . $1.75 

No.  15a .  2.00 

No.  156 .  2.50 

No.  A . 1.25 


Discounts  for  Quantities. 

On  orders  of  300  to  1,000,  10%;  1,000  to  2,000,  20%;  2,000  to  5,000,  30%,  5,000  to  20,000, 
40%;  25,000  and  upwards,  o0%. 

Cards  neatly  printed  to  order,  type-work,  at  25  cts.  per  100  or  fraction  of  a  hundred 
more  than  list  price,  when  but  one  line  is  required,  as  personal  cards,  etc.;  5  cts.  per 
line  extra  for  additional  matter. 

Prices  for  printing  with  steel  or  copper  plate  furnished  on  request. 


A/).--'  ID  (. 


GETTY  CENTER  LIBRARY 

NH  32  H838  H23  1907 

c  i  Hough.  Roraeyn  Beck. 

Handbook  of  the  trees  of  the  northern  st 


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